Doğu Trakya'da mezarların ortaya çıkışı

7/30/2019 Dou Trakya'da mezarlarn ortaya k

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Mb{ ]v`at`m`Gky`v]kskjkvdodo

Bv}`t` auk

Lkjddgd


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///Mba{y lo bm{o }`mj`v to to/jgjjkvk s`vj`tò èà ~aonk bo{on{ lo*

Lyt` ddomk l}vmjkv Hka}bv{o j~o*Abtm{j`v toj`vo }ksk~dok* ukvmdjkv }kk/Lj s`vgàjèà ~`f`h kvako s`vj`ton`*oj Hka}bv{o j~ kuvk~domk }bsjòm f}o h`ja/Hks~d lkjmd fdv v`t`* }bsj{j{a a{v{jm{*S`vjm`tò `v`sj` ~omvmjkv bm{o too*ômvmjkv `}k lnoo ~`vm hkvktd*^bov` }bsj`m a`vmkjkvd* mb~}j`v à akgdajkvd*Hks~dodo tòàj`vomò dvd t`j`v majtbvm{/Akgdajkvd js abtm{j`v fdv j}o a{}{t`*Kvl{uò vkold t{g{à v}jkvjk ~`vmj`v a{}{t{/^`v`v ~`vg`y domdvmdjkv mkvdo fdv {a{v`/Kajd abn`gò }`j`vj` vmjkv ~}o/

^bov` fdv gky`v }g~kd t`sg`t` f`j`mj`v*Lynjkv mda}djkv kskkuvk mv} fdv tò`/Gky`v fd}gkmko @a`j`v ~`jmvg`~o mdtk*Fdv gky`v }g~kd bj{on` }bsvà a`f`v`* a`f`v`*Lkvd~do lkvd mom hks~d ako}k/]bsjòs fdv lykj a{}j`mj`v ba oj jkod*Yk{~ Bj{ Av`j Svd`gb~,{o ~`v`tom`*}k ftjk t`sjm `}j`v dtd ~vko Hka}bv,{o nko`yk}vkod/

Hbgkvb~* jt`m` (XXDU*


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O^Y0444 tjom` b y`gòad Aj}v Fàòj* @o}j`v uk Gykjkv

Lkokj Gmvj }`vèomò Kmdvok Gyk~d Gmvjok Gyk@v`}vg`n~ bj`và `}òmg/ F{ uk~djk djk b y`gò` a`m`v ska fdjld~`hdfd bjg`mg ]vàt` fjlk~d ykvdok hkg edadv kmdogka hkg mk

fjlktd vkogka `g`ntj` `jg`j`v` f`j`mg/ ]vàt`* @o}da mokggdv`~ `~omò jakgdydo Klk uk @amkody fjlkjkvd a`m`v ykoldomkdjmdv/ Ud` Klo`}d` uk Vbg` Bvm{ Tbj{ ykvdomk f{j{oò fdv ba ò}daako} m`h` ~bovàd mokgjkvmk mk d~aò` {v`g* f{omò mbj`t m` f{tkvjkdgjkvmkad ò}da gdv`~o dyjkvd fta jmk ~djdogd}dv/ @o}da gdv`~`~omò lyjk lvjkfdjdv k~kvjkvdo fòm` }gj~jkv f{j{ogà}`mv/

Mb{ ]vàt`m` f{j{oò f{ gky`v }kskjkvd* ba kd}jdjda l~}kvko

j lggk `mk}jkvdok ~`hds}dv/ Mb{ ]vàt`m` t``tò aùdgjkvdodyjkvdod uk `vakbjbid fdjdgd `~omò lkvkajd bjò }g fdjldjkvd fdv ~v ldfddjkvdomk ~àj`tò f{ ò}j`v* mba}bv` }kydgdo abo{~{ bj`và ~k}dg/ F{}ky okvdgd a`f{j kmko ^`to Svbe/ Mv/ Nba{o YLOKJk ~bo~{y}kkaavjkvdgd ~{o`vg/

F{ }ky `jg`~oo lkvkajk}dvdjgk~domk ]{vad~h N{j}{v`jEb{om`}dbo mò ~`j`g bjm{aj`v f{v~ djk a`}am` f{j{oò ]va'@gkvdaò jgd @v`}vg`j`v Mkvokdok mk }kkaav kmkvdg/ @tvn``v`}vg`g` mk~}ka ~`j`tò ]vàt` odukv~d}k~d Uàeoo fàò Eko'Kmkfdt`} Eàj}k~d Mkaò ^`to Svbe/ Mv/ Odh`} @A]@` m` }kkaav

fdv fbv fdjdvdg/

ykjjdajk }ky `jg`~oo hkv fjgomk t`vmg uk mk~}kdod hdk~dvlkgktko mkkvjd mb~}j`vg Kmdvok Gyk~d Gmvj {ygòj`vomò@vakbjbl Lo`t A@V@A@`* ^ò`} ]`vdhd~d Tù{y LOKVk* ^ò`}]`vdhd~d Luko @AF[Y`* @vakbjbl Jktj` @]JDt`* @jgòn`kudvdjkvdgd lkvkajk}dvko Tvm/ Mb/ Mv/ Ljlo TDJG@Y`* F{jl`vn`kudvdjkvdgd lkvkajk}dvko @v/ Lv/ F`hvdtk LV@T`* `v`yd`jg`j`v ~v`~om` fò` t`vmgn bjò [ygò @vakbjbl KvmkokvSKHJU@O`* }bsjòò ukvdjkvdo mykojkogk~domk t`vmgn bjò khdvSjòn~ Ba`t @DJ`* H`vd}` Ghkomd~d Mbò ^@UV@O`* ^ò`}]`vdhd vkond~d M{vg{ LVk* mkkvjd a`}aj`vomò }v Mv/ ^doò[TL[O` Gkhgk} T]k* `v`}vg`g ~v`~om` gykjkvdodo~bv{gj{j{a `jòomàd fjlkjkvmk hkv }vj mk~}kd ~`j`tò ]kadvm`Gyk~d Gmv Gkhgk} @ade DDO`* j Aj}v uk ]{vdyg GmvT`vmgn~ Edjbjbl omkv Y]VAk* Avaj`vkjd Gyk Gmv U/ veòN@OM@V`* Avaj`vkjd j Aj}v uk ]{vdyg Gmv U/ Edavk} G@N]kuk `mj`vo f{v`m` tkv m`vjomò mbj`t ~`t`g`t`n`g* ld}}ddg f}o

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atjkvmkad fò` t`vmgn bjò at g{h}`vj`vo` uk ~àdojkvdok ba}kkaav kmkvdg/

Tdok }ky `jg`~om` }gj~jkv hàaomàd fdjldjkvdod fkodgjks`tj`ò ^`to Svbe/ Mv/ Gkhgk} YMB@O djk ^`to Svbe/ Mv/G{~}è` H`gmd ^@T@V uk ^`to Svbe/ Mv/ ^`d} F@@V@O` m`

f{v`mò }kkaav k}gka d~}kvdg/

Gòkud a`}aj`vomò }v mk ~kuldjd `djkgk gdook}}`vg/ td adu`v~oy///

@oa`v` 6338

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]vàt`* ]vadtkmk }gj~ }dsd gky`v tb{oj{{o{o ko e`yj`bjm{{ fjlkjkv `v`~om`mv/ ]`vdh onk~d* Vbg`* Fdyò~ uk ]va{tl`vjaj`voo okgjd tkvjkdg tkvd uk }`vdh~kj bj`tj`vo bmòm` tkv`jò ]vàt` fjlk~d* @~d` Gdobv uk @uv{s` `v`~om` f`jò} ~`j`tò

nbvèd t`s~tj` m` aj}vjkvdo f{j{}{{* a`to`} uk lkjd}dd fdvgkvaky abo{g{om` bjg{}{v/ ]vàt`mò @o`mbj{t`* @o`mbj{mò]vàt`t` `j`v fbt{on` lkjds lkko aùdgjkvdo uk {tl`vjaj`vo`vakbjbida dyjkvdod ba a~}j m` bj~` ]vàt`m` lvgka ggaomv/=

F{ `vakbjbida dyjkvdo fòm` }gj~jkvd* }gj~jkvdo `}`j`vbj`và od}kjkomdvdjko }`j }kskjkv djk mbjgkojkvd lvgka}ktdy/ ]gj~}dsd j lggk lkjkokdok T{oò uk Vbg` mot`~om` bjm{a` ~av`~}jòjgà}`mv/ @onà f{ j lggk lkjkokd ~`mknk T{oò uk Vbg`mot`~om` a{jjòjg`gà}`mv/ ^{od gky`v }ksk~d kajdomkad f{ lkjkoka*G// DDD/ fdomko fkvd Aèa`~t`m`* F`jaòj`vm` uk Bv}` @~t`m`

f{j{oò fdv ba aùdg }`vèomò a{jjòjg}v/

F{ mba}bv` }kydomk }gj~ }dsd j lggk lkjkokdodàj`t`fdjgka `g`ntj`* f{ gky`v }dsdodo mot` ykvdomk okvkjkvmka{jjòjm hàaom` a~` m` bj~` f`y fdjldjkvk tkv ukvdjgd}dv/ @onà }ky`jg`~oo ò` `g`n Mb{ ]vàt`m` f{j{oò }gj~jkvmdv/

0 Jdmmkjj* ^nb}}/* 04 F{ }kydo `mom` lkko gky`v }kskjkvd* Kvako ]{o òmò G/^/ DDD/ tytj` a`m`vlvjko fdv j lggk `mk}dod de`mk k}gka}kmdv/ @onà* `vakbjbid jd}kv`}vomka{jjòjò }{gfb~ uk }{g{j{~ }`fdvjkvd d~k* T{oò uk Vbg` mokgjkvdomk gky`v `g`j t`sjò ~{od }kskjkvk ukvdjko d~dgjkvmdv/ F{ m` tàjà 0333 tjja fdv ~vktda`s~`gà}`mv/ Logymk d~k* ]vàt`m` }gj~jkvk h`ja `v`~om` ukvdjko d~dg lkokjbj`và hta}v/ @onà Avaj`vkjdodo a{ykt djkjkvdomkad m` atjkvdomk t``tòh`ja }gj~jkvk }gfka mkgka}kmdv/ Tdok Avaj`vkjdodo Udyk* Jjkf{vl`y*Kmdvokodo Akò* ]kadvmò m` G`ja`v` jkjkvdodo f`y atjkvdomk h`ja f{oj`v]{gf` bj`và `mjòmvgà}`mv/= Tjmvg* A`và`* 63359 ;6/


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]vàt` fjlk~domk Evdlt` uk Jdmt`màdomko ba m`h` e`yj`~`tm` }gj~ f{j{ogà}`mv/ Mb{ ]vàt`m` }gj~jkv mv} okgjdlv{s bj{}{v{v1 Fdvdond lv{s* Kmdvok' Avaj`vkjd'So`vhd~`v'Udyk' ^`v`t

tbj{ ykvdomk uk ndu`vom` f{j{oò* tòd m`ja `v`ydodo ~}ks `v`yd djkfdvjk}dd tkvjkvmkad }gj~jkvd dkvdv/ F{oj`vo f`yj`vooD~}vòn`j`vmò s`v`jkj bj`và Kvlkoktk doko mkvkjkvdo u`mdjkvdomk*t`h{} f{ u`mdjkvdo ako`vj`vomàd }kskjkvdo ykvdomk f{j{om{aj`vlvjgka}kmdv/ ]gj~ tb{oj{{ `~omò ko okgjd gkvakyjkv`v`~om` Avaj`vkjd jd* Udyk jk~d uk kuvk~domkad atjkvd ~`t`fdjdvdy/

adond lv{s Kvlkok u`md~domk f{j{oò }gj~jkv }`vèomòbj{}{v{jgà}`mv/

on lv{s d~k* Kvlkokodo loktdomk* A`f`hta ndu`vomàd

}gj~jkv uk Kmdvok'[y{oasv'Akò'G`ja`v 'H`tv`fbj{']kadvm`d~}da`gk}domk {yòò }gj~jkvmko bj{gà}`mv/;

Mvmon uk ~bo lv{s* Kmdvok jd* ^jbj{ jk~d ndu`vomàdAajkv At djk J`j`s`` jk~d uk kuvk~domkad atjkvdo f{j{om{{

fjgmv/ F{ fjlk }gj~jkvdo hkg tb{oj{a bj`và bjm{a` e`yj`bjm{{* hkg mk Kvako Mkgdv òmò* Vbg` ò` a`m`v {yòòavbobjbida kd}jdjda l~}kvmdd fdv `jòmv/ Okvkmkt~k }g ]vàt`màd}gj~jkvdo tymk b}{y{ f{v`m` f{j{ogà}`mv/

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F{ }ky `jg`~* }gj~ }dsd j lggk lkjkokdodo Mb{]vàt`m` ok y`gò uk o`~j bv}`t` a}o* hòld aùdg t` m` aùdgjkv}`vèomò a{jjòjmo* lkdvmdajkvd gdg`vd lkjddgd uk mk gky`v}dsjkvdod lyjkv ook ~kvgka `g`n }`gà}`mv/

]vàt`m` }gj~jkv Kvako Mkgdv ` djk fdvjda}k bv}`tàg}v/ G// DD/ fdodo ~boj`v djk G// D/ fdodo f`j`v* F`jaòj`vo`vakbjbid jd}kv`}vomk Kvako Mkgdv ` bj`và fdjdogka}kmdv/ KvakoMkgdv ` ljkvd djk fjlktk lkjko ]và aùdgjkvdodo }gj~jkvmk

gky`v bj`và a{jjòm

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n` dad }ds u`vm

v/ F{ gky`v }dsjkvdomkofdvdond~d* ddomk mbjgko bjò }gj~jkvmdv/ adond }ds d~k }`j }ksk bj`vàm` od}kjkomdvdjko* fkoykvjkvdok Bv}` @~t`* @uv{s` uk Aèa`~t`~}ksjkvdomk ~a` v`~}jòjò {eà }gj~jkv bj`và lvjgka}kmdv/ F{dad gky`v }dsdodo F`jaòj`vm` G// UDDD'UDD/ tytjj`v` a`m`va{jjòjmo* h`}}` Aj`~da uk Hkjjkod~}da mokgjkvmk f{ }gj~jkvdo

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djkvdok dadondj lgjkvdo mk t`sjmo f{oj`vm` lkvkajk}dvdjko a`yj`vbv}`t` a`vg}v/

G// U/ tytjj` fdvjda}k ]vàt`m` T{oò k}adjkvd `vjaa`yòg`t` f`j`v/ ]vàt` a`fdjkjkvdodo hkgko loktjkvdomk tkv `jòT{oò {tl`vj djk tào djdad ddomk bjm{aj`v ò}da a`toàj`v}`vèomò ~ajaj` fkjdv}djgd}dv/ F{ mokgmk }gj~ lgjkvdomk k~adlkjkokajkv a~gko mk bj~` a{jjòjg`t` mku`g kmkv/ @onà* gky`vj`vm`lvjko gdg`vd uk gky`v vd}kjjkvdomk lvjko {tl{j`g`j`v m`hà`vgà uk kd}jd h`jk lkjgd}dv/

]vàt`m` Lk Mkgdv ` djk fdvjda}k }gj~jkvmk tkod fdvbj{{g lvjgktk f`jòv/ @vd~}bav`~dodo lgjgk~domk }gj~jkv djka`sjòg bm` gky`vj`vo bv}`t` ag}v/ F{oj`v ]vàtòo k}adjktdnd

bjm{a` k}adjktdnd gky`v ò}j`vmv/

]vàt` gky`vj`v gdg`vd kd}jdjda uk ò}j`voo ykoldojdd djkbjm{a` mdaa`} kadndmdv/ @o}da {~}`j`vo f``vj`v }`vy bj`và{tl{jòg uk tkvkj lkvka~dodgjkvk {t`vjògj`vmv/ ]vàt`}gj~jkvdomk f{j{oò gky`vj`vo bjm{a` a`jd}kjd ddja uk fkykgktk~`hds bjg`~* f{ ò}j`v do` kmko {~}`j`vo @o`mbj{ uk T{oòd~}òmàdba{jj`vm` kd}djgd t` m` fdvk fdv djdadjd bjm{aj`vo` d`vk} k}gka}kmdv/

Vbg` òm` m` }gj~ }dsd gky`v ò}j`voo a{jjògoomku`g k}}dd* fjlkmk lkvkajk}dvdjko a`yj`vo ~bo{n{omòòj`jgà}`mv/

Mba}bv` }kydodo ddomkad fjgjkvmk do` kmdjko gky`v }dsjkvd*gdg`vd lkjddgjkvd mk ly oomk f{j{om{v{j`và òj`}jg}v/ Mb{]vàt`m` a` e`vaj gky`v }dsd bjm{{o{ fkjdvjkgka uk a`vj`}vg`j`vt`s`fdjgka `g`ntj` Mb{ ]vàt`m` f{j{oò 533 ndu`vom` atkldmdjgd* f{ atjkvmk f{j{oò f}o }gj~jkvdo eb}bvèj`v kadjgd*Lkokj Abo{gjòmvg` ^d~}kgd (LS^$ djk nbvèd abbvmdo`}j`v `jog}v/@tvn` fdv ukvd }`fò svblv`g bj{}{v{jg{ }gj~jkvdo `sj`v*ta~kajdajkvd* }k~sd} kmdjkfdjko mokgjkvd* abo{gj`v* ò}da ako}jkvjk uk

}`vdhd tkvjkdgjkvjk bjò djdadjkvdodo mk à}`v

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v/ Kjmkkmdjko f}o ukvdjkv fdjld~`t`v bv}`go` à}`vjg uk f{ ukvdjkvdod~}`}d~}da~kj fdv mkkvjkomdvdjgk~d mk t`sjg}v/

Mb{ ]vàt` ddo dja mke` t`sjò f{ `jg` ~bo{n{om`fkjdvjkoko }gj~jkv* 09 43/333 jkajd ]vàt` h`vd}`~o` djkogd}dv/]k~sd} kmdjko f{ }gj~jkvdo djkomdd h`vd}` sè}` h`jdomk }ky`jg`~oo kadomk f{j{ogà}`mv/


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=

F$ A`s~`g uk ôvj`g`j`v

]vàt` mdtk `mjòmvjò f{ t`vg `m`* nbvèd tyjg djk

Kmdvok* Avaj`vkjd uk ]kadvm`jjkvdodo }`g`go* òàa`jk uk ~}òf{jjjkvdodo d~k fdv fjgo ddomk f`vomvgà}`mv/ Bjm{a` lkod~`tj`fdjknka f{ `jò* A`v`mkodyk s`v`jkj {yòò D~}vòn`j`v uk]kadvm`mò f`j`ts okvkmkt~k Lkjdfbj{t` a`m`v {yòò Lòb~M`j`v kuvkjkgka}kmdv/ D~}vòn` m`j`v uk a~gko mk bj~` Lòb~j`v

fjlkodo ko dtd abv{og{ bvgò `jòj`vo ddomk f`vomvgà}`mv/ F{dad m` ~dj~djk~d `v`~om` ò}vbsbiko ~}ks bj`và fdjdoko myja `jòj`v

f{j{ogà}`mv/ Mba}bv` }kydodo a`s~`go* t{a`vm` f`h~k}}ddgdy djjkvdo~ovj`v dkvd~domkad }gj~jkvmk a{jjòjò gky`vj`vo }dsbjbida bj`vàlkjddgjkvd bj{}{vgà}`mv/

Bvgòja uk m`ja `v`ydjkvmk f{j{oò }gj~jkvdo }k~sd}domkkd}jd ljajkvjk a`vj`jg}v/ Bjm{a` ~a bvgò mba{~{o{o

f{j{om{{ D~}vòn`j`vm` }gj~jkvd sjà lyjk }k~sd} k}gka okvkmkt~kdgaò~ymv/ F{v`m` f{j{oò }gj~jkvd fkjdvjktkfdjgka ddo hkg096;/333 jkajd h`vd}`j`vmò hkg mk fjlkmk t``tò tkvjd h`ja}òt`vmg `jog}v/

@a`mkgda bj`và logyk a`m`v lkvkajk}dvdjko `jg`j`v*lkokjjdajk }ka fdv }gj~ t` m` }gj~jkvmk t`sjò a`yj`v ~bo{n{om`bv}`t` a`vjò k~kvjkvdo mkkvjkomdvdjgk~dok tokjda bjg{}{v/ ]gj~}dsd gky`v lkjkokdodo bvidod djk djldjd mk}`tj fdv `jg` hkoyt`sjg`g}v/ F{ okmkojk Mb{ ]vàt` }gj~jkvdodo ok y`gò uko`~j bv}`t` a}* a` `tv }ds}k gky`v t`s~ do` kmdjmdd ~bv{~{o{onku`fo f{jgà bjm{a` y`hgk}jd uk a`vgà fdv d bj`vàlvjgka}kmdv/ F{ ~bv{j`vo nku`fo f{j`fdjgka ddo ykjjdajk abg{jakjkvmkad `jg`j`vmò e`tm`jòjg}v/

Mb{ ]vàt` }gj~jkvd djk djldjd lkgd tjj`v` `d} ba e`yj``jgòo t`sjg`g bjg`~ m` `v`}vg` ~v`~om` a`vj`jòljajkv `v`~om` ~`tjgà}`mv/ F{ f`j`gm` f{ `jgòo Mb{]vàt` }gj~jkvd hàaomàd dja lkod a`s~`gj `jg` bjg`~

okgjdmdv/


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DD/ Mb{ ]vàtòo A~` ]`vdhk~d/

F`jaò T`vg`m`~ m`h` mbv{~{ loktmb{ @uv{s`fjlk~d*

@uv{s`* @~t`*uk@evda` a}`j`voo fdvfdvd djk ak~d}dd fdv tkv bj{s* dajdguk nbvèd `v}j`v fàgomò DU/ Ikbjbida Y`gòo fòmò fkvd do~ò}bsj{j{aj`voo t``g`j`vo` kjukvdjdmdv/5 S`jkbjd}da mokgjk djldjd bj`vàkjmk kmdjko ukvdjkvom`* do~òjo fdjdoko ko k~ad `jk} }v `t}``jk}jkvmko bj{g{}{v/ Fta kagknk tàoj`vomàd K~adnk ^v}*Adjtb~ tàoj`vomàd Lg Mkvk djk Akeako F{j{o}{j`v f{o{aò}j`gà}`mv/ F{oj`v T`vgf{vl`y g``v`~om` f{j{oòj`vj` fdvjda}k*do~òj`vo Tào Mb{mò @uv{s`t` bjò t`tjgo ~dglkjkgka}kmdv/S`jkbjd}da mokgdo m`h` djkvd ``g`j`vo` `d} f{jl{j`v` lkok A`v`mkodyatkvdmd ykvdomk* ykjjdajk ``j uk Akeako kuvk~domk v`~}jòjg}v/F{oj`v A`v`mkody at~ fbt{on` {yòò eb~djjkgd a{g{jj`v ykvdomk~`s}òg bjò Gkybjd}da'Ksd'S`jkbjd}da mokg tkvjkgkjkvmdv/Logymkad dajdg ab{jj`voo hàdg bjg`t` f`j`m f{ mokgmk fdv}`}j ~{ lj m{v{g{om` bjò A`v`mkody kuvk~domk tb{o fdv d~aòobjm{{ òj`jgà}`mv/ F{ mokgk `d} ko ykoldo f{j{o}{j`v @`ja{g{jj`vom` f{j{og{ bjò gdoda `jk} }bsj{j{aj`vmv/ @`jAj}v bj`và }òoò f{ l{v{s* jakgdymk f{ mokgk `d} fdjdoko koykoldo f{j{o}{ }bsj{j{{m{v/


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}`vèoo ldmkvka Bv}` @o`mbj{ aj}vjkvdodo k}ad `jò ddok ldvmdd*ykjjdajk G//DU/ fdo tjo ~boj`vo` mbv{ ako}jkgk ~vkndodo

f`jòln bj`và }ògj`t`n`gy tkvjkgk fdvdgjkvdodo bv}`t` a}

lvjgka}kmdv/0>

A`vs`}j`v uk F`jaòj`vm` A`jabjd}da mokg* fta bj`~jaj` G//U/ fdodo ~boj`vomò f`j`t`và G// DU/ fdodo bv}`j`vo` a`m`v~vg}v/ ykjjdajk f{ `m` kd lvjgkgd mkvknkmk f``vj uk ~ò`}mkkvd ta~ka k~kvjkv bv}`t` ag}v/ Lv`mk~hod}~` uk fà` tkvjkvmk

f{j{og{ ykvd a`yg` gb}dejd a`sj`v uk bfikjkvdo l~}kvmdd a`m`vtj`tvkmk fta fdv lkjddg ~y abo{~{m{v /0=

G// DDD/ fdo tj ddomk G`vg`v` Mkodydodo @o`mbj{ }`vèom` ]vbd`ldfd tkvjkgkjkvmko mk }òmgy dja lkvka ako}jkv uk ldmkvka ako}

mkujk}jkvd lvjgktk f`j`v/ F{o` a`vja F`jaò T`vg`m`~oo fdvba tkvdomk bjm{{ ldfd ]vàt`m` m` ja ]{o ò` }`vdhjkokotkvjkgk tkvjkvd ~`tn` `y uk aa}v1 f{ mokgmk ]vàtòo fta

fdv a~gom` lkfk bfò fdv t``go ~vm* ònà fkjdvjd tkvjkvmkaa tkvjkdgjkvdo bjm{{ òj`jgà}`mv/ ]vàt`màd tkvjkgktkvjkvdodo b{ G`vg`v`'Klk at kvdmd ykvdomk mdydjgd}dv1 f{tkvjkgkjkvmk ]vbd`mò fdjdoko @o`mbj{ }v òà gjkkv`~}jòjg bjg`~* f{oj`vo bj`~jaj` }dn`vk} `g`j @o`mbj{ abjbodjkvdbjm{{o{ momvgka}kmdv/ Atkvdmd ykvdomkad f{ tkvjkgkjkvdo ko

ft ~}òf{j tàoj`vomàd kjdgs`` Htmv/0;

@o`mbj{ }`vèom` ja ]{o òo f`j`vom` ba ~`tm` aatkvjkdg tkvjkvd u`vmv1 mokgdo ~boj`vo` mbv{ @o`mbj{ }`vèom`tkvjkgkjkvdo ~`t~ `y`jgà}`* f{o` a`vja* ako} bj`vàtbv{gjò`fdjknka m`h` fta tkvjkgkjkv lvjgka}kmdv/ F{ }vtkvjkgkjkvk Tkodkhdv* yoda* F`jak~dv ldfd fta bu`j`vm`v`~}jògà}`mv/05

Bv}` uk ^bo ]{o òm` G// DD/ fdo tj @o`mbj{ uk KlkmkHd}d}* Gdako ldfd* onk mkujk}jkvdo hkgko ~bov` m` dgs`v`}bvj{aj`volkjd}dd fdv mokgmdv/ F{o` a`vja ]vàt` ak~dgdomk d~k }g djk

lkfk'bfò fdv }bsj{j{a u`vm

v uk f{ mokgk }`vdhjkoko hdfdvtkvjkgk tkvdok* Lkjdfbj{ T`vg`m`~ djk Klk at kvdmd mom`v`~}jòg`g}v/ F{ m` G`vg`v` Fjlk~dodo G// DD/ fdo tjom` ftamkujk}jkvdo djld `jò mom` a`jmo l~}kvgka}kmdv/0 ymbò* 6333`9 >00/0=fdm* >00/0;fdm* >00/05 ymbò* 6333`9 >00/000/


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G// DD/ fdo tjo ~boj`vo` mbv{ ]vàtòo a{ykt ak~dgjkvdok*ykjjdajk D~}vòn` m`ja fjlk~dok A`v`mkodydo a{ykt a~gj`vomò

tkod uk fta fdv l m`jl`~oo lkjmdd òj`jgà}`mv/ ]`j}kskbj`và m` `mjòmvjò uk m`h` ~bovàd }gj~ lkjkokdodo on~ bjòaa }gj~jkv dja mke` f{ mokgmk lvjv/ Tkod lkjko }bsj{j{` `d}ba ~`tm` aa tkvjkdg tkvjkvd u`vmv/ @o`mbj{ }`vèom` gjkad`vaoo a{jjòjg`~o` v`gko* f{ }bsj{j{a h`j` a`s a`nò kjmk

fddgjkomdvgka}k uk* lvkjd bj`và djakj fdv }kaobjbid djk evoj`gà}`mv/A{jjòjò òà gjka ~dt`h àj tykt vkold* bj{a uk ds f`~a

fkykgk~d djk A{ykt Vbgòtòo F`f`m` aj}voo fkjdvldo dyjkvdod}`gà}`mv/ F{ l{v{f` `d} }bsj{j{aj`vo G// DD/ fdo tjo ~bo{om`* Lk]{o `'ja Mkgdv ` lkd ~vkndomk loktk domdd ]vbd` uk @u``m`~omàd f{j{o}{j`vmò oj`jgà}`mv/08

F{ tkod lkjko l m`jl`~ djk fdvjda}k lvjko fdv mdkv gky`v }v mkmbjgko bj`và fdjdoko gkl`jd}da ò}j`vmv/ vd }` fjbaj`v djk* h`va{jjòjg`mò t`sjò f{ gky`v ò}j`v lkokjjdajk dad bm` djk fdv ldvd

fjgomko bj{gà}` uk f{oj`vo ykvd }bsvà djk v}jgka}kmdv/Mbjgkojkv djk fdvjda}k* fbtj`v = g/ td lkko uk gkohdv bj`và`mjòmvjò mdadjd}`j`v` m` v`~}jògà}`mv/04 Mbjgko uk gkohdvjkvk

fjlkodo ykjjdajk a{ykt fjlkjkvdomk v ~}jòjgà}`mv/

]{o ` djk Mkgdv ` `v`~omàd lkd ~vknd Tào Mb{ ukKlkodo fdv ba tkvdomk bjm{{ ldfd @o`mbj{m` m` ba a`va fdvmokgmdv/ kd}jd aùdgjkvdo h`vkak}jkomdd* Hd}d} uk Gdakogs`v`}bvj{aj`voo tajm f{ mokg lkokj bj`và a`vòja `bj`và m` `mjòmvjgà}`mv/ @o`mbj{ uk Klkmk hag ~vko f{a`vl``t` a`vo* f{ mokgmk ]vàtòo bjm{a` ~àdo bjm{{ uk G//DD/ fdo tjo ~boj`vom` f{ fjlktk lkjko }bsj{j{aj`vo f{v`màdu`vjaj`vo ~vmvm fkjjd bjgà}`mv/ F{ }bsj{j{aj`vo tkvjkgka ddoabv{oàj tkvjkvmko ba my bu`j`v ~kgd bjg`j`v* fjlkodo hkv hòld

fdv }khmd} `j}om` bjg`mo l~}kvgka}kmdv/63

G// DD/ fdomk ]vàj`vo dl`jd `j}om` f{j{oò F`jaò

T`v

g`m`~

o

o lokt'f`}

fjlkjkvdok jjdvd`j

j`v

o ldvgk~d ykvdoktkvjkvdomko bto`}jò f`y ]và a`fdjkjkvd* ko ba Fvdljkv t` m` EvdljkvFb`yj`v ykvdomko @o`mbj{t` lkkvka f{ jakodo f`}~om` uka{yktdomk b}{vò f`y ~ù` aùdgjkvdo f{oj`v` a`}jg`~tj` lomkolok fttko fdv h`jdomk Hd}d} mkujk}dok ~`jmvgj`v* khdv uka`~`f`j`v tàs ta`và f{ mkujk}d bv}`mò a`jmvgj`v* `to y`gòm`

08 ymbò* 6333`9 >00/04fdm* >00/63 Gò~kj* 044;9 88/


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@o`mbj{o{o k}oda uk ~b~t`j fotk~domk fta mkddajdajkv gktmò`lk}dvgdjkvmdv/60boj`v* Mbvj`v uk @dbjjkv G// XD/ tytjo ~bo{om` Klk`m`j`vo` uk @o`mbj{o{o F`} atj`vo` tkvjkgktk f`j`maj`vom`

a`fdjkjkv h`jdomk bvlòdyk bjg{j`vm/ @o`mbj{t` F`}mò Loktmb{tà`m`v àoj`v t`sò F`jaò aùdgjkvd uk f{oj`vo `v`~om` G{adjkv*Fvdljkv tòd Shvtljkv @o`mbj{ t`vg`m`~ ddomk fdv tkvmko }kadok~vkajd l k}gdjkvmdv/66

T{oòjj`vo abjbody`~tbo h`vkak}jkvd G// UDDD/ tytjm` f`j`muk f{oj`vo tkod fdv }kgkjd u`vm/ Hkv ok a`m`v a`fdjk bvlòdy`~tbo{o``d} dyjkv hkg abjbod a{vò khdvjkvmk uk abjbodjkvdo akomd~domk lvj~k mk

sbjd~ ddo a`và}kvd~}da bjò tkod ykjjdajkv abj`tn` dyjkokfdjdtbvm{/T{oò khdv mkujk}jkvdodo bj{{g ~vkjkvdodo G//UDDD/ uk UDD/tytjj`v `v`~om` tòd T{oò @va`da mokgdomk bjm{{o{

~tjktkfdjdvdy/ F{ mokgmk @amkody atj`vom` uk m`h` ~bovÀ`v`mkodymk kd}jd tkvjkvmk T{oò abjbodjkvd bv}`t` ag`t`

f`j`g}v/6> F{ abjbody`~tbo h`vkak}domko ]vàt` m` o`~dfdod `jg}v/]vàt` atj`vo` ag* G`vbokd` uk @fmkv` ldfd khdvjkvd a{vg{* t`m` bvgòj`vtj` oj ]h`~b~ (]`by$ uk mdkv f`y `m`j`v abjbodyk k}gdbjò boj`v ]vàj`vo dmmk}jd mdvkodd djk a`vj`gj`vmv/ Eà`}tytjj`vn` ~vm òj`jò f{ ~ù`j`v` v`gko T{oòjj`vj` ]vàj`v`v`~om` aj}v djdadjkvd hdfdv y`gò ka~da bjg`g* f{ djdadjkv~`tk~domk fdv }`vè}ò T{oò [tl`vj ]vàt`t` ldvgd* mdkv }`vè}ò]vàj`v Bvshk{~ gd}domko mk òj`j`n` ykvk* ko ba mdo `jòom`T{oòjj`v ykvdomk k}adjkvmk f{j{og{j`vmv/6= T{oò abjbody`~tboh`vkak}jkvd djk bj{}{v{jò ako}jkv lkokjjdajk ]vàt` fjlk~dodoatj`vom` Gdjk}do fò ka}dd bod` ako}jkvd }`vèomò a{v{jg{}{v/F{ ako}jkv `v`~om` f`jn`j`v1 @dob~ (Koky$* ^`jgtmk~~b~ (Atat$*@fmkv`* Ah`jahkmbo (A`mat$* Ftyò}dbo* @sbjjbod`* D~}vb~* Bjfd`*G`vbokd`* Skvdo}hb~ (G`vg`v` Kvkjd~d$* Hkv`dbo ]kdnhb~ (A`v`kujd@j}$* ^kjtgfvd` (^djduvd$* A`vmd` ( Fàj` ]ksk$ ~`tj`fdjdv/

G// UDD/ tytjm` f`}mò lkjko ~bo fdv f`~o ok}dnk~domkFd}htojkv uk f{oj`vj` àv`f` bjò ]htojkv uk mdkv f`y aùdgjkv@o`mbj{o{o a{yktf`} ak~domk tkvjkkvka f{v`t` Fd}htod` d~gdod

ukvgdjkvmdv/ G// UDD/ tyt

jm` ~ad}jkvdo fta fdv m`jl` h`jdomka{yktmko ]{o` gkgjkak}jkvdok domdajkvd mdaa`}k `jov~`* Fd}htojkvdoljkvdodo f{ ~ad} àotj` djldjd bjm{{ òj`jgà}`mv/6; Fd}htojkv ba~`tm` ]và a`fdjk~domko ~bovàd lkvdmk a`jò lgkojkv mdv/ Fd}hto

60 ymbò* 6333`9 >00/66 @a{vl`j* 044;9 0> Sùkj* 048;9 8;/6= Gò~kj* 044;9 055/6; Gò~kj* 04>89 6=/


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a`fdjkjkvd `~jom` ]vàt`m` Bv}` ^}vtgbo (U`vm`v$ fjlk~domkb}{v{tbvj`vm/ Fd}htojkv* f{o{o ldfd G`}dbjbfd}htojkv* ]htojkv ukFd}htojkv djk àv`f` a`fdjkjkv Hbgkvb~{o mk~}òj`vom` ydadv

kmdjgkgka}kmdvjkv/ F`y fdjdg `m`gj`v Fd}htojkvdo @o`mbj{t` 3 F{abo{ ykvdok Hkvkmb}b~ m` (Hd~}bvd`* U'0'6$ f`y fdjldjkv ukvgka}kmdv1

65 Kvyko* 044=9


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Skv~jkv Gkl`y`fb~{ ]vàt`m` fvà`và djkvjkgkjkvdod mku`gk}}dvmdjkv/ Gkl`y`fb~ Skvdo}hb~j{j`v` f` kmdv}}da}ko ~bov` ]vàt`djkvdok djkvjkmd/ F{ jakmkad f}o ~d}kjkvd uk {j{~j`v Fta Av`j `mo`

kjk lkdvmd/ Y`}ko M`vd{~{o kgvd mk f{tm{* ]vàt`t` f`kmdv}gka}d/>0 Gkl`y`fb~* Gàkmbot` av`j @gto}`~ m`hd Skv~hklkgbot`~o a`f{j k}gktk gknf{v fvàg}v/ ]vàt`m` fdv skv~~`}v`sjomò { ò ddo ~y kmdjkgkgka}kmdv/

Skv~jkvdo gkgjkak}}ko `}jg`~omò ~bov` F`} ]vàt`m` t`fòna{uuk}jkv e``jdtk} l~}kvdvako* Mb{ ]vàt`m` a`fdjkjkvdo okgjd fdv

fdvjkgk~d lkvkajk}d/ omkvjdd av`j ]kvk~do dm`vk~d `j}om` Bmvt~jkva`fdjk~d `jm/ Bmvt~jkv* M`vd{~{o t`s} ~kekv ~v`~om` akomd a{uuk} uka{mvk}jkvdod hd~~k}}dvgdjkvmd1 eà`} ndmmd kadjmk y`tej`}jg`gj`vm/>6

G// =>0mk @fmkv`m` f{j{oò T{oò tok}dnd~dOtgshbmbvb~{o ay a`vmkdtjk kujkoko* Av`j ]kvk~do bj{ ^d}`jak~* f{kujdjdajk* Bmvt~ mkujk}dodo loktmb{ aò`mo ljkomdvgd bjm{/^d}`jak~* @}doòo lyok ldvgktd f``vm uk Skjksbook~ ~ùòm`@}do`jj`vo g}}kedad mk bjm{/ ^d}`jak~do bj{ ^`mbab~ m` @}doù`}òm` bjm{* Otgshbmbvb~ ^d}`jak~ uk ]kvk{~{ @}do` }kg~djndjddlvkudok `}`m/ G{h}kgkjko gkvakyd Udykmk f{j{oò @~} a`fdjk~dodoav`j m` bjm{/ Lokt ]vàt` tok}dndjkvd }`vdhd edlvjkv bj`và dja aky f{bj`tj` }`vdh ~`hok~domk tkv `jgj`vmv/>>

@~jom` f{ d}}deào Gàkmbot` av`j Skvmdaa`~` a`v bjm{{òj`jgà}`mv/ oa Skvmdaa`~ ~`hdjk dogka `vy{~{om` f{j{o{tbv uk

f{ okmkojk H`jadmdad` t`vg`m`~om` okgjd fdv vbj bto{tbvm{/Skvmdaa`~ fdv }àg gòkuv`j`vj` ]vàj`vo h`vkak}k lkgk~dok kolkjbjm{/ @g` ^d}`jak~ @}do`jj`vo }`jkfd ykvdok* G// =64 m`h`yvjaj`vo }`g`gj`ma}ò ~bov` Gàkmbot` ykvdok tvm uk^}vdgbo djk @a~db~ `v`~omàd ~`h`t tàs ta}/ ]và bvm{~{o{o loktkmbv{ yèkvjk djkvjktdd Gàkmbot`jj`v djk fdvjda}k T{oòjj`v m`hdabva{}g{}{/ @}do`jj`vm` g}}kedajkvdomko abva`và u``} k}}dajkvdlkgdjkvd H`jadmdad`t` lomkvgka}ko u`ylk}djkv/ ]vàj`voGàkmboj`v ykvdok t`s}aj`v f{ ~kekv ak~do fdv ~bo{n` {j``g`g}v/>=@}do`jj`v ddo f{ kvako ~bo{ f``vj dmd1 ^d}`jak~* G// =6= tjom`

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^d}`jak~do jgomko ~bov` tkvdok tkkod ^k{}hb~ lkgd}dv/ F{av`j Bmvt~jkvdo k~ad ~ovj`vo abv{g`t` `jg}v/ Gàkmbot` av`jSkvmdaa`~o aytj` kujkokvka boj`vj` mb~}` lkdomd/ F{ av`jo f`y

lg ~daakjkvd y`gògy` a`m`v lkjgd}dv/ ^k{}hb~{o ok y`gòjm fkjdvldo mkdjmdv/ ^k{}hb~{o jgomko ~bov` tkvdok bj{ bjm{{òj`jò Ab}ht~ (G// >8>'>53$ lk}d/ Ab}ht~ @}do`jj`vj` dtd djdadjkva{vm{ uk boj`vo t`vmgtj`* Bmvt~ mkujk}domk bj{g{ f{j{oò dadjddbv}`mò a`jmvm/ ~tò k}gd bjò fdvba a`fdjktd }kav`v tok}dgd `j}o``j`và fta Bmvt~ mkujk}dod }kav`v a{vg`t f``vm/>5 Ab}ht~* G//>53 m` T{oòjj`v }`vèomò jmvjg}v/ @}do`j a{gòmòH`vdmkgb~* Ab}ht~do bj{ Akv~bsjks}k~d hdg`tk k}gd}dv/ G// >;4m`Bmvt~ mkujk}dodo m`jmo uk Akv~bsjks}k~* Fkvd~`mk~ uk @gbmbab~`v`~om` fjjmo lvgka}ktdy/ Akv~bsjks}k~ k~`~ gkgjkak}d bjòMb{ ]vàt`t* k~ad Bmvt~ av`jj`vomò Gkmàb~{o ~bt{omò lkjgk

@g`mbab~{o d~k* G`vbokd`mò Shdjdssbjd~k a`m`v {yòò Gkvdu`md~dod* Fkvd~`mk~do d~k ^}vdgbo djk Ok~}b~ okhdvjkvd `v`~om` a`jò

fjlktd `jmo lvgka}ktdy/>< ]vàtòo s`v`t` fjogk~domko~bov` a`b~ f`j`m uk dad tj dkvd~domk f{ av`jm` @}do`jj`vj` ò}j`g`t`s}/ G// >8;mk DD/ Shdjdssb~* @gshdbsbjd~ uk Avkodmk~d kjk lkdvmduk @gshdbsbjd~do `mo mkd}dvkvka akomd `m bjò Shdjdssbsbjd~ d~gdodako}k ukvmd/ Sòlk` g`mkojkvdod mk kjk lkdvko DD/ Shdjdssb~ G// >=6'>=0mk ]vàt`j tok}dndjkvk fbt{o kmdvkvka Mò{fkodo loktdomka`jò f}o ]vàt`t y`s} k}}d/ A{yktmkad {yà a`fdjkjkvmko fdvd bjòLk}d ]vdf`j av`j Ab}kj`~o ay Gkm` djk dtd djdadjkv a{vgà `g`ntj`kujkomd uk bo{ tkmd a`v~omò fdvd t`s}/>8

G//>>5m` Shdjdssb~{o jmvjgk~domko ~bov` tkvdok bj{ DDD/@jkxòmvb~ (Fta~akomkv$ Gàkmbot` }`h}o` lk}d/ Fta~akomkvG//>>; mk ]vàt` djkvdok ~kekv t`s`và f{v`màd h{y{v~{yj{{ ~bo`kvmdvmd/>4 ~akomkv ]vàt`m` f`f`~omò a`jg` }kadj`} abv{g`tòkg l~}kvgd}dv/ ~akomkvdo @~t` ~kekvdok a`vako ]vàt`tGàkmbot`m` av`j o`dfd bj`và a`jg bjò @o}ds`}vb~{o oky`vk}d `j}oùkvgd bj`~ ska g{h}kgkj lvjgka}kmdv/=3

Fta ~akomkvdo jgomko ~bov` ]vàtòo dm`vk~d

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fta av`j ouòo `jm uk Bmvt~jkvmko fdv a`mo djk kujkokvka ]vàj`vo

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DDD/ Mb{ ]vàtòo ]`vdhd Nbvèt`~ uk ]vàj`v/

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]vàa`fdjkjkvdodo ko ftajkvdomko fdvd~d bjò Bmvt~jkv* Gkvddo ]{on` djk

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Fdoo`djkv* Gkvddo bv}` ukt` `` fjgomkad }bsvàj`vm`t``vj`vm/;4

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DU/ ]vàt` ]gj~jkvdodo Bv}`t` a uk Lkjddgd/

]gj~jkvk motòo fdv ba tkvdomk v`~}jòjgà}`mv9 Sbjbot`*

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]gj~jkvdo mot` ykvdomk ko tb{o bjm{{ fjlkjkv `v`~om`

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Bv}` @~t`màd fdjdoko }gj~jkv `v`~om` mot` }`vdhd `~omòS`yva }gj~jkvd* okgjd uk akomdok yl f{j{o}{j`v ukvgd}dv/ @va`dauk Aj`~da `j`v` mkoa lkjko S`yva aj}v* Lokt ^dfdvt`t uk @j}`t

M`j`vo dkvgka}kmdv/ S`yva aj}vomk t``tò do~òj`v* }`vdhjkvdomkbjm{a` okgjd ò}j`v t`v`}ò @uv{s`màd ~ad}jkvjk `m`}v/ ajdg~kjuk kuvk~kj eà}vjkvdo k}ad~dtjk do` k}}dajkvd }gj~ gky`vj`vom`lvjko akomdjkvdok h`~ abo~}va~dtboj`v djld kadndmdv/ F{ gky`vj`vm`bv}`t` a`vjò bj`ò~} ~ò`} k~kvjkvd logyk a`m`v abv{o`lkjgd}dv/5=

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U/ Mb{ ]vàt` ]gj~jkvdomk Lvjko Gky`v ]dsjkvd/

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6/ {a{v Gky`vj ]`j ]kskjkv/

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