Domestic Terrorism in the Next Eleven

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Domestic Terrorism in the “Next Eleven”

Carter F. Smith

Austin Peay State University

The Next Eleven (N-11) • Eleven countries having high potential of

becoming, (with BRICs) world's largest economies

– Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, and Vietnam

– Criteria were macroeconomic stability, political maturity, openness of trade and investment policies, and quality of education

• Follow-up in 2005 to 2003 paper on 4 emerging economies, Brazil, Russia, India, China

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Terrorism (DHS/FBI)

• activity that involves act dangerous to human life or potentially destructive to critical infrastructure or key resources

• violation of criminal laws (of state/country)

• appears intended to intimidate or coerce civilian population to influence policy of government by intimidation or coercion

• or to affect conduct of government by mass destruction, assassination, or kidnapping

Domestic Terrorism (DHS/FBI) • act of violence

– dangerous to human life or potentially destructive of critical infrastructure or key resources

– committed by a group or individual based

– operating entirely within (the country) without direction or inspiration from foreign terrorist group.

• domestic terrorist differs from homegrown violent extremist

– former not inspired by and does not take direction from a foreign terrorist group/other foreign power.

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the “Next Eleven”

Bangladesh

• Least developed countries

• Low-income economy

• Medium human development

• Frontier market

• Third most populated Muslim country (90% of residents Islamic)

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Terror in Bangladesh

Terrorism in Bangladesh DT

• Achik National Volunteer Council

• All Tripura Tiger Force

• Borok National Council of Tripura

• United Achik National Front

HVE

• al-Qaeda

• United National Liberation Front

• Revolutionary People's Front

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• Achik National Volunteer Council (ANVC)

• All Tripura Tiger Force (ATTF)

• al-Qaeda

• Borok National Council of Tripura (BNCT)

• Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami/Bangladesh (HUJI-B)

• Hikmatul Zihad

• Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)

• Islamic Shashantantra Andolon (ISA)

• Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh

• Jamatul Mujahedin Bangladesh

• Kamtapur Liberation Organization

• National Liberation Front of Tripura (NLFT)

• Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samity (PCJSS)

• People's Liberation Army (PLA)

• People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK)

• Purbo Banglar Communist Party (PBCP)

• Revolutionary People's Front (RPF)

• United Achik National Front

• United National Liberation Front (UNLF)

• United People's Democratic Front (UPDF)

Terrorist Outfits

• Harkat-ul-Jihad-al Islami Bangladesh (HuJI-B)

• Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh (JMJB)

• Jama'atul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB)

• Purba Bangla Communist Party (PBCP)

Extremist Groups

• Islami Chhatra Shibir (ICS)

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Egypt

• Lower-middle-income economy


• Secondary Emerging market

• Regime in transition

• G20 developing nation

• Most populated Arab country (80.5M) – Majority Islamic

Terror in Egypt

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Terrorism in Egypt DT

• Egypt’s Revolution

• al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya

• Islamic Liberation Organization

HVE

• al-Qaeda

• Battalion of the Martyr Abdullah Azzam

• Egyptian Islamic Jihad

• Moroccan Islamic Combatant Group

Terrorism in Egypt (cont)

OTH/Religious

• Takfir wa Hijra

–operates only in the country

– religiously based

– targets secular institutions

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• al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (GAI)

• al-Qaeda

• Battalion of the Martyr Abdullah Azzam

• Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ)

• Egypt's Revolution

• International Justice Group

• Islamic Glory Brigades in the Land of the Nile

• Islamic Liberation Organization

• Jordanian National Liberation Movement


• Takfir wa Hijra

• Tawhid Islamic Brigades

Indonesia • Upper-middle-income economy



• Flawed democracy

• G-20 major economies

• APEC founding member

• Most practice moderate Islam, Radical growing

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Terror in Indonesia

Terrorism in Indonesia

• Jemaah Islamiyah

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• Anti-Communist Command

• Aum Shinrikyo / Aleph

• Free Aceh Movement (GAM)

• Free Papua Movement (OPM)

• Front for Defenders of Islam

• Jemaah Islamiya (JI)

• Komando Jihad (Indonesian)

• Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM)

• Laskar Jihad

• Mujahideen Division Khandaq

• Mujahideen KOMPAK

• Nusantara Islamic Jihad Forces

• South Maluku Republic (RMS)

Iran

• Upper-middle-income economy

• High human development, authoritarian Islamic Republic

• OPEC and GECF founding member

• ECO member

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Terror in Iran

Terrorism in Iran

• Ahl-e-Sunna Wal Jamaat

• Al-Qaeda

• Hamas

• Hexbollah

• Jundallah

• People's Mujahedin of Iran

• Taliban

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• al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Front

• al-Qaeda

• Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahvaz

• Arbav Martyrs of Khuzestan

• Armed Youth of Cherikha-ye Fadayee

• Committee of Solidarity with Arab and Middle East Political Prisoners (CSPPA)

• Fedayeen Khalq (People's Commandos)

• Generation of Arab Fury

• Group of the Martyrs Mostafa Sadeki and Ali Zadeh

• Guardsmen of Islam

• Islamic Action in Iraq

• Islamic Action Organization

• Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)

• Jund Allah Organization for the Sunni Mujahideen in Iran

• Movement of Islamic Action of Iraq

• Peykar

• Shahin

Mexico • Upper-middle-income economy

• High human development

• OECD member

• Advanced Emerging market

• G-20 major economies

• G8+5 member

• NAFTA, APEC member

• EAS founding member

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Terror in Mexico

Terrorism in Mexico

• Popular Revolutionary Army

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• 23rd of September Communist League • Armed Communist League • Comando Internacionalista Simon Bolivar • Comando Jaramillista Morelense 23 de Mayo • EZLN • Group of Guerilla Combatants of Jose Maria Morelos y

Pavon (CGNJMMP) • Justice Army of Defenseless People (EJPI) • Mara Salvatruchas • Movimiento Armado Nacionalista Organizacion (MANO) • People's Revolutionary Armed Forces (FRAP) • Popular Revolutionary Army • Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People (FARP) • Revolutionary Worker Clandestine Union of the People

Party • United Popular Liberation Army of America

Nigeria • Lower-middle-income economy


• Frontier market

• Flawed Democracy

• AU member

• OPEC member

• Developing 8 Countries

• Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) member

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Terror in Nigeria

Terrorism in Nigeria

DT

• Hisba

HVE

• Boko Haram (Jama’atul Alhul Sunnah Lidda’wati wal Jihad)

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• Hisba

• Iduwini Youths

• Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD)

• Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND)

• Odua Peoples' Congress

Pakistan • Lower-middle-income economy



• Hybrid Regime

• Almost 95% of citizens devout Muslims

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Terror in Pakistan

Terrorism in Pakistan DT

• Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)

• Lashkar-e-Omar (LeO)

• Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi (TNSM)

HVE

• Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP).

• Tehreek-e-Jaferia Pakistan (TJP)

• Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)

• Sipah-e-Mohammed Pakistan (SMP)

OTH

• Jamaat ul-Fuqra (JF)

• Nadeem Commando (NC),

• Popular Front for Armed Resistance (PFAR)

• Muslim United Army (MuA)

• Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Al-alami

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• 313 • al-Arifeen • al-Badr • al-Barq • al-Fuqra • al-Islambouli Brigades of al-Qaeda • al-Madina • al-Mansoorain • al-Nawaz • al-Qaeda • al-Qanoon • al-Umar Mujahideen • al-Zulfikar • Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) • Black December • Harakat ul-Jihad-i-Islami (HUJI) • Harakat ul-Mujahidin (HuM)

• Harkat ul-Ansar • Hizb-I Islami Gulbuddin (HIG) • Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) • Islami Inqilabi Mahaz • Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan

(IMU) • Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) • Jamiat ul-Mujahedin (JuM) • Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ) • Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) • Lashkar-I-Omar • Mohajir Qami Movement-Haqiqi

(MQM-H) • Muslim United Army • Muttahida Qami Movement (MQM) • National Movement for the

Restoration of Pakistani Sovereignty • Sipah-e-Sahaba/Pakistan (SSP)

• Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)

• Lashkar-e-Omar (LeO)

• Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP)

• Tehreek-e-Jaferia Pakistan (TJP)

• Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi(TNSM)

• Lashkar-eJhangvi (LeJ)

• Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan (SMP)

• Jamaat-ul-Fuqra

• Nadeem Commando

• Popular Front for Armed Resistance

• Muslim United Army

• Harkat-ul-Mujahideen Al-alami(HuMA)

• Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM)

• Harkat-ul-Ansar (HuA, presently known as Harkat-ul Mujahideen)

• Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)

• Jaish-e-Mohammad Mujahideen E-Tanzeem (JeM)

• Harkat-ul Mujahideen (HuM, previously known as Harkat-ul-Ansar)

• Al Badr

• Jamait-ul-Mujahideen (JuM)

• Lashkar-e-Jabbar (LeJ)

• Harkat-ul-Jehad-al-Islami(HUJI)

• Muttahida Jehad Council (MJC)

• Al Barq

• Tehrik-ul-Mujahideen

• Al Jehad

• Jammu & Kashir National Liberation Army

• People’s League

• Muslim Janbaz Force

• Kashmir Jehad Force

• Al Jehad Force (combines Muslim Janbaz Force and Kashmir Jehad Force)

• Al Umar Mujahideen

• Mahaz-e-Azadi

• Islami Jamaat-e-Tulba

• Jammu & Kashmir Students Liberation Front

• Ikhwan-ul-Mujahideen

• Islamic Students League

• Tehrik-e-Hurriat-e-Kashmir

• Tehrik-e-Nifaz-e-Fiqar Jafaria

• Al Mustafa Liberation Fighters

• Tehrik-e-Jehad-e-Islami

• Muslim Mujahideen

• Al Mujahid Force

• Tehrik-e-Jehad

• Islami Inquilabi Mahaz

• Al-Rashid Trust

• Al-Akhtar Trust

• Rabita Trust

• Ummah Tamir-e-Nau

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Philippines

• Lower-middle-income economy



• Flawed democracy

• Most are Catholic

Terror in the Philippines

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Terrorism in the Philippines

DT

• Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF)

• Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF)

• Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG)

• New People's Army (NPA)

• Abdurajak Janjalani Brigade (AJB) • Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) • Alex Boncayao Brigade (ABB) • al-Qaeda • Free Vietnam Revolutionary Group • Indigenous People's Federal Army (IPFA) • Jemaah Islamiya (JI) • Kabataang Makabayan (KM) • Kumpulan Mujahidin Malaysia (KMM) • Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) • Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) • New People's Army (NPA) • People's Revolutionary Front (Philippines) • Rajah Solaiman Movement • Rebolusyonaryong Hukbong Bayan (RHB) • Taong Bayan at Kawal

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Turkey • Upper-middle-income economy • High human development, democracy • OECD founding member • Advanced Emerging market • G-20 major economies • EU Customs Union • ECO member • EU associate member • Developing 8 Countries

Terror in Turkey

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Terrorism in Turkey

DT

• Kurdistan Freedom and Democracy Congress (PKK-KONGRA GEL, formerly Kurdistan Workers Party [PKK])

• Turkish Hizballah (Party of God)

• Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party/Front (DHKP/C or Dev-Sol)

• 28 May Armenian Organization • al-Qaeda • Apo's Revenge Hawks • Apo's Youth Revenge Brigades • Black Friday • Communist Workers Movement • DHKP/C • HPG • Iraqi Liberation Army • Islamic Great Eastern Raiders

Front • Islamic International

Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB) • June 16 Organization • Kurdish Islamic Unity Party • Kurdish Patriotic Union • Kurdistan Freedom Hawks • Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) • Mahir Cayan Suicide Group


• Nationalist Kurdish Revenge Teams

• People's Liberation Army of Kurdistan (ARGK)

• PKK/KONGRA-GEL • TKEP/L • TKP/ML-TIKKO • Turkish Hezbollah • Turkish Islamic Jihad • Turkish People's Liberation

Army (TPLA) • Turkish People's Liberation

Front (TPLF) (THKP-C)

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South Korea • Advanced economy (both CIA and IMF), High-

income economy

• Very High human development, High-income OECD member, Developed market

• 90% of households have high speed internet

Terror in South Korea

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Terrorism in South Korea

• Dawatul Islamia of Korea

• MWL

• IIRO

• WAMY

• JEIB

(not listed, on search, only reference – no presence)

• Anarchist Faction

• Revolutionary Army

• Aum Shinrikyo / Aleph

• Black Panthers

• Kenkoku Giyugun Chosen Seibatsutai

• Sekihotai

• Usd Allah

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Vietnam • Lower-middle-income economy

• Fast emerging


• Frontier market

• Authoritarian regime

• APEC member

• EAS founding member.

Terror in Vietnam

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• Free Vietnam Revolutionary Group

Summary

Terrorism Threat

• Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Turkey

No Terrorism Threat

• South Korea

• Vietnam

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Timeline

Vietnam Iran

Mexico Philippines

Pakistan

Nigeria

Turkey

South Korea

Egypt

Indonesia

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Vietnam

South Korea

South Korea South Korea

Turkey

Philippines

Philippines

Pakistan

Iran Iran

Indonesia

Bangladesh

Bangladesh

Documents

Domestic Terrorism in the Next Eleven