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Dominion Theology From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Dominion Theology is a group of Christian political ideologies that seek to institute a nation governed by Christians based on Christian understandings of biblical law . Extents of rule and ways of achieving governing authority are varied. For example, Dominion Theology can include theonomy , but does not necessarily involve advocating Mosaic law as the basis of government. The label is applied primarily toward groups of Protestants in the United States. Prominent adherents of these ideologies are otherwise theologically diverse, including Calvinist Christian Reconstructionism, Charismatic/Pentecostal Kingdom Now theology , New Apostolic Reformation and others. Most of the contemporary Dominion Theology - Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominion_Theology 1 of 37 02/14/2017 08:26 PM

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Page 1: Dominion Theology - Wikipedia ...Kingdom Now theology Kingdom Now theology is a branch of Dominion Theology which has had a following within Pentecostalism. It attracted attention

Dominion TheologyFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dominion Theology is a group ofChristian political ideologies that seek toinstitute a nation governed by Christiansbased on Christian understandings ofbiblical law. Extents of rule and ways ofachieving governing authority are varied.For example, Dominion Theology caninclude theonomy, but does not necessarilyinvolve advocating Mosaic law as the basisof government. The label is appliedprimarily toward groups of Protestants inthe United States.

Prominent adherents of these ideologiesare otherwise theologically diverse,including Calvinist ChristianReconstructionism,Charismatic/Pentecostal Kingdom Nowtheology, New Apostolic Reformation andothers. Most of the contemporary

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movements labeled Dominion Theologyarose in the 1970s from religiousmovements reasserting aspects ofChristian nationalism.

Some have applied the term "Dominionist"more broadly to the whole Christian right.This usage is controversial.

Contents

1 Etymology2 Christian Reconstructionism3 Kingdom Now theology4 Dominion Theology and the Christian

Right4.1 A spectrum of dominionism4.2 Criticism of the usage of the

term "dominionism"5 See also6 References

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Etymology

The term "Dominion Theology" is areference to the King James Bible'srendering of Genesis 1:28, the passage inwhich God grants humanity "dominion"over the Earth.

And God blessed [Adam and Eve],and God said unto them, "Be fruitful,and multiply, and replenish the earth,and subdue it: and have dominionover the fish of the sea, and over thefowl of the air, and over every livingthing that moveth upon the earth."

In the late 1980s, several prominentevangelical authors[1][2][3][4] used thephrase Dominion Theology (and otherterms such as dominionism) to label aloose grouping of theological movementsthat made direct appeals to this passage in

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Genesis.[5] Christians typically interpretthis passage as meaning that God gavehumankind responsibility over the Earth,but the distinctive aspect of DominionTheology is that it is interpreted as amandate for Christian stewardship in civilaffairs, no less than in other humanmatters.

ChristianReconstructionism

An example of Dominionism in reformedtheology is Christian Reconstructionism,which originated with the teachings of R.J. Rushdoony in the 1960s and 1970s.[6]

Rushdoony's theology focuses ontheonomy (the rule of the Law of God), abelief that all of society should be orderedaccording to the laws that governed theIsraelites in the Old Testament. His systemis strongly Calvinistic, emphasizing thesovereignty of God over human freedom

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and action, and denying the operation ofcharismatic gifts in the present day(cessationism); both of these aspects arein direct opposition to Kingdom NowTheology.

Full adherents to Reconstructionism arefew and marginalized among mostChristians.[7][8][9] Dave Hunt,[1] AlbertJames Dager [2] Hal Lindsey,[3] andThomas Ice[4] specifically criticizeChristian Reconstructionism from aChristian viewpoint, disagreeing ontheological grounds with its theocraticelements as well as its Calvinism andpostmillennialism. J. Ligon Duncan,[10]

Sherman Isbell,[11] Vern Poythress,[12]

Robert Godfrey,[13] and SinclairFerguson[14] analyze Reconstructionism asconservative Calvinists, primarily giving atheological critique of its theocraticelements. Michael J. McVicar has notedthat many leading Christian

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Reconstructionists are also leading writerson libertarian economic theories.[15]

Some social scientists have used the word"dominionism" to refer to adherence toChristian Reconstructionism.[16][17][18]

Kingdom Now theology

Kingdom Now theology is a branch ofDominion Theology which has had afollowing within Pentecostalism. Itattracted attention in the late 1980s.[19][20]

Kingdom Now theology states thatalthough Satan has been in control of theworld since the Fall, God is looking forpeople who will help him take backdominion. Those who yield themselves tothe authority of God's apostles andprophets will take control of the kingdomsof this world, being defined as all social

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institutions, the "kingdom" of education,the "kingdom" of science, the "kingdom" ofthe arts, etc.[21] C. Peter Wagner, thefounder of the New Apostolic Reformation,writes: "The practical theology that bestbuilds a foundation under socialtransformation is dominion theology,sometimes called 'Kingdom Now.' Itshistory can be traced back through R. J.Rushdoony and Abraham Kuyper to JohnCalvin."[22]

Kingdom Now theology is influenced bythe Latter Rain movement,[23] and criticshave connected it to the New ApostolicReformation,[24] "Spiritual WarfareChristianity",[23] and Fivefold ministrythinking.[25]

Kingdom Now theology should not beconfused with Kingdom theology, which isrelated to inaugurated eschatology.

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Dominion Theology andthe Christian Right

In the late 1980s sociologist SaraDiamond[26][27] began writing about theintersection of Dominion Theology withthe political activists of the ChristianRight. Diamond argued that "the primaryimportance of the [ChristianReconstructionist] ideology is its role as acatalyst for what is loosely called'dominion theology'." According toDiamond, "Largely through the impact ofRushdoony's and North's writings, theconcept that Christians are Biblicallymandated to 'occupy' all secularinstitutions has become the centralunifying ideology for the Christian Right."[26]:138 (emphasis in original) in the UnitedStates.

While acknowledging the small number ofactual adherents, authors such as Sara

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Diamond and Frederick Clarkson haveargued that postmillennial ChristianReconstructionism played a major role inpushing the primarily premillennialChristian Right to adopt a more aggressivedominionist stance.[28]

Misztal and Shupe concur that"Reconstructionists have many moresympathizers who fall somewhere withinthe dominionist framework, but who arenot card-carrying members."[29] Accordingto Diamond, "Reconstructionism is themost intellectually grounded, thoughesoteric, brand of dominion theology."[28]

Journalist Frederick Clarkson[30][31]

defined dominionism as a movement that,while including Dominion Theology andReconstructionism as subsets, is muchbroader in scope, extending to much of theChristian Right in the United States.

In his 1992 study of Dominion Theology

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and its influence on the Christian Right,Bruce Barron writes,

In the context of Americanevangelical efforts to penetrate andtransform public life, thedistinguishing mark of a dominionistis a commitment to defining andcarrying out an approach to buildingsociety that is self-consciouslydefined as exclusively Christian, anddependent specifically on the work ofChristians, rather than based on abroader consensus.[32]

In 1995, Diamond called the influence ofDominion Theology "prevalent on theChristian Right".[33]

Journalist Chip Berlet added in 1998 that,although they represent differenttheological and political ideas,dominionists assert a Christian duty to

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take "control of a sinful secularsociety".[34]

In 2005, Clarkson enumerated thefollowing characteristics shared by allforms of dominionism:[35]

Dominionists celebrate Christiannationalism, in that they believethat the United States once was,and should once again be, aChristian nation. In this way, theydeny the Enlightenment roots ofAmerican democracy.

1.

Dominionists promote religioussupremacy, insofar as theygenerally do not respect theequality of other religions, or evenother versions of Christianity.

2.

Dominionists endorse theocraticvisions, insofar as they believe thatthe Ten Commandments, or"biblical law", should be the

3.

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foundation of American law, andthat the U.S. Constitution shouldbe seen as a vehicle forimplementing Biblicalprinciples.[35]

Essayist Katherine Yurica began using theterm dominionism in her articles in 2004,beginning with "The Despoiling ofAmerica", (February 11, 2004),[36][37][38]

Authors who also use the termdominionism in the broader sense includejournalist Chris Hedges [39][40][41] MarionMaddox,[42] James Rudin,[43] MichelleGoldberg,[44][45] Kevin Phillips,[46] SamHarris,[47] Ryan Lizza,[48] FrankSchaeffer,[49] and the groupTheocracyWatch.[50] Some authors haveapplied the term to a broader spectrum ofpeople than have Diamond, Clarkson, andBerlet.

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Sarah Posner in Salon argues that thereare various "iterations of dominionism thatcall on Christians to enter ... government,law, media and so forth ... so that they arecontrolled by Christians". According toPosner, "Christian right figures promoteddominionism ... and the GOP courted ...religious leaders for the votes of theirfollowers." She added: "If people reallyunderstood dominionism, they’d worryabout it between election cycles."[51]

Michelle Goldberg notes[52] that GeorgeGrant wrote in his 1987 book TheChanging of the Guard: Biblical Principlesfor Political Action:

Christians have an obligation, amandate, a commission, a holyresponsibility to reclaim the land forJesus Christ—to have dominion incivil structures, just as in every otheraspect of life and godliness. ... But it

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is dominion we are after. Not just avoice. ... Christian politics has as itsprimary intent the conquest of theland—of men, families, institutions,bureaucracies, courts, andgovernments for the Kingdom ofChrist.

A spectrum of dominionism

Writers including Chip Berlet[53] andFrederick Clarkson[35] distinguishbetween what they term "hard" and "soft"dominionism. Such commentators define"soft" dominionism as the belief that"America is a Christian nation" andopposition to separation of church andstate, while "hard" dominionism refers todominion theology and ChristianReconstructionism.

Michelle Goldberg uses the terms"Christian Nationalism" and

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"Dominionism" for the former view.[44]

According to Goldberg:

In many ways, Dominionism is more apolitical phenomenon than atheological one. It cuts acrossChristian denominations, from stern,austere sects to the signs-and-wonders culture of modernmegachurches. Think of it likepolitical Islamism, which shapes theactivism of a number of antagonisticfundamentalist movements, fromSunni Wahabis in the Arab world toShiite fundamentalists in Iran.[54]

Berlet and Clarkson have agreed that"[s]oft Dominionists are Christiannationalists."[53] Unlike "dominionism", thephrase "Christian nation" occurscommonly in the writings of leaders of theChristian Right. Proponents of this idea

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(such as David Barton and D. JamesKennedy) argue that the Founding Fathersof the United States were overwhelminglyChristian, that founding documents suchas the Declaration of Independence andthe Constitution are based on Christianprinciples, and that a Christian characteris fundamental to American culture.[55][56][57] They cite, for example, the U.S.Supreme Court's comment in 1892 that"this [the United States] is a Christiannation,"[58] after citing numeroushistorical and legal arguments in supportof that statement.[59][60]

Criticism of the usage of the term"dominionism"

Those labeled dominionists rarely use theterms "dominionist" and "dominionism" forself-description, and some people haveattacked the use of such words.[5]

Journalist Anthony Williams charged that

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such usage aims "to smear the RepublicanParty as the party of domestic Theocracy,facts be damned".[61] Journalist StanleyKurtz labeled it "conspiratorial nonsense","political paranoia", and "guilt byassociation",[62] and decried Hedges'"vague characterizations" that allow himto "paint a highly questionable picture of avirtually faceless and nameless'Dominionist' Christian mass".[63] Kurtzalso complained about a perceived linkbetween average Christian evangelicalsand extremism such as ChristianReconstructionism:

The notion that conservativeChristians want to reinstitute slaveryand rule by genocide is not just crazy,it's downright dangerous. The mostdisturbing part of the Harper's coverstory (the one by Chris Hedges) wasthe attempt to link Christianconservatives with Hitler and

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fascism. Once we acknowledge thesimilarity between conservativeChristians and fascists, Hedgesappears to suggest, we can confrontChristian evil by setting aside 'the oldpolite rules of democracy'. So wildconspiracy theories and visions ofgenocide are really excuses for theLeft to disregard the rules ofdemocracy and defeat conservativeChristians—by any meansnecessary.[62]

Joe Carter of First Things writes:

[T]here is no "school of thought"known as "dominionism". The termwas coined in the 1980s by Diamondand is never used outside liberalblogs and websites. No reputablescholars use the term for it is ameaningless neologism that Diamond

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concocted for her dissertation.[64]

Diamond has denied that she coined thebroader sense of the term"dominionism",[65] which appears in herdissertation and in Roads to Dominionsolely to describe Dominion Theology.Nevertheless, Diamond did originate theidea that Dominion Theology is the"central unifying ideology for the ChristianRight".[26]:138

Jeremy Pierce of First Things coined theword "dominionismist" to describe thosewho promote the idea that there is adominionist conspiracy, writing:

It strikes me as irresponsible to lump[Rushdoony] together with FrancisSchaeffer and those influenced byhim, especially given Schaeffer'smany recorded instances of resisting

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exactly the kinds of views Rushdoonydeveloped. Indeed, it strikes me as anerror of the magnitude of some ofRushdoony's own historical nonsenseto consider there to be such a viewcalled Dominionism [sic] thatRushdoony, Schaeffer, James Dobson,and all the other people in the listsomehow share and that it seeks toget Christians and only Christiansinto all the influential positions insecular society.[66]

Lisa Miller of Newsweek writes that" 'dominionism' is the paranoid mot dujour" (referring to the French for "word ofthe day") and that "certain journalists use'dominionist' the way some folks on FoxNews use the word sharia. Its strangenessscares people. Without history or context,the word creates a siege mentality inwhich 'we' need to guard against'them'."[67] Ross Douthat of The New York

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Times noted that "many of the people thatwriters like Diamond and others describeas 'dominionists' would disavow the label,many definitions of dominionism conflateseveral very different Christian politicaltheologies, and there's a lively debateabout whether the term is even useful atall."[68]

Other criticism has focused on the properuse of the term. Berlet wrote that "justbecause some critics of the Christian Righthave stretched the term dominionism pastits breaking point does not mean weshould abandon the term",[69] and arguedthat, rather than labeling conservatives asextremists, it would be better to "talk tothese people" and "engage them".[70] SaraDiamond wrote that "[l]iberals' writingabout the Christian Right's take-over planshas generally taken the form of conspiracytheory", and argued that instead oneshould "analyze the subtle ways" thatideas like Dominionism "take hold within

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movements and why".[33] Authors, RobertGagnon and Edith Humphey arguedstrongly against the use of the term inreference to US presidential candidate TedCruz in a 2016 op-ed for ChristianityToday.[71]

See also

Christ of EuropeChristendomChristian Patriot movementChristian ZionismChristofascismEvangelical environmentalismChristian fundamentalismFirst AmendmentIslamismLiberation theologyNational CatholicismNew Apostolic ReformationNeo-CalvinismTenth Crusade

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References

Notes

Hunt, Dave 1988. Whatever Happened toHeaven? Harvest House.

1.

Dager, Albert James. 1990. Vengeance isOurs: The Church in Dominion SwordPublishers; The World Christian MovementSword Publishers.

2.

Lindsey, Hal 1990. The Road to Holocaust,Bantam

3.

Ice, Thomas, and H. Wayne House 1988.Dominion Theology: Blessing or Curse?,Multnomah Pub (ISBN 0-88070-261-3)

4.

McVicar, Michael J. (2013). " 'Let them haveDominion:' 'Dominion Theology' and theConstruction of Religious Extremism in theUS Media". Journal of Religion and PopularCulture. 25 (1): 120–145.doi:10.3138/jrpc.25.1.120.

5.

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/09/01/5-facts-about-dominionism_n_945601.html

6.

Martin, William (1996). With God on Our Side:The Rise of the Religious Right in America.New York: Broadway Books.

7.

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Diamond, Sara (1998). Not by Politics Alone:The Enduring Influence of the Christian Right.New York: Guilford Press. p. 213.

8.

Ortiz, Chris (2007). "Gary North on D. JamesKennedy". Chalcedon Blog. ChalcedonFoundation. Retrieved 6 September 2007.

9.

Duncan, J. Ligon 2003. "The WestminsterConfession of Faith: A Theonomic Document?(http://www.providencepca.com/essays/theonomy.html) Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000000/http://www.providencepca.com/essays/theonomy.html) March 11, 2013, at theWayback Machine.", 13 August 2003.Retrieved 6 October 2007.

10.

Isbell, Sherman 1997. "The Divine Law ofPolitical Israel Expired: Part II(http://www.members.aol.com/RSICHURCH/expire2.html) and Part III(http://www.members.aol.com/RSICHURCH/expire3.html)". Retrieved 6 October 2007.

11.

Poythress, Vern S. 1991. The Shadow of Christin the Law of Moses. Brentwood TN:Wolgemuth & Hyatt Publishers Inc.

12.

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Godfrey, W. Robert 1990, "Calvin andTheonomy," in Theonomy: A ReformedCritique, William S. Barker and W. RobertGodfrey eds., 299–312, (Grand Rapids, MI:Academie Books, 1990).

13.

Ferguson, Sinclair 1990. "An Assembly ofTheonomists?" in Theonomy: A ReformedCritique, William S. Barker and W. RobertGodfrey eds., 315–349, Grand Rapids, MI:Academie Books, 1990.

14.

McVicar, Michael J (Fall 2007), "TheLibertarian Theocrats: The Long, StrangeHistory of RJ Rushdoony and ChristianReconstructionism", Public Eye, 22 (3),archived from the original on 23 August 2013,retrieved 24 August 2013

15.

Barron, Bruce A. (1992). Heaven on earth?:the social & political agendas of dominiontheology. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan.ISBN 0-310-53611-1.

16.

Davis, Derek H.; Hankins, Barry (2003). NewReligious Movements and Religious Liberty inAmerica. Baylor University Press.

17.

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Davidson, Carl; Harris, Jerry (2006)."Globalisation, theocracy and the newfascism: the US Right's rise to power" (PDF).Race & Class. 47 (3): 47–67.doi:10.1177/0306396806061086.

18.

Anderson, Gordon (Summer 1990). "Kingdomnow theology : a look at its roots andbranches". Paraclete. 24 (3): 1–12.

19.

Griffin, William A (Spring 1988). "KingdomNow : New Hope or New Heresy". EasternJournal of Practical Theology. 2: 6–36.

20.

"An Examination of Kingdom Theology".Apologetics Index. Retrieved 30 January 2011.

21.

Wagner, C. Peter (2008). Dominion!: HowKingdom Action Can Change the World. GrandRapids, MI: Chosen Books. p. 59.ISBN 0-8007-9435-4.

22.

Steinkamp, Orrel (November–December2003). "The "Script" Underlying SpiritualWarfare Christianity". The Plumbline. 8 (4).Retrieved 6 November 2010.

23.

West, Marsha (25 May 2010). "DamnableHeresies Invading the Church". ConservativeCrusader. Retrieved 6 November 2010.

24.

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Bowman, Robert M. (Fall 1987). "The FaultyFoundation of the Five-Fold Ministry".Christian Research Journal: 31. Retrieved6 November 2010.

25.

Diamond, Sara (1989). Spiritual Warfare: ThePolitics of the Christian Right. Boston: SouthEnd Press.

26.

Diamond, Sara (1995). Roads to Dominion:Right-Wing Movements and Political Power inthe United States. New York: Guilford Press.p. 246. ISBN 0-89862-864-4.

27.

Diamond, Sara (February 1995). "DominionTheology". Z Magazine. Archived from theoriginal on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 24 August2013.

28.

Bruce Barron and Anson Shupe, 1992,"Reasons for the Growing Popularity ofChristian Reconstructionism: TheDetermination to Attain Dominion", inBronislaw Misztal and Anson D. Shupe, eds.Religion and politics in comparativeperspective: revival of religiousfundamentalism in East and West. Westport,Conn: Praeger, p.85.

29.

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Clarkson, Frederick (March–June 1994)."Christian Reconstructionism: TheocraticDominionism Gains Influence". The PublicEye. Political Research Associates. 8 (1 & 2).

30.

Clarkson, Frederick (1997). Eternal Hostility:The Struggle Between Theocracy andDemocracy. Monroe, Maine: CommonCourage. ISBN 1-56751-088-4.

31.

Barron, Bruce A. (1992). Heaven on earth?:the social & political agendas of dominiontheology. Grand Rapids, Mich: Zondervan.p. 14. ISBN 0-310-53611-1.

32.

Diamond, Sara. 1995. "Dominion Theology(http://zena.secureforum.com/Znet/ZMag/articles/feb95diamond.htm)." Z Magazine,February 1995

33.

Chip Berlet, "Following the Threads", inAnsell, Amy E. Unraveling the Right: The NewConservatism in American Thought andPolitics, pp. 24, Westview Press, 1998, ISBN0-8133-3147-1

34.

Clarkson, Frederick (Winter 2005). "The Riseof Dominionism: Remaking America as aChristian Nation". The Public Eye. 19 (3).Retrieved 2016-02-10.

35.

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Yurica, Katherine (11 February 2004). "TheDespoiling of America". Retrieved 3 October2007. Also published in Barry F. Seidman andNeil J. Murphy, ed. (2004). Toward a NewPolitical Humanism. New York: PrometheusBooks.

36.

Yurica, Katherine (January 19, 2005). "Whythe Bible Commands You to Be a Liberal (AndVote for Democrats)". Retrieved January 19,2010.

37.

Yurica, Katherine (23 May 2005). "YuricaResponds to Stanley Kurtz Attack". Retrieved6 October 2007.

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