Document 1 - Front Systems Neurosci - 2012

8/2/2019 Document 1 - Front Systems Neurosci - 2012

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Jxagpoexs og Syspefs Geuxascoegce {{{'jxagpoexsog'axk Fdxcb 8>48 | Zalufe : | Dxpocle 5 | 4

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a~fegp aj s~aup ~xejexegces pbdp dxe ogè~egègp aj axasegsaxy

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P{a&happle ~xejexegce pesps

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fedgogk ogòjjexegce {opb xes~ecp pa eopbex so~~ex'

[dpex fd}e hebdzoaxdl pespogk

Og OC&lesoage` dg` sbdf&a~exdpe` dgofdls, hebdzoaxdl pespogk aj s~dpodlaxoegpdpoag {ds cagùcpe` og d Faxxos {dpex fd}e "F[F/

pdsi, ds èscxohe` ~xezoausly "Iee ep dl', 8>>;/' Hxoey, ag edcb aj

sor cagsecupoze pxdogogk `dys, foce xeceoze` eokbp pxdogogk pxodls

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xedcb pbe ~ldpjaxf {ds xecaxè` og edcb pxodl dg` dzexdke` dcxass

dll pxodls jax edcb dgofdl og edcb `dy' Age `dy djpex caf~lepoag aj

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pa 45 s "age sdf~le p &pesp/, pbe pofe dgofdls {aul` he er~ecpe` pa

s{of og pbdp tud`xdgp oj pbey {exe sedxcbogk xdgàfly'

JAS ^XAPEOG OFFUGABOSPACBEFOSPX_Eokbp Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce {exe bdhopudpe` pa `xogi {dpex jxaf d sog&

kle so~~ex og `doly 3> fog sessoags' Agce spdhle lociogk xdpes {exe

ahpdoge`, dgofdls {exe er~ase` pa eopbex {dpex "jaux dgofdls/ax >'2 F sucxase "jaux dgofdls/ og d sogkle 3> fog lagk sessoag'

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fdls {exe èe~ly dgespbepo}e` {opb 4>> fk!ik ~egpahdxhopdl dg`~exjuse` pbxaukb pbe lejp zegpxocle {opb d sdloge usb "4>> fL/

jalla{e` hy 0% ~dxdjaxfdlèbyè og ~bas~bdpe hujjexe` sdloge











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@dy 0 Cagòpoagogk dy 3 Age&happle – Sucxase

@dy 5 Cagòpoagogk dy 0 Age&happle [dpex –

@dy : Cagòpoagogk dy 5 Age&happle – Sucxase

@dy ; Cagòpoagogk dy : Age&happle [dpex –

@dy 2 âsp&cagòpoagogk pesp P{a&happle [dpex Sucxase

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fegpex pbdp {ds hlog` pa pbe pxedpfegp cagòpoags' Jxee&adpogk

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pa 4>% gaxfdl s{oge sexuf "GSS/ og ^HS–P hlaciogk salu&

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CD, USD/ 4=4>>>> og ^HS–P {opb 8% GSS' Djpex 3 `dys dp 0˝C,

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3 fog {opb d òdfogaheg}o oge by`xacblaxoè "@DH/ salupoag

cagpdogogk >'>>5% B8A8 og Pxos hujjex' Djpex @DH spdogogk, pbe

secpoags {exe xogse` og ^HS dg` sexodlly faugpe` jax caugpogk aj

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aj JAS&offugaxedcpoze gucleo' Caugpogk {ds ~exjaxfe` fdg&

udlly usogk d focxasca~e cdfexd luco`d dg` cells {exe caugpe`

holdpexdlly og edcb secpoag'

SPEXEAPDROC SUXKEX_ JAX OC LESOAG, SBDF AÊXDPOAGS, DG@OF^LDGPDPOAG AJ FULPOELECPXA@E FOCXADXXD_S

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dfoge ";5 fk!ik/' Su~~lefegpdl àses {exe d`fogospexe` {beg&

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d 8>&fk!fL GF@D "G &fepbyl&`&ds~dxpoc dco`9 Sokfd&Dl`xocb,

USD/ salupoag {ds fdgudlly ogmecpe` ogpa pbe OC "Caxhop ep dl',

8>>8/' Djpex pbe ogmecpe` salupoag bd` òs~exse` jax 8 fog, pbe

gee`le {ds xefaze` dg` pbe cagpxdldpexdl soè aj pbe hxdog {ds

suhmecpe` pa pbe sdfe ~xaceùxe' Og sezeg dgofdls, pbe sdfe sux&

kocdl fepbaàlakoes {exe xe~edpe` hup GF@D {ds gap ogmecpe`"sbdf a~exdpoag/' Og 4> apbex dgofdls, d fulpoelecpxaè focxadx&

xdy "4: cbdggels/ {ds of~ldgpe` ogpa pbe sdfe dxed "see Jokuxe 5/'

Pbe soè aj of~ldgpdpoag {ds hdldgce` hep{eeg lejp dg` xokbp

befos~bexes'Djpex suxkexy,dgofdls {exe kozeg∼4 {eei pa xecazex

hejaxe er~exofegpdl pespogk {ds ogopodpe`'

GEUXAGDL XECAX@OGKS

Xecaxògks aj geuxdl dcpozopy dg` pofespdf~s aj lociogk xes~agses

{exe ~exjaxfe` sofulpdgeausly dccaxògk pa pbe ~xaceùxe ~xe&

zoausly èscxohe` "è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>2/' Og p{a of~ldgpe`dgofdls, sogkle&geuxag dcpozopy caul` gap he xecaxè`' Og pbe

xefdogogk eokbp foce, xecaxògks {exe ~exjaxfe` og edcb dgo&

fdl ùxogk d sexoes aj p{a ax age&happle pesps, cagùcpe og eokbp

cagsecupoze `dys "see Pdhle 4/' Ga dssuf~poag {ds fdè ag pbeoègpopy!spdholopy aj ugops xecaxè` ùxogk òjjexegp sessoags'

BOSPALAKOCDL CAGJOXFDPOAG AJ OC LESOAG DG@ ELECPXA@E PO^S

^LDCEFEGP

Og dll dgofdls, {e jalla{e` d ~xezoausly èscxohe` bospalakocdl

fepba` pa oègpojy pbe lacdpoag aj lesoags ax focxa{oxe of~ldg&pdpoag "è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>2/' Hxdog sloces jxaf lesoage` dg`

sbdf&a~exdpe` dgofdls {exe erdfoge` {opb d lokbp focxasca~e,

dg` caf~dxe`' ^ldcefegp dg` erpegp aj lesoag {ds dssesse` hy

lacdpoag aj cdgguld pxdcp dg` dxeds aj kloasos "Caxhop ep dl', 8>>8/'

Og p{afoce,pbe ogsuld lesoag {dsagly caxxecply ~ldceàg age so e,{bole og ageof~ldgpe`dgofdlpbe focxa{oxes {exe of~ldgpeàup&

soè aj pbe ogsuld, og pbe spxodpuf' @dpd jxaf pbese dgofdls {exeercluè` jxaf pbe dgdlyses'

ELECPXA^B_SOALAK_ @DPD DGDL_SOS

Dll geuxagdl `dpd dgdlyses {exe ~exjaxfe` {opb cuspaf sajp&

{dxe {xoppeg og Fdpldh "X40, Fdpb[axis, Ogc'/ ax usogk pbe Ger

sajp{dxe "Ger Pecbgalakoes, PR, USD/'

êxo&ezegp bospakxdfs

êxo&ezegp bospakxdfs "ÊBs/ {exe cagspxucpe` jax edcb ugop&

spofulus ~dox usogk pbe ÊB jugcpoag aj pbe Ger sajp{dxe "Ger

Pecbgalakoes, PR, USD/' ÊBs sba{ pbe cagòpoagdl ~xahdholopy











aj ahsexzogk d s~oie og d s~oie pxdog dp pofe p, ag pbe cag opoag pbdp

pbexe os d xejexegce ezegp dp pofe }exa' Pbe pofe dros {ds òzoè`

ogpa hogs dg` hog caugps {exe gaxfdlo}e` hy pbe gufhex aj xejex&

egce ezegps' Dgdlyses aj xes~agses og sogkle cells {exe ~exjaxfe`

hy cagspxucpogk 4 s "´5>> fs/ “ÊBs‖ {opb 5 fs hogs, usogk locispa sucxase ax {dpex ds èfflgogk ezegps' Hog zdlues {exe er~xesse`

ds of~ulses ~ex secag` "o'e', gaxfdlo}e` hog caugps Û hog so}e og

secag`s/, dg` d Kdussodg ffllpex "{o`pb 6 3 hogs/ {ds d~~loe` pa pbexesulpogk ÊB' ÊBs {exe cagspxucpe` sucb pbdp pbey {aul` cax&

xes~ag` pa pofe ogpexzdls pbdp accuxxe` {opbog lociogk cluspexs "seehela{/'

Spofulus&s~ecofflc sogkle&geuxag xes~agses

Cagfflègce lofops jax er~ecpe` hog caugp og edcb ÊB {exe cdlcu&

ldpe` og pbe Ger sajp{dxe, usogk pbe dssuf~poag pbdp pbe er~ecpe`

hog caugp bds d âossag òspxohupoag "Dheles, 4?28/' Pbe caugpjax edcb hog og d ÊB {ds pbeg caf~dxe` pa pbe xes~ecpoze cagffl&

ègce lofops' D kozeg ugop {ds cagsoèxe` xes~agsoze pa d spofulus

{beg pbe zdlues aj dp ledsp pbxee cagsecupoze hogs {exe aupsoè pbe

?5% cagfflègce ogpexzdl' Ugops pbdp xes~agè` pa agly age aj pbe

p{a spofulo "{dpex ax sucxase/ {exe cagsoèxe pa he “spofulus&s~ecofflc,‖ {bole ugops pbdp xes~agè` pa geopbex ax hapb spofulo

{exe gap cagsoèxe` “spofulus&s~ecofflc'‖

Fedg ~a~uldpoag xes~agses

Jax edcb geuxag osaldpe` ùxogk d kozeg xecaxògk sessoag, dg` jax

edcb lociogk cluspex "see hela{/ pa sucxase, {e fflxsp cdlculdpe` pbe

papdl gufhex aj s~oies {opbog pbos cluspex gaxfdlo}e` pa cluspexùxdpoag' Pbese tudgpopoes {exe pbeg dzexdke` jax edcb geuxag

dcxass dll cluspexs' Xesulps {exe dzexdke dcxass geuxags, sa pbdp

pbe xesulpogk tudgpopy {ds èfflge` ds pbe fedg ~a~uldpoag fflxogk

xdpe xes~agse pa sucxase, ègape` JXSUC' Jax {dpex, pbe tudgpopy

JXB 8A {ds dgdlakausly èfflge`' Gerp, {e èfflge` pbe tudgpo&poes "JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A /^XE dg` "JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A /ÂSP , pdieg ds

d fedsuxe aj pbe òjjexegpodl fedg ~a~uldpoag xes~agse pa {dpex

dg` sucxase jax edcb ~xe& dg` ~asp&cagòpoagogk sessoag xes~ec&

pozely' Jogdlly, jax edcb xecaxè` dgofdl, {e èfflge` pbe tudgpopy

ΐJX 6 |"JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A /ÂSP ∘ "JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A /^XE | pbdpxe~xesegps pbe dhsalupe zdlue aj pbe cbdgkes og pbe òjjexegpodl

~a~uldpoag xes~agses pa {dpex dg` sucxase ds d jugcpoag aj cagò&

poagogk' Pbese zdlues {exe pbeg caxxeldpe` {opb d ledxgogk ogèr

"LO9 see hela{ jax èfflgopoag/'

Ledxgogk ogèr

Pbe ejfflcdcy aj pbe cagòpoagogk ~xapacal {ds fedsuxe` og edcbxecax e` dgofdl hy d tudgpopy {e ègape` ds pbe “LO'‖ Pbos ogèr

~xazoès d fedsuxe aj pbe erpegp pa {bocb, djpex cagòpoagogk,

Px~f5 ∘! ∘ dgofdls ogcxedse` pbeox ~xejexegce "^ / jax pbe so~~exdssacodpe` {opb sucxase' Jax edcb dgofdl, LO {ds pbus èfflge` ds

LO 6 "^ Sucxase/ÂSP ∘ "^ Sucxase/^XE, {bexe ÂSP dg` ^XE xejex pa~asp& dg` ~xe&cagòpoagogk pesp sessoags xes~ecpozely'

@epexfogdpoag aj lociogk cluspexs

Pbe dgdlysos aj lociogk ~dppexgs {ds ~exjaxfe` ds èscxohe` ~xezo&

ausly "@dzos dg` Sfopb, 4??89 Kupoexxe} ep dl', 8>>:/,o'e', ~duses og

lociogk lagkex pbdg >'5 s èfflge` pbe eg` aj d cluspex' Cluspex ùxd&poag dg`dzexdke loci xdpes {opbog cluspexs {exe use` ds cagpxals jax

axafapax oguegces ag geuxdl dcpozopy'

SPDPOSPOCDL DGDL_SES

Ugless apbex{ose spdpe`, xesulps jxaf `dpd dgdlyses {exe er~xesse`

ds fedg ´ SE aj pbe fedg' Dgdlyses {exe ~exjaxfe` {opb cus&

paf sajp{dxe {xoppeg og Fdpldh "X40, Fdpb[axis, Ogc'/ ax {opb

^xosf "Kxd~b^d`, Sdg @oeka/' Dgdlyses {exe p{a&{dy ax age&{dy DGAZDs "{opb Hagjexxago âsp bac pesps/, ~doxe` ax ug~doxe`

p{a&sdf~le p &pesps, ax age sdf~le p &pesps' Hagjexxago–Balf‟s

caxxecpoags jax fulpo~le caf~dxosags "Balf, 4?;?/ {exe ~ex&jaxfe` {beg sezexdl ogè~egègp pesps {exe use` jax pbe sdfe

`dpdsep' Caxxeldpoag dgdlyses {exe ~exjaxfe` usogk êdxsag‟s~xaùcp fafegp caxxeldpoag dg` ~xa~axpoags {exe caf~dxe`

usogk Josbex‟s erdcp pesps' Pbe Ialfakaxaz–Sfoxgaz pesp {ds use`

pa cbeci pbe kaa`gess aj fflp {opb pbe gaxfdl òspxohupoag jax edcb

fedsuxe aj hebdzoax ax geuxagdl dcpozopy'

XESULPS

OG PBE DHSEGCE AJ ÊXO^BEXDL PDSPE OGÛP, GEUXAGDL

ÂÛLDPOAGS OG OC EGCA@E PBE XEOGJAXCOGK ZDLUE AJ SUCXASE

SALUPOAGS

Og ; Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce, d fulpoelecpxaè focxadxxdy caf~xosogk 4:

elecpxaès {ds of~ldgpe` ugoldpexdlly ogpa pbe àxsdl OC, {bexepbe KC os jaug` "Cecbeppa dg` Sd~ex, 4?2;9 Akd{d ep dl', 4??>9

Spd~lepag ep dl', 8>>:9 Dccalld ep dl', 8>>;/' Elecpxa~bysoalakocdl

xecaxògks aj OC geuxagdl egsefhles "dzexdke :'2 geuxags ~ex

egsefhle/ {exe cagùcpe` og eokbp xecaxògk sessoags ~ex dgofdl'Pbese xecaxògks {exe ~exjaxfe` {bole pbe dgofdls {exe er~ase`

pa d cagòpoagogk ~xapacal {bexe pbe er~xessoag aj ~xejexegces jax

sucxase è~eg`s salely ag pdspe&ogè~egègp, ~aspogkespoze ejjecps

"è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>29 see Fdpexodls dg` Fepba`s dg` Pdhle 4 jax

~xapacal/'@uxogk cagòpoagogk sessoags, Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce cagsufe` sok&

gofflcdgply faxe sucxase pbdg {dpex "Jokuxe 4D/, ogòcdpogk pbdp

pbese dgofdls {exe segsopoze pa pbe ~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase'

So~~ex&~xejexegce ~dppexgs ahsexze` ùxogk pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogksucxase zs' {dpex pesps {exe dlsa ogòcdpoze pbdp pbe s{eep&hlog`foce {exe segsopoze pa pbe ~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase' Ogèe`,

pbe cagsuf~poag aj {dpex {ds ugcbdgke` {bole sucxase cagsuf~&

poag sokgofflcdgply ogcxedse` og pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk xeldpoze pa

pbe ~xe&cagòpoagogk pespogk sessoags "Jokuxe 4H/' Dccaxògkly,

sucxase ~xejexegce {ds sokgofflcdgply bokbex og ~asp&cagòpoagogkpbdg og ~xe&cagòpoagogk pespogk sessoags "Jokuxe 4C/'

Pa dssess pbe ogzalzefegp aj sogkle OC geuxags og pbe èzel&

a~fegp aj ~xejexegces jax sucxase, {e cdlculdpe` og ~xe& dg`

~asp&cagòpoagogk sessoags pbe ~xa~axpoag aj spofulus&s~ecofflc

geuxags, o'e', geuxags pbdp xes~agè` selecpozely {beg pbe dgofdl{ds lociogk jax sucxase ax jax {dpex "see Jokuxe 8D dg` Fdpexodls

dg` Fepba`s/' [bole pbe ~xa~axpoag aj sucb geuxags ogcxedse` ogpbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk "83 aup aj 5? geuxags, ∼3?%/ xeldpoze pa

pbe ~xe&cagòpoagogk sessoags "40 aup aj :4 geuxags, ∼83%/, pbos

òjjexegce {ds agly haxèxloge sokgofflcdgp " ~ 7 >'>;9 Josbex‟s erdcppesp/' Gezexpbeless, {e by~apbeso}e pbdp pbe zdxodhle ogòzoùdl

~xa~egsopoes pa segse pbe ~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase {exe fox&

xaxe` hy pbe caxxes~agògk OC geuxdl dcpozopy lezels' Cagsetuegply,

dgofdls {exe òzoè` dccaxògk pa pbeox ~asp&cagòpoagogk ~xejex&

egce xdpoa jax sucxase' Joze foce òs~ldye`d ~xejexegce xdpoa bokbexpbdg >'5 dg` {exe èfflge` ds“Ledxgexs,‖ {bole pbe xefdogogk foce

{exe cldssoffle` ds “Gag&Ledxgexs‖ "Jokuxe 4@/' Pbe ~xa~axpoags











JOKUXE 4 | Hebdzoaxdl xes~agses pa sucxase dg` {dpex og Px~f5 ∘! ∘

foce hejaxe dg` djpex cagòpoagogk' Og dll fflkuxes, exxax hdxs ogòcdpe

fedg ´ SEF' "D/ Og pbe Px~f5 ∘ ! ∘ dgofdls {bexe OC dcpozopy {ds xecaxè`,

dzexdke dcce~pdgce aj sucxase ùxogk cagòpoagogk sessoags "see Pdhle 4/

{ds bokbex pbdg pbdp aj {dpex "2>3 ´ 458 dg` 3>2 ´ ;? locis xes~ecpozely9

p : 6 5'4, --~ <>'>>3, ~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesp/' "H/ Og pbe sdfe dgofdls,

{beg dcce~pdgce aj sucxase dg` {dpex {ds caf~dxe` og ~xe&cagòpoagogk

dg` ~asp&cagòpoagogk ~xejexegce pesps, d sokgofflcdgp ejjecp {ds jaug` jax

sessoag "~xe& zs' ~asp&cagòpoagogk, J 4,48 6 0'? ~ <>'>5/ hup gap jax pdspdgp

"{dpex zs' sucxase, J 4,48 6 >'5, ~ 7>'5/' Ba{ezex, pbe p{a jdcpaxs dlsa

ogpexdcpe` sokgofflcdgply "J 4,48 6 4>';, ~ <>'>>;9 p{a&{dy xe~edpe`fedsuxes DGAZD/ dg`, {bole pbe cagsuf~poag aj sucxase ogcxedse` jxaf

pbe ~xe&cagòpoagogk pa pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk ~xejexegce pesps "45? ´ 445

dg` 58? ´ 4?0 locis, xes~ecpozely9 p 6 3'?, --~ <>'>4/ pbe cagsuf~poag aj

{dpex {ds ugcbdgke` "8;: ´ :; dg` 8>0 ´ 38 locis, xes~ecpozely9 p 6 >'2,

~ 7>'>5, âsp bac Hagjexxago/' "C/ Og dccax`dgce {opb pbe dcce~pdgce

`dpd, sucxase ~xejexegce ogcxedse` djpex cagòpoagogk ">'85 ´ >'>: pa

>':8 ´ >'>?9 p : 6 5'3 --~ <>'>>8, ~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesp/' Xe` `dsbe`

loge caxxes~ag`s pa >'5 ogòjjexegce lezel' [bole sucxase ~xejexegce {ds

sokgofflcdgply la{ex jxaf pbe ogòjjexegce xdpoa aj >'5 og pbe ~xe&cagòpoagogk

pesp "p : 6 3'?, ~ <>'>8/, op {ds gap og pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk pesp "p : 6 4'3,

~ 7>'89 age sdf~le p &pesps zs' >'5 {opb Hagjexxago–Balf‟s caxxecpoag jax

fulpo~le caf~dxosags/' "@/ Og Ledxgexs "see perp/ ~xejexegce jax pbe

sucxase so~~ex {ds gap sokgofflcdgply òjjexegp jxaf >'5 og pbe

~xe&cagòpoagogk sessoag "~xejexegce xdpoa 6 >'8? ´ >'>29 p 0 6 8':,

~ 7>'>5/, hup {ds sokgofflcdgply bokbex pbdg >'5 og pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk pesp

sessoag ">';: ´ >'>39 p 0 6 5'3, -~ <>'>5/' Og Gag&Ledxgexs, ~xejexegce oghapb ~xe dg` ~asp&cagòpoagogk {ds la{ ">'40 ´ >'>? dg` >'82 ´ >'>5/ dg`

gap sokgofflcdgply òjjexegp jxaf >'5 "p 4 6 0'4, ~ 7>'4 dg` p 4 6 3':, ~ 7>'4,

xes~ecpozely9 age sdf~le p &pesps zs' >'5 {opb Hagjexxago–Balf‟s caxxecpoag

jax fulpo~le caf~dxosags – gape pbdp agly p{a dgofdls {exe Gag&Ledxgexs

{bocb bogèxs spdpospocdl sokgofflcdgce/'

aj spofulus&s~ecofflc geuxags og ~xe& dg` ~asp&cagòpoagogk ses&

soags {exe pbeg caf~dxe` se~dxdpely jax edcb aj pbe p{a kxau~s'

Og Ledxgexs, pbe spofulus&s~ecofflc geuxags accuxxe` {opb kxedpexjxetuegcy og ~asp& xeldpoze pa ~xe&cagòpoagogk sessoags9 dg ejjecp

pbdp {ds gap ahsexze` og Gag&Ledxgexs "Jokuxe 8H/'

Juxpbexfaxe, jax edcb dgofdl, zdxodpoag og pbe ~xa~axpoag aj

spofulus&s~ecofflc geuxags accuxxogk og ~asp&cagòpoagogk sessoags"8;, 33, 3:, 3:, 00, 5>, dg` ;5%/ xeldpoze pa ~xe&cagòpoagogk ses&soags "34, ?, 43, 00, 42, 4;, dg` 33%/ {ds cdlculdpe`, sba{ogk

pbdp pbos òjjexegce "~asp&cagòpoagogk – ~xe&cagòpoagogk/ {ds

sokgofflcdgply òjjexegp hep{eeg Ledxgexs "8?'? ´ 3'0%/ dg` Gag&

Ledxgexs "∘:'4 ´ 8':%9 p 5 6 :'4, ~ < >'>>8, ug~doxe` p{a&sdf~le

p &pesp/'Pa juxpbex dgdly}e cbdgkes og OC xes~agses jxaf ~xe& pa

~asp&cagòpoagogk, jax edcb aj pbe ~xejexegce&pespogk sessoags {e

cdlculdpe` pbe fedg ~a~uldpoag fflxogk xdpe {bole dgofdls locie`

jax eopbex spofulus dg` suhpxdcpe` pbe {opbog&sessoag geuxagdl

~a~uldpoag xes~agses pa {dpex jxaf pbase pa sucxase' Pbe dhsalupe

òjjexegce hep{eeg pbe zdlues pbus ahpdoge` og ~xe& dg` ~asp&

cagòpoagogk sessoags jax edcb dgofdl, ègape` ds “ΐ JoxogkXdpe‖ YΐJX 6 |"JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A /ÂSP ∘ "JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A /^XE |,

see Fdpexodls dg` Fepba`sV, xe~xesegps pbe erpegp pa {bocb pbe

xeldpoagsbo~ hep{eeg sucxase dg` {dpex ~a~uldpoag xes~agses

cbdgke` djpex cagòpoagogk' Edcb dgofdl {ds dlsa dssokge` d “LO,‖YLO 6 "^ Sucxase/ÂSP ∘ "^ Sucxase/^XE, see Fdpexodls dg` Fepba`sVpbdp os d fedsuxe aj pbe ogcxedse og sucxase ~xejexegce ùxogk

pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk xeldpoze pa pbe ~xe&cagòpoagogk ~xejexegce

pesps "see Jokuxe 4C/' Ds seeg og Jokuxe 3D, d sokgofflcdgp ~aso&

poze caxxeldpoag {ds jaug` hep{eeg ΐJX dg` pbe LO' D`òpoagdlly,

{e zexoffle` pbdp ΐJX òjjexs sokgofflcdgply hep{eeg Ledxgexs dg`Gag&Ledxgexs "4'0 ´ >'8 dg` >'>? ´ >'>2 xes~ecpozely9 p 5 6 3';,

~ <>'>3, ug~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesp/'

Cagcexgogk pbe xeldpoagsbo~ hep{eegΐJXdg` LO, {e{exe cag&

cexge` pbdp pbe zdxodpoag og ΐJX caul` xeecp ledxgogk&ogùce`











JOKUXE 8 | Spofulus selecpoze OC xes~agses pa sucxase dg` {dpex og

Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce hejaxe dg` djpex cagòpoagogk' "D/ Edcb ~dgel caxxes~ag`s pa

d ~exo&ezegp bospakxdf cegpexe` ag locis "hlue loge/ jax {dpex "lejp ~dgels/ dg`

sucxase "xokbp ~dgels/' Pbe kxeeg loges ogòcdpe hdseloge lezel aj dcpozopy, dg`xe` loges èfflge pbe ?5% cagfflègce ogpexzdl, ds èfflge` og Secpoag “Fdpexodls

dg` Fepba`s'‖ Geuxags “D‖ dg` “H‖ dxe erdf~les aj spofulus&s~ecofflc

geuxags, o'e', pbase geuxags pbdp xes~agè` agly pa {dpex "geuxag “D‖/ ax pa

sucxase "geuxag “H‖/' "H/ Pbe ~xa~axpoag aj spofulus&s~ecofflc geuxags

ogcxedse` {beg ~asp&cagòpoagogk sessoags {exe caf~dxe` pa

~xe&cagòpoagogk sessoags og Ledxgexs "45!30 zs' :!3? geuxags og ~asp& zs'

~xe&cagòpoagogk xes~ecpozely9 --~ <>'>4/, hup gap og Gag&Ledxgexs "2!85 zs'2!88 og ~asp& zs' ~xe&cagòpoagogk xes~ecpozely9 ~ 7>';/'Pbos ~xa~axpoag ò` gap

òjjex sokgofflcdgply hep{eeg pbe p{a kxau~s ùxogk ~xe&cagòpoagogk sessoags

"~ 7>'49 Josbex‟s erdcp pesp/'

JOKUXE 3 | â~uldpoag xes~agses aj OC geuxdl egsefhles hejaxe dg`

djpex ~aspogkespoze ledxgogk' "D/ “ΐ Joxogk Xdpe‖ ax “ΐ JX,‖ {bexe

ΐJX 6 |"JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A

/ÂSP ∘ "JXSUC ∘ JXB 8A

/^XE |, xe~xesegps pbe cbdgkes

og pbe òjjexegpodl geuxdl ~a~uldpoag xes~agses pa {dpex dg` sucxase ds d

jugcpoag aj cagòpoagogk "ÂSP dg` ^XE xejex pa ~asp& dg` ~xe&cagòpoagogk

pesp sessoags xes~ecpozely/' “ledxgogk ogèr‖ "LO/ {ds èfflge` ds

LO 6 "^ Sucxase/ÂSP ∘ "^ Sucxase/^XE, dg` os d fedsuxe aj pbe erpegp pa {bocb

Px~f5 ∘ ! ∘ dgofdls ogcxedse` pbeox ~xejexegce "^ / jax pbe so~~ex dssacodpe`

{opb sucxase ùxogk cagòpoagogk "see Fdpexodls dg` Fepba`s jax juxpbexèpdols/' Pbese zdlues {exe cdlculdpe` jax edcb dgofdl "edcb coxcle

xe~xesegps `dpd jxaf age dgofdl/ dg` d sokgofflcdgp ~asopoze caxxeldpoag

"x 6 >'2:, -~ <>'>8/ {ds jaug` hep{eeg ΐ JX dg` LO' "H/ Pa sba{ pbdp pbe

caxxeldpoag hep{eeg ΐJX dg` LO seeg og "D/ àes gap dxose jxaf

ledxgogk&ogùce` lociogk&xeldpe`, axafapax hebdzoaxs, {e pespe` oj ΐJX

{aul` dlsa caxxeldpe {opb cbdgkes og fedsuxes aj axafapax dcpozopy hejaxe

dg` djpex cagòpoagogk' Pa pbdp ~aogp, djpex cagòpoagogk, geopbex ΐ aj loci

xdpe "lejp ~dgel/ gax ΐ aj cluspex ùxdpoag "xokbp ~dgel/ {exe caxxeldpe` {opb

ΐJX "x 6 >'8? dg` x 6 ∘>'00 xes~ecpozely9 ~ 7>'3 jax hapb/, sba{ogk pbdp

pbey {exe gap xes~agsohle jax pbe ledxgogk&xeldpe` cbdgkes og OC geuxdl~a~uldpoag xes~agses seeg og "D/'

faòfflcdpoags og lociogk&xeldpe` axafapax hebdzoaxs' Pa ogzespo&

kdpe pbos ~assoholopy, {e pespe` oj ΐJX {aul` dlsa caxxeldpe {opb

cbdgkes og fedsuxes aj axafapax dcpozopy, cdlculdpe` dgdlakausly pa pbeLO' Cbdgkesog loci jxetuegcydg` lociogk cluspex ùxdpoag ò`

gap caxxeldpe {opb ΐJX "Jokuxe 3H/, pbexehy sba{ogk pbdp pbese

~dxdfepexs cdggap dccaugp jax pbe xeldpoagsbo~ hep{eeg ΐJX dg`

pbe LO' Og suffdxy, pbese elecpxa~bysoalakocdl `dpd sba{e` pbdp,

og pbe dhsegce aj ~exo~bexdl pdspe pxdgsùcpoag ezegps jax sucxase,

OC geuxagdl ~a~uldpoags xeecp pbe ~aspogkespoze xeogjaxcogk zdlue

aj sucxase salupoags'

ÂSPOGKESPOZE XESÂGSES PA SUCXASE DXE JAUG@ SÊCOJOCDLL_

OG PBE @AXSDL OC

Pbe dhaze elecpxa~bysoalakocdl xesulps sba{ ~aspogkespoze&`xozegxes~agses pa sucxase og pbe àxsdl ogsuld, hup à gap ~xazoè

ogjaxfdpoag ds pa apbex OC lacdpoags {bexe sucb xes~agses caul`

Jxagpoexs og Syspefs Geuxascoegce {{{'jxagpoexsog'axk Fdxcb 8>48 | Zalufe : | Dxpocle 5 | :










JOKUXE 0 | Cagsuf~poag aj sucxase&ogùce` JAS ~xapeog er~xessoag og

pbe àxsdl ogsuld aj Px~f5 ∘! ∘foce' "D/ Caxagdl secpoags aj pbe OC sba{ogk

JAS er~xessoag' Pbe gufhex aj JAS&~asopoze gucleo, dzexdke` dcxass hxdog

secpoags og edcb dgofdl, {ds caf~dxe` hep{eeg dgofdls jalla{ogk

cagsuf~poag aj {dpex ax sucxase "erdf~les og lejp dg` xokbp ~dgels

xes~ecpozely/, og pbe àxsdl dg` zegpxdl ogsuld dg` pbe clduspxuf "Cl/, òzoè` ds

sba{g' "H/ Pbe gufhex aj JAS&~asopoze gucleo {ds gap sokgofflcdgply òjjexegp

hep{eeg pbe pbxee hxdog dxeds "J 8,? 6 8'3, ~ 7>'45/, hup {ds of~dcpe` hy pbe

cagsuf~poag aj sucxase "J 4,? 6 5'?, ~ <>'>>5/ dg` pbe p{a jdcpaxs ogpexdcpe`

sokgofflcdgply "J 8,? 6 5'?, ~ <>'>3, p{a&{dy xe~edpe` fedsuxes DGAZD/' Pbe

ejjecp aj sucxase ogkespoag {ds sokgofflcdgp og pbe àxsdl ogsuld

"{dpex – 0?; ´ 422, sucxase – ;2; ´ 8;:9 p 6 5, --~ <>'>4/ hup gap pbe zegpxdl

ogsuld "{dpex – 043 ´ ?3, sucxase – 00; ´ 44>9 p 6 >':, ~ 7>'>5/ ax pbe

clduspxuf "{dpex – 4:8 ´ 35, sucxase – 884 ´ 329 p 6 4, ~ 7>'>59 âsp bac

Hagjexxago/' "C/ Cagsuf~poag aj pbe p{a pdspdgps {ds yaie` "{dpex= 8?5 ´ :?

locis, sucxase= 334 ´ :09 p : 6 >'0, ~ 7>';, ug~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesp/'

he jaug`' Pa juxpbex ogzespokdpe ogsuldx sopes {bexe ~aspogkes&poze xe{dx` fdy he xe~xesegpe`, {e fedsuxe` ~dppexgs aj JAS

offugaxedcpozopy og pbe OC aj Px~f5∘! ∘ foce"Jokuxe 0D/ jalla{&ogk pbe ogkespoag aj {dpex ax >'2 F sucxase salupoags "g 6 0 foce

jax edcb pdspdgp/' Og pbese IA foce, pbe ogkespoag aj pbe sucxase

salupoag ogùce` d sokgofflcdgply kxedpex dfaugp aj JAS ~xapeog

sygpbesos og OC geuxags pbdg ò` pbe ogkespoag aj pbe sdfe zalufe

aj {dpex "Jokuxe 0H/' Of~axpdgply, pbos ejjecp {ds xespxocpe` pa pbeàxsdl }ages aj pbe OC' Ga sokgofflcdgp òjjexegces {exe jaug` og

eopbex pbe zegpxdl ogsuld ax pbe clduspxuf "Jokuxe 0H/' Hecduse

pbe cagsuf~poag aj sucxase {ds er~exofegpdlly yaie` pa pbdp

aj {dpex "Jokuxe 0C/, pbese ejjecps {exe gap dccaugpe` jax hy

ugs~ecofflc zoscexdl spofuldpoagdssacodpe`{opb òjjexegpodlzalufes

aj ogkespoag "e'k', kdspxoc òspegpoag, Cecbeppa dg` Sd~ex, 4?2;/ax axafapax&xeldpe` jdcpaxs "e'k', lociogk&è~egègp safdpaseg&

saxy spofuldpoag, Spd~lepag ep dl', 8>>:/' Pbus, ds dscexpdoge` hy

JAS fedsuxefegps, pbe segsopozopy aj pbe OC pa ~aspogkespoze jdc&

paxs og Px~f5∘! ∘ foce os dgdpafocdlly xespxocpe` pa pbe àxsdl}ages'

PBE OC OS GECESSDX_ JAX PX^F5 ∘ ! ∘ FOCE PA ER^XESS SO@E

^XEJEXEGCES CAG@OPOAGE@ H_ SUCXASE

[e gerp ogtuoxe` {bepbex, og pbe dhsegce aj ~exo~bexdl pdspe sok&

gdlogk, pbe OC os xetuoxe` jax pbe èzela~fegp aj ~xejexegces

jax sucxase' Jalla{ogk eopbex holdpexdl lesoags pdxkepogk pbe àxsdlOC, ogùce` {opb 8μk aj G &fepbyl&`&ds~dxpoc dco`, d klupdfdpe

xece~pax dkagosp "g 6 :/, ax sbdf suxkexy "g 6 ;9 Jokuxe 5 dg`Fdpexodls dg` Fepba`s/, {e dgdly}e` pbe hebdzoaxdl ~exjaxfdgce

aj Px~f5∘! ∘ foce og pbe cagòpoagogk ~xapacal "Pdhle 4/' [e

jaug` pbdp holdpexdl lesoags pa OC ~xaùce` ga hebdzoaxdl ejjecpsag eopbex ~xe&cagòpoagogk ~xejexegce pesps "Jokuxe :D/ ax cagò&

poagogk sessoags "Jokuxe :H/' Ba{ezex, ùxogk ~asp&cagòpoagogk

~xejexegce pesps, sbdf&a~exdpe` dgofdls gap agly cagsufe` sok&

gofflcdgply faxe sucxase pbdg {dpex "Jokuxe :C/ hup dlsa èzel&

a~e` d sokgofflcdgp ~xejexegce jax sucxase ">';: ´ >'>;9 p : 6 0,

~ < >'>8/, {bexeds ga sucb ejjecps {exe ahsexze` og OC&lesoage`

dgofdls ">'08 ´ >'49 p 5 6 >'2, ~ 7 >'09 age sdf~le p &pesps zs' >'5

{opb Hagjexxago–Balf‟s caxxecpoag jax fulpo~le caf~dxosags9Jokuxe :@/'

Pbese fflgògks sukkespe` d bokbly s~ecofflc xale jax pbe àxsdl OCog pbe èzela~fegp aj pdspe&ogè~egègp soè ~xejexegces cagò&

poage` hy sucxase' Og jdcp, ùxogk cagòpoagogk,hapb sbdf&pxedpe`

dg` lesoage` dgofdls erbohope` faxe lociogk ùxogk sucxase pbdg

{dpex sessoags' Op os of~axpdgp pa gape pbdp, og pbese cagòpoagogk

sessoags, foce bd` dccess pa d sogkle happle, èlozexogk eopbex {dpexax sucxase og dlpexgdpe `dys' Pbus, pbey agly geeè` pa èpecp

sucxase og axèx pa cagsufe op òjjexegpodlly xeldpoze pa {dpex'

[e pbexejaxe cagcluè` pbdp pbe àxsdl OC os gap gecessdxy jax

èpecpoag aj pbe ~aspogkespoze zdlue aj sucxase' Ba{ezex, ùxogk

pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk ~xejexegce&pespogk sessoag, hapb {dpex dg`

sucxase {exe ~xesegp, dg` pbe dgofdls bd` pa cbaase hep{eeg pbep{a pdspdgps' Sogce Px~f5∘! ∘ foce dxe pdspe&hlog`, og pbos ldsp ses&

soag sucxase dg` {dpex {exe ~xesegpe` og pbe sdfe ~asopoags ds

ùxogk pbe cagòpoagogk sessoags "sucxase ag pbe lejp dg` {dpex

ag pbe xokbp soè ax zoce&zexsd/, dg` dgofdls bd` pa use ~xezo&ausly ledxge` soè cues pa he dhle pa èfagspxdpe d ~xejexegce

jax sucxase "è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>2/' @uxogk ~asp&cagòpoagogk

pesps sbdf&pxedpe` foce, hup gap lesoage` dgofdls, òs~ldye` pbe

er~ecpe` bokbex ~xejexegce jax sucxase, sukkespogk pbdp pbe àxsdl

OC {ds gecessdxy jax pbe dssacodpoag hep{eeg so~~ex ~asopoags dg`pbe ~aspogkespoze ejjecps dssacodpe` {opb pbe dzdoldholopy aj sucxase'

Pbe of~axpdgce aj soè cues jax sbdf&pxedpe` dgofdls pa èfag&

spxdpe d ~xejexegce jax sucxase {ds juxpbex cagfflxfe` og d`òpoagdl

p{a&happle sucxase zs' {dpex~xejexegce pesps, cagùcpe` dcxass sez&exdl`dys {opb dlpexgdpoag aj happle ~asopoags pa elofogdpe so e&hods'Ugèx pbese cagòpoags, ~xejexegce jax sucxase {ds gap sokgofflcdgp

og eopbex kxau~ "lesoag= >'5; ´ >'>5,sbdf= >'52 ´ >'>:9xes~ecpozely

p 5 6 4'3, dg` p : 6 4'8, ~ 7 >'8 jax hapb, age sdf~le p &pesps zs' >'5/

dg` ò gap òjjex hep{eegpbef "p 44 6 >'4, ~ 7 >'?9 ug~doxe` p{a&

sdf~le p &pesp/' Pbus, pbe ~xejexegce jax sucxase ogopodlly er~xesse`

hy sbdf&a~exdpe` dgofdls {ds òsxu~pe`, cagfflxfogk pbdp pbeèzela~fegp aj sucb ~xejexegces og Px~f5∘! ∘ foce os è~egègp

ag soè dssacodpoags {bole heogk ogè~egègp aj dgy ~dxpoculdx

axasegsaxy cue "è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>2/'

Jxagpoexs og Syspefs Geuxascoegce {{{'jxagpoexsog'axk Fdxcb 8>48 | Zalufe : | Dxpocle 5 | ;










JOKUXE 5 | Holdpexdl OC lesoags' Sucxase&ogùce` cbdgkes aj JAS

er~xessoag {exe jaug` og pbe sdfe dxed aj pbe ogsuld "àxsdl/ jxaf {bocb

geuxdl dcpozopy {ds xecaxè`' D holdpexdl lesoag spu`y {ds ~exjaxfe` pa

pdxkep pbdp sdfe dxed' Scbefdpoc fflkuxes "faòffle` jxaf ^drogas dg`

Jxdgilog, 8>>4/ sba{ caf~asope lesoag dxeds ag pbe xokbp soè aj ofdke, ds

dssesse` hy focxasca~oc erdfogdpoag jax cdgguld pxdcp dg` dxeds aj kloasos'

Hldci dxeds dxe {bexe dll dgofdls {exe lesoage` holdpexdlly, lokbp kxdy {beg

agly age dgofdl {ds lesoage` ugoldpexdlly ax holdpexdlly dg` `dxi kxdy jax

ogpexfeòdpe sopudpoags'Pbe cegpex aj xecaxògk sopes og dgofdls {opb

fulpoelecpxaè dxxdys of~ldgpe` os sba{g ag pbe lejp soè "kxeeg coxcles/'

S4!S8, safdpasegsaxy caxpoces9 KO, kxdguldx ogsuld9 @O, `yskxdguldx ogsuld9

DO@!DOZ!DO , dkxdguldx ogsuld9 Cl, clduspxuf9 ôx, ~oxojaxf caxper9 C û,cdu`dpe!~updfeg'

Dg dlpexgdpe er~ldgdpoag jax pbe dhaze xesulps xeldpes pa ~assohle

òjjexegces og pbe ùxdpoag aj pbe er~exofegpdl sessoags' Og jdcp,

cagòpoagogk sessoags {exe cagùcpe` jax 3> fog {bole ~xejexegce

sessoags ldspe` agly 4> fog, xdosogk pbe ~assoholopy pbdp pbe òjjex&

egces og cagòpoagogk zs' ~xejexegce sessoags fdy xesulp sof~ly jxaf òjjexegces og pbeox ùxdpoag' Pa pesp jax pbos ~assoholopy, `dpd

jax cagsuf~poag ùxogk cagòpoagogk sessoags {ds xedgdly}e`,

cagsoèxogk agly pbe fflxsp 4> fog jax edcb sessoag' Ga sokgofflcdgp

òjjexegces {exe jaug` hep{eeg sbdf dg` OC&lesoage` dgofdls

"Jokuxe ;D/' Juxpbex caf~dxosags {exe ~exjaxfe` cagsoèxogk

edcb sucxase ax {dpex cagòpoagogk `dy se~dxdpely "o'e', `dys 4, 3,

dg` 5 jax sucxase dg` 8, 0, dg` : jax {dpex/, pa zexojy oj pbexe {exeòjjexegp pxeg`s og cagsuf~poag dcxass cagòpoagogk' Dkdog, ga

sokgofflcdgp òjjexegces {exe jaug` hep{eeg sbdf dg` OC&lesoage`

dgofdls "Jokuxes ;H,C/, d fflgògk pbdp juxpbex su~~axps d faxejug`dfegpdl ejjecp aj àxsdl OC lesoags ùxogk ~xejexegce pesps, ds

dxkue` dhaze'Jxaf pbe dhaze er~exofegps op jalla{s pbdp OC lesoags òsxu~p

pbe èzela~fegp aj soè ~xejexegces cagòpoage` hy sucxase' Pa

elofogdpe pbe ~assoholopy pbdp pbos òsxu~poag {ds ùe pa of~dox&

fegps og s~dpodl cakgopoag "Hexfuè}&Xdppago ep dl', 4??4/, {e

pespe` pbe sdfe dgofdls og d F[F ~xapacal "Iee ep dl', 8>>;/'Dgofdls {exe pxdoge` og pbe F[F jax : `dys, d ~exoa` {opb caf&

~dxdhle ùxdpoag pa pbdp aj pbe ~aspogkespoze cagòpoagogk' Ag pbe

sorpb `dy, ga òjjexegces {exe jaug` hep{eeg pbe p{a kxau~s og

pofe pa xedcb d bo`èg ~ldpjaxf "Jokuxe 2D/' Juxpbexfaxe, ag

d ~xahe pesp cagùcpe` ag pbe sezegpb `dy, hapb kxau~s xepdoge`

ogjaxfdpoag ag pbe s~dpodl lacdpoag aj pbe suhfexke` ~ldpjaxf"Jokuxe 2H/' Pbus, {e cagcluè pbdp dgofdls {opb OC lesoag bd`

cagsexze` s~dpodl axoegpdpoag og pbe F[F, dg` pbdp OC ogpekxopy,

{bole gap gecessdxy jax pbe èpecpoag aj pbe ~aspogkespoze ~xa~&

expoes aj sucxase, os xetuoxe` jax sucb jdcpaxs pa cagòpoag soè~xejexegces og d p{a&happle pesp'

@OSCUSSOAG

Og pbos spu`y {e bdze sba{g pbdp pbe dcpozopy aj geuxags lacdpe`

og àxsdl xekoags aj pbe OC aj s{eep&hlog` Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce òs~ldy d beokbpege` segsopozopy pa pdspe&ogè~egègp ~aspogkespoze ejjecps

~xaùce` hy cdlaxoc sucxase salupoags' Og d`òpoag, {e jaug` pbdp

cbdgkes og OC geuxagdl dcpozopy elocope` hy pbese pdspe&ogè~egègp

~aspogkespoze ejjecps {exe fasply xespxocpe` pa faxe àxsdl xekoagsaj pbe OC, {bexe pbe kuspdpaxy ds~ecp aj pbe ogsuld os lacdpe`'Jogdlly, {ebdze sba{g pbdpjacdllesoags pa àxsdlogsuldx dxeds,pbdp

{exe ogejjecpoze og òsxu~pogk pbe segsopozopy pa pdspe&ogè~egègp

~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase, à òsxu~p pbe dholopy aj foce pa

dssacodpe d ~dxpoculdx so~~ex ~asopoag {opb pbe ~aspogkespoze ejjecps

~xaùce` hy pbe sucxase salupoags' Azexdll, aux `dpd su~~axps pbecagce~p pbdp ezeg og pbe dhsegce aj pdspe pxdgsùcpoag, àxsdl ~dxps

aj pbe OC dxe cxopocdl jax pbe jaxfdpoag aj dssacodpoags hep{eeg

egzoxagfegpdl cues dg` ~aspogkespoze ejjecps'

Cbefasegsaxy xes~agses og kuspdpaxy ogsuldx geuxags dxe

hxad`ly puge` pa fulpo~le pdspe tudlopoes, ogcluògk s{eep "Idp}ep dl', 8>>89 Spd~lepag ep dl', 8>>:, 8>>;/' Ba{ezex, og pbe dhsegce

aj pdspe og~up, op xefdoge` ugiga{g ds pa {bepbex pbe xe{dx`&ogk ~aspogkespoze ~xa~expoes aj sucxase {exe xe~xesegpe` og pbe

ogsuld' Bexe {e bdze èscxohe` d`d~pdpoags og OC xes~agses ds

s{eep&hlog` Px~f5 ∘! ∘ dgofdlsèzela~e`d ~xejexegce jax sucxase'Pbos ~xejexegce {ds espdhlosbe` pbxaukb d cagòpoagogk ~xapa&

cal pbdp dssacodpes pbe cagpegps aj d ~dxpoculdx so~~ex {opb ops

~asopoze ~aspogkespoze ejjecps "è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>29 Xeg ep dl',

8>4>/' Og foce pbdp èzela~e` d ~xejexegce jax sucxase, sucb geu&

xagdl d`d~pdpoags accuxxe` hapb dp pbe sogkle&geuxag lezel, {bexepbey {exe er~xesse` ds dg ogcxedse` “òscxofogdholopy‖ hep{eeg

sucxase dg` {dpex xes~agses "Jokuxe 8H/, dg` dp pbe geuxdl











JOKUXE : |Pbe OC os gecessdxy jax pbe er~xessoag aj pdspe&ogè~egègp

~xejexegces cagòpoage` hy ~aspogkespoze xe{dx`'"D/ Og ~xe&cagòpoagogk

sucxase zs' {dpex p{a&happle ~xejexegce pesps, sogce sucxase {ds ~xesegpe`

ag pbe soè a~~asope pa hods, foce cagsufe` faxe {dpex "lesoag= 3:2 ´ 485locis9 sbdf= 0:: ´ ?2/ pbdg sucxase "lesoag= 45: ´ 4>?9 sbdf= 343 ´ ?39

J 4,44 6 44'3, ~ <>'>>;/' Ba{ezex, lesoag spdpus bd` ga ejjecp " J 4,44 6 >'2,

~ 7>'3;/ dg` pbe p{a jdcpaxs ò` gap ogpexdcp "J 4,44 6 >'3, ~ 7>'5?9 p{a&{dy,

xe~edpe` fedsuxes DGAZD/' "H/ @uxogk pbe cagòpoagogk ~xapacal, dgofdls

cagsufe` faxe sucxase "sbdf= 4>?: ´ 40;9 lesoag= ?58 ´ 483/ pbdg {dpex

"054 ´ ?3 dg` 3?3 ´ :? locis xes~ecpozely9 J 4,44 6 4>4'3, ~ <>'>>>4/ dg` ga

lesoag&è~egègp ejjecps {exe jaug` "J 4,44 6 >'0, ~ 7>'54 dg` J 4,44 6 >'5,

~ 7>'02, xes~ecpozely jax lesoag dg` ogpexdcpoag, p{a&{dy, xe~edpe` fedsuxes

DGAZD/'Pbus, pbe p{a kxau ~s {exe etudlly dhle pa èpecp pbe xeogjaxcogk

~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase' "C/ Og ~asp&cagòpoagogk pesps, pdspdgp bd` dg

ejjecp ag cagsuf~poag "J 4,44 6 :':, ~ <>'>3/ {bole lesoag spdpus ò` gap

"J 4,44 6 >'5, ~ 7>'02/' Ba{ezex, pbe p{a jdcpaxs ogpexdcpe` sokgofflcdgply"J 4,44 6 ;'2, ~ <>'>89 p{a&{dy, xe~edpe` fedsuxes DGAZD/' @dpd {ds pbeg

dgdly}e` se~dxdpely jax edcb kxau~' Sbdf&a~exdpe` dgofdls cagsufe` faxe

sucxase "58: ´ 455 locis/ pbdg {dpex "45> ´ :49 p : 6 3'8, -~ <>'>8/, {bole og

pbe lesoag kxau~ cagsuf~poag ò` gap òjjex "833 ´ ;; dg` 85> ´ ??

xes~ecpozely9 p 5 6 >'8, ~ 7>'29 ~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesps/' "@/ Dzexdke

~xejexegce jax sucxase og pbe ~asp&cagòpoagogk pesp òjjexe` sokgofflcdgply

hep{eeg kxau~s "p 44 6 3, -~ <>'>89 ug~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesp/' Xe` `dsbe`

loge caxxes~ag`s pa >'5 ogòjjexegce lezel'

~a~uldpoag lezel, {bexe pbey {exe er~xesse` ds cbdgkes og pbe

òjjexegce hep{eeg ~a~uldpoag xes~agses pa sucxase dg` {dpex ds

d jugcpoag aj pbe hebdzoaxdl segsopozopy "LO/ pa pbe cagòpoagogk~xapacal "Jokuxe 3D/' Usogk dg offugabospacbefocdl d~~xadcb,

{e cagfflxfe` pbe accuxxegce aj pdspe&ogè~egègp OC xes~agsespa sucxase dg`, juxpbexfaxe, sba{e` pbdp pbese xes~agses {exe

xespxocpe` pa pbe àxsdl suhòzosoag aj pbe ogsuld "Jokuxe 0/'

Jogdlly, usogk ercopaparoc lesoags "Jokuxe 5/ pa er~laxe pbe jugc&poagdl xelezdgce aj OC xes~agses pa sucxase og pbe dhsegce aj

~exo~bexdl s{eep pdspe pxdgsùcpoag, {e jaug` pbdp, djpex cag&

òpoagogk, dgofdls {opb holdpexdl OC lesoags ò` gap èzela~ d

~xejexegce jax so~~ex ~asopoags dssacodpe` {opb sucxase dzdoldholopy

"Jokuxes :C,@/' Pbese xesulps èfflge d ge{ òfegsoag og pbe ogsu&ldx xe~xesegpdpoag aj sukdxs, dscxohogk ge{ jugcpoags pa pbe OC pbdp

ka heyag` axdl cbefasegsaxy xe~xesegpdpoag' Og ~dxpoculdx, pbey

sukkesp d faxe jug`dfegpdl xale jax pbe OC og jaa`&xeogjaxcefegp

fecbdgosfs pbdp cdggap he er~ldoge` ds dxosogk jxaf axasegsaxy

xe{dx`'Pbe Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce use` og pbos spu`y bdze d {ell èfflge`

èfflcop og pbe pxdgsùcpoag aj s{eep, hoppex, dg` ufdfo pdspdgps"]bdgkep dl', 8>>3/' Og ee , pbeox ~exo~bexdl geuxdl dg`hebdzoaxdl

xes~agses pa s{eep pdspdgps dxe essegpodlly dhalosbe` "]bdgk ep dl',

8>>39 è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>29 Alozeoxd&Fdod ep dl', 8>>?9 Xeg ep dl',8>4>/' Juxpbexfaxe, {e bdze sba{g pbdp, ezeg djpex heogk cagò&

poage` pa pbe ~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase, pbese dgofdls à gap

er~xess d ~xejexegce jax pbos pdspdgp {beg pbey dxe pespe` og ~dxd&

òkfs pbdp è~eg` ag pbe èpecpoag aj axasegsaxy cues "see perp

dg` è Dxduma ep dl', 8>>2/' Pbus, ezeg oj dgy sucb axasegsaxy cueserosp "e'k', asfaldxopy, zoscasopy/, og pbos er~exofegpdl ~dxdòkf

pbese IA dgofdls à gap use pbef pa kuoè pbeox hebdzoax'

Jxagpoexs og Syspefs Geuxascoegce {{{'jxagpoexsog'axk Fdxcb 8>48 | Zalufe : | Dxpocle 5 | ?










JOKUXE ; | Cagsuf~poag ~dppexgs aj sucxase dg` {dpex ùxogk pbe

fflxsp 4> fog aj cagòpoagogk sessoags og dgofdls {opb holdpexdl OC ax

sbdf lesoags' "D/ @uxogk pbe ogopodl 4> fog "4>/ aj cagòpoagogk sessoags,

dgofdls cagsufe` faxe sucxase "sbdf= ;>: ´ ?59 lesoag= :00 ´ 438/ pbdg

{dpex "3;? ´ ;? dg` 3>: ´ :5 locis xes~ecpozely9 J 4,44 6 3?'0, ~ <>'>>>4/

dg` ga lesoag&è~egègp ejjecps {exe jaug` "J 4,44 6 >'3, ~ 7>'5? dg`J 4,44 6 >'>4, ~ 7>'?4, xes~ecpozely jax lesoag dg` ogpexdcpoag9 p{a&{dy,

xe~edpe` fedsuxes DGAZD/' "H/ [beg pbe ogopodl 4> aj sucxase

cagsuf~poag {ds dgdly}e` dcxass sessoags d sokgofflcdgp ejjecp {ds jaug`

jax pbe caf~dxosag aj cagòpoagogk `dy 4 "sbdf= ?:3 ´ 4589 lesoag=

;?: ´ 8>2/, `dy 3 "sbdf= 022 ´ :89 lesoag= 05; ´ 400/ dg` `dy 5 "sbdf=

::: ´ 4>89 lesoag= :;2 ´ 4:?9 J 8,44 6 ;'8' ~ <>'>>5/ hup ga

lesoag&è~egègp ejjecps {exe jaug` "J 4,44 6 >'8, ~ 7>'; dg` J 8,44 6 >'0,

~ 7>':2, xes~ecpozely jax lesoag dg` ogpexdcpoag9 p{a&{dy, xe~edpe`

fedsuxes DGAZD/' Xeùce` sucxase cagsuf~poag dcxass `dys caul` he

~apegpodlly dscxohe` pa ledxge` sdpoepy' "C/ Jax {dpex sessoags d sokgofflcdgp

ejjecp {ds dlsa jaug` jax pbe caf~dxosag aj cagòpoagogk `dy 8 "sbdf=38> ´ 4>29 lesoag= 830 ´ 25/, `dy 0 "sbdf= 0>5 ´ :89 lesoag= 355 ´ 5;/ dg`

`dy : "sbdf= 040 ´ ;89 lesoag= 33> ´ :;9 J 8,44 6 5':, ~ <>'>8/ hup ga

lesoag&è~egègp ejjecps {exe jaug` "J 4,44 6 >'5, ~ 7>'0? dg` J 8,44 6 >'8,

~ 7>'23, xes~ecpozely jax lesoag dg` ogpexdcpoag9 p{a&{dy, xe~edpe`

fedsuxes DGAZD/'

Ogsuldx caxper xecaxògks ~exjaxfe` og Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce hejaxe

"~xe/ dg` djpex "~asp/ cagòpoagogk èfagspxdpe` pbdp, hep{eeg

pbese p{a ~exoa`s, d`d~pdpoags accuxxe` og pbe geuxdl xes~agses pa

sucxase dg` {dpex "Jokuxes 8H dg` 3D/' [e ogpex~xepe` pbese d`d~&pdpoags og pbe OC ds xeecpogk ~aspogkespoze&è~egègp ledxgogk'

P{a fdog jdcpaxs su~~axp pbos ogpex~xepdpoag= fflxsp OC xes~agses pa

pbe p{a pdspdgps {exe sokgofflcdgply cbdgke` djpex cagòpoagogk,dg`

secag` pbdp pbese d`d~pdpoags ca&zdxoe` {opb hebdzoaxdl ogòces aj pbe èkxee pa {bocb edcb dgofdl èzela~e` d ~xejexegce jax sucxase"Jokuxes 8H dg` 3D/' Pbe ~assoholopy pbdp, og Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce,

pbese OC xes~agses caul` xeecp axasegsaxy jdcpaxs os ugloiely, gap

agly hecduse pbese dgofdls à gap erbohop hebdzoaxdl dg` ~exo~b&

exdl geuxdl xes~agses pa sucxase "]bdgk ep dl', 8>>39 è Dxduma

ep dl', 8>>29 Alozeoxd&Fdod ep dl', 8>>?9 Xeg ep dl', 8>4>/, hup dlsahecduse, ds òscusse` dhaze, hapb bexe dg` og d ~xoax spu`y "è

Dxduma ep dl', 8>>2/, {e bdze sba{g pbdp, og Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce, pbe

er~xessoag aj cagòpoage` ~xejexegces jax sucxase os ogè~egègp

aj axasegsaxy jdcpaxs' Jogdlly, ogpex~xepdpoags ~uxely hdse` ag axa&

fapax jdcpaxs sucb ds loci xdpe dg` lociogk cluspex ùxdpoag {exeelofogdpe` "Jokuxe 3H/'

D`òpoagdl er~exofegps {exe ~exjaxfe` pa cagfflxf pbe xele&zdgce aj OC xes~agses jax pdspe&ogè~egègp ~aspogkespoze ledxg&

ogk' JAS offugaspdogogk {ds use` ds dg ogèr aj geuxagdl

dcpozdpoag dg` cagfflxfe` pbe ~xesegce aj OC geuxdl xes~agsespa sucxase og Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce "Jokuxe 0/' Pbese xes~agses {exe

ahpdoge` og dgofdls {bexe cagsuf~poag aj sucxase {ds yaie`

pa pbdp aj {dpex "Jokuxe 0C/, elofogdpogk pbe ~assoholopy pbdp

pbey xesulp jxaf ogcxedse` zalufe cagsuf~poag, {opb ugs~ecofflc

ejjecps xesulpogk, jax erdf~le, jxaf spafdcb òspegpoag "Cecbeppadg` Sd~ex, 4?2;/' Cxopocdl cagfflxfdpoag pbdp OC xes~agses {exe

xeldpe` pa ~aspogkespoze ledxgogk cdfe jxaf OC lesoag er~exofegps

èfagspxdpogk pbdp pbe OC os gecessdxy jax Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce pa sba{

d ~asp&cagòpoagogk ~xejexegce jax sucxase "Jokuxes :C,@/'

Og cagpxdsp pa pbese xesulps, d ~xoax spu`y {opb xdps jdole`

pa èfagspxdpe hebdzoaxdl ejjecps aj holdpexdl ogsuldx lesoagsog d dzax&gupxoegp cagòpoagogk pdsi "Pau}dgo dg` Scldjdgo,

8>>;/' [e gape pbdp, hecduse {e {exe pespogk pdspe&ogè~egègp

xes~agses, pbese er~exofegps {exe cagùcpe` agly og Px~f5 ∘! ∘

foce' Pbus, pbese xesulps à gap gecessdxoly kegexdlo}e pa xdps ax~assohly ezeg pa {ol`&py~e foce, ezeg pbaukb pbe zexy lacdlo}eèr~xessoag ~dppexg aj Px~f5 fXGD "êxe} ep dl', 8>>8/ xeg&

èxs pbe ldppex ~assoholopy less loiely' Sezexdl apbex jdcpaxs fdy

bdze cagpxohupe` pa pbe òjjexegce hep{eeg pbe Pau}dgo dg`

Scldjdgo "8>>;/ spu`y dg` aux xesulps' Og pbos xekdx , sofoldx

òscxe~dgcoes bdze heeg èscxohe` xeldpoze pa pbe ejjecps aj OClesoags ag dzax dg` pdspe dzexsoag ledxgogk, dg` sezexdl xed&

sags bdze heeg use pa xdpoagdlo}e pbese ogcagsospegp xesulps'

Pbese ogcluè pbe gdpuxe aj spofulo "pdspe zs' aljdcpaxy/ dg` lacd&

poag aj lesoag "Ioejex ep dl', 4?289 Fdciey ep dl', 4?2:9 Ioejex

dg` Faxxa{, 4??49 _dfdfapa ep dl', 4??59 Cuhexa ep dl', 4???9Jxestuep ep dl', 8>>09 Oguo ep dl', 8>>:9 Xafdg ep dl', 8>>:/'

Xeldpoze pa pbe ejjecps aj OC lesoags ag d~~epopoze cagòpoagogk,Pau}dgo dg` Scldjdgo "8>>;/ ~exjaxfe` er~exofegps ogzalzogk

cagòpoagogk pa d òspogcpoze dzax, dg` pbe ~assoholopy xefdogs

pbdp pbe ~xesegce aj aljdcpaxy dg`!ax pdspe cues fdy bdze ogu&egce` pbe dholopy aj lesoage` dgofdls pa jaxf dssacodpoags hep{eeg

pbe salupoags dg` pbeox gupxopoze zdlue' Juxpbexfaxe, pbeox OC

lesoags {exe cegpexe` og pbe dkxdguldx, faxe zegpxdl òzosoag

aj pbe xdp ogsuld "Pau}dgo dg` Scldjdgo, 8>>;/ {bocb, dccax ogk

pa aux JAS er~xessoag dgdlyses og foce, {ds gap xecxuope` hy pbe ~aspogkespoze–xeldpe` ejjecps ~xaùce` hy sucxase ogpdie "see

Jokuxe 0/'

Jxagpoexs og Syspefs Geuxascoegce {{{'jxagpoexsog'axk Fdxcb 8>48 | Zalufe : | Dxpocle 5 | 4>










JOKUXE 2 | Ejjecps aj holdpexdl OC lesoag ag s~dpodl axoegpdpoag ledxgogk'

"D/ Sbdf&a~exdpe` dg` OC&lesoage` dgofdls {exe pxdoge`, jax : `dys, pa fflg`

d bo`èg dg` suhfexke` ~ldpjaxf og d Faxxos {dpex fd}e "F[F/' @uxogk

pxdogogk, pbexe {ds dg azexdll fdog ejjecp jax lesoagogk "lesoage` zs' cagpxal

suhmecps, J 4,55 6 5'8, ~ <>'>05/, hup hapb kxau~s of~xaze` pbeox

~exjaxfdgce dcxass pbe sor pxdogogk `dys "J 5,55 6 8?'0, ~ < >'>>>4/ og d

sofoldx jdsboag "ogpexdcpoag – J 5,55 6 >'3, ~ 7>'?49 p{a&{dy xe~edpe`

fedsuxes DGAZD/ dg` xedcbe` etudl lezels aj ~exjaxfdgce og pbe ldsp `dy

"lesoag= ;'? ´ 4'0 s pa xedcb ~ldpjaxf9 sbdf= ;'? ´ 89 p 6 >'>8, ~ 7>'>59

Hagjexxago âsp bac pesp/' Pbus, ùxogk pxdogogk pbexe {exe agly sfdll

òjjexegces hep{eeg sbdf dg` xedl lesoage` dgofdls' "H/ Ag pbe sezegpb

`dy, dgofdls {exe pespe` jax :> s og d ~xahe pxodl {bexe pbe ~ldpjaxf {ds

xefaze` jxaf pbe fd}e' Bexe, hapb kxau~s s~egp sofoldx pofes sedxcbogk

jax pbe ~ldpjaxf og pbe caxxecp tud`xdgp aj pbe fd}e "3>': ´ 5'4 dg`

33': ´ 3'8 s xes~ecpozely9 p 44 6 >'5, ~ 7>':9 ug~doxe` p{a&sdf~le p &pesp/

dg`, og hapb cdses, pbos sedxcb ~exoa` {ds sokgofflcdgply bokbex pbdg {bdp

{aul` he er~ecpe` oj pbey {exe fazogk xdgàfly "lesoag – p 5 6 3'4,

~ <>'>39 sbdf – p : 6 5'2, ~ <>'>>39 age sdf~le p &pesps zs' 45 s {opb

Hagjexxago–Balf‟s caxxecpoag jax fulpo~le caf~dxosags/' Pbus, pbe fogax

òjjexegces jaug` og F[F ùxogk pxdogogk à gap seef pa er~ldog pbe

èfflcops jaug` og p{a&happle pesps "see Jokuxes :C,@/ sogce hapb kxau~s

ledxge` pbe s~dpodl lacdpoag aj pbe suhfexke` ~ldpjaxf dg` OC&lesoage`

dgofdls bdze seefogkly gaxfdl s~dpodl axoegpdpoag fefaxy og pbe F[F'

Og jdcp, pbe ~asp&sucxase cagsuf~poag ogcxedse og OC JASoffugaspdogogk og Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce {ds xespxocpe`pa pbe` axsdl suh&

òzosoag aj pbe ogsuld, dg dxed {bexe elecpxa~bysoalakocdl fedsuxe&

fegps {exe dlsa ~exjaxfe`, dg` pbdp {ds pdxkepe` og pbe OC lesoag

er~exofegp "Jokuxe 5/' Pbos dxed ogcluès d faxe àxsdl kxdg&

uldx dxed, {exe zoscexdl xes~agses bdze heeg oègpoffle` "Cecbeppadg` Sd~ex,4?2;9 Hdxgdho dg` Cecbeppa, 8>>4/,dg`dgoffeòdpely

zegpxdl `yskxdguldx dxed, {bexe pdspe xes~agsesbdze heeg xe~axpe`

og xdps "_dfdfapa ep dl', 4?229 Lug`y dg` Gaxkxeg, 8>>0/' Pbdp

sdo`, pbe èfflgopoag aj sucb òspogcp jugcpoagdl suhòzosoags aj

pbe ogsuld bds heeg èhdpe sogce sogkle&geuxags pbxaukbauppbe ogsuld cdg xes~ag` pa fulpo~le segsaxy fa`dlopoes, gdfely

pdspe, zoscexdl, dg` gacoce~poze spofulo "Cecbeppa dg` Sd~ex, 4?2;9Bdgdfaxo ep dl', 4??;, 4??2d,h/ dg` pdspe xes~agsoze geuxags

bdze dlsa heeg èscxohe` og pbe kxdguldx caxper "Akd{d ep dl',

4??89 Dccalld ep dl', 8>>;/' Pbus, pbe erdcp oègpopoes aj pbegeuxdl gep{axis ogzalze` og pbe pdspe&ogè~egègp ~aspogkespoze

xes~agses og pbe àxsdl OC pbdp dxe èscxohe` bexe xefdog pa he

eluco`dpe`'

Ds fegpoage`, pbe ~xofdxy KC os lacdpe` og pbe OC "Cecbeppa

dg` Sd~ex, 4?2;9 Dccalld ep dl', 8>>;/ dg`, heso es opsxale og egca`&ogk pbe cbefasegsaxy ~xa~expoes aj pdspdgps "Xalls, 8>>:9 Spd~lepag

ep dl', 8>>:9 Dccalld ep dl', 8>>;/, op os xetuoxe` jax dssacodpoags pa

he jaxfe` hep{eeg pdspe dg` fdldose "Hxdug ep dl', 4?;89 Lax&

èg, 4?;:9 _dfdfapa ep dl', 4?2>9 Hexfuè}&Xdppago ep dl', 4??49

Dccalld dg` Cdxlepag, 8>>2/' Pbus, og cagòpoage` pdspe dzexsoag"CPD/ ~dxdòkfs, ~bdxfdcalakocdl fdgo~uldpoags "Hexfuè}&

Xdppago ep dl', 4??49 Kupoexxe} ep dl', 4???/, ~xapeog sygpbesos

ogbohopoag "Xaseghluf ep dl', 4??3/ ax oxxezexsohle lesoags "Hxdug

ep dl', 4?;89 Laxèg, 4?;:9 _dfdfapa ep dl', 4?2>/ og pbe KC òs&xu~p pbe jaxfdpoag aj d “fefaxy pxdce‖logiogk d cagòpoage` pdspecue pa egsuogk zoscexdl fdldose' Bexe {e bdze oègpoffle` p{a ge{

jugcpoags jax pbe OC og pbe ogpekxdpoag aj ~aspogkespoze segsaxy

ogjaxfdpoag' Joxsp, {e sba{e` pbdp pbe OC cdg xe~xesegp ~asopoze

~aspogkespoze aupcafes xeldpe` pa pbe cdlaxoc zdlue aj d sucxase

salupoag "Jokuxes 8–0/ dg` secag`, pbdp pbos hxdog dxed ~ldys d xel&ezdgp xale og pbe faùldpoag aj ledxge` hebdzoax pa{dx` ~asopoze

~aspogkespoze aupcafes, ezeg og pbe dhsegce aj axasegsaxy pdspe

og~up "Jokuxe :/'

[bole aux xesulps su~~axp pbe cagce~p pbdp~aspogkespoze xe{dx`

os xe~xesegpe` og pbe OC, op os of~axpdgp pa fegpoag pbdp, og

Px~f5 ∘! ∘ foce {opb holdpexdl OC lesoags, ugcag opoage` xes~agses

pa sucxase {exe cagsexze`' Og jdcp, ùxogk cagòpoagogk sessoags,hapb lesoage` dg` sbdf&a~exdpe` foce cagsufe` faxe sucxase

pbdg {dpex "Jokuxes :H dg` ;/,sba{ogk pbdp pbe OC osgap gecessdxy

jax èpecpoag aj pbe xeogjaxcogk ~aspogkespoze ejjecps aj sucxase'

Cledxly, apbex hxdog dxeds fusp ~dxpoco~dpe og pbos ~xacess "èDxdu ma ep dl', 8>>29 Pau}dgo ep dl', 8>>29 Alozeoxd&Fdod ep dl', 8>44/'

Gezexpbeless, pbe ejjecps aj OC lesoag ag ~aspogkespoze è~egègp

cagòpoagogk seef pa xeecp d èfflcop og pbe cd~dcopy pa dssacodpe

hep{eeg ~aspogkespoze ejjecps dg` pbe soè aj pbe hebdzoaxdl har

{bexe pbey {exe ahpdoge` "Jokuxes :C,@/' Aux xesulps pbus cag&pxohupe d`òpoagdl ezoègce pa{dx` pbe zoe{ pbdp d ~xofdxy xale aj

pbe OC og CPD "Hxdug ep dl', 4?;89 Laxèg, 4?;:9 _dfdfapa ep dl',

4?2>9 Dccalld dg` Cdxlepag, 8>>2/, dg` ~assohly apbex pdspe&kuo e`

ledxgogk "Cuhexa dg` ûexpa, 8>>>/, os pbe dssacodpoag hep{eegspofulo "sucb ds s~aup&soè dg` ~aspogkespoze xe{dx`/'

D hxad` xale jax pbe ogsuld og pbe xe~xesegpdpoag aj dzexsoze

aupcafes, ezeg og pbe dhsegce aj kuspdpaxy&xeldpe` spofuldpoag,

bds ~xezoausly heeg erpegsozely xe~axpe` "^bollo~s ep dl', 4??;9

^lakbdus ep dl', 4???9 A‟@abexpy ep dl', 8>>39 [ociex ep dl', 8>>39

Soffags ep dl', 8>>09 Sogkex ep dl', 8>>09 Cagpxexds ep dl', 8>>;/'Og jdcp, dzexsoag&xeldpe` xe~xesegpdpoag og pbe OC bds heeg suk&

kespe` ds d ~apegpodl er~ldgdpoag jax pbe ejjecps aj ogsuld lesoags

ag d`òcpoze hebdzoaxs "Cagpxexds ep dl', 8>>;9 Gdtzo ep dl', 8>>;/

dg` djjecpoze ècosoag&fdiogk "Cldxi ep dl', 8>>2/' Ogsuldx xe~&

xesegpdpoag aj ~asopoze efapoags bds dlsa heeg èscxohe`, fasply og dssacodpoag {opb jaa`&xeldpe` spofulo "Sfdll ep dl', 8>>49 è

Dxdu ma ep dl', 8>>:9 Spaeciel ep dl', 8>>29 [dkgex ep dl', 8>>2/,hup os gap ds {ell espdhlosbe` "Mdhho ep dl', 8>>;/' Age spu`y

èfagspxdpe` pbdp by~acxepog pxdgsfossoag og pbe àxsdl ogsuld

xekuldpes pbe xeogjaxcogk ejjecps aj gocapoge ogjusoags "Balldg&èx ep dl', 8>>2/' Bexe {e juxpbex sba{ pbdp pbe sdfe dxed aj

pbe ogsuld os ogzalze` og pbe xe~xesegpdpoag aj d ~asopoze aup&

cafe pbdp, {bole heogk jaa`&xeldpe`, accuxs ogè~egègply aj axdl

cbefasegsdpoag'

Og suffdxy, {e bdze sba{g pbdp ogsuldx OC geuxagsdxe faùldpe` ùxogk jee ogk dg` cdg erexp cagpxal ag











jee ogk hebdzoaxs ezeg {beg ga axdl cbefasegsaxy og~ups

dxe ~xesegp' Pbos gazel fflg ogk caul` ugèxloe pbe xeaxkdgo&

}dpoag aj geuxagdl xe~xesegpdpoags aj pdspe cues og pbe KC

jalla{ogk cbdgkes og ogpexgdl spdpe "Huxesazd ep dl', 4?;?9

Dccalld dg` Cdxlepag, 8>>29 Kxassfdg ep dl', 8>>2/' D`òpoag&dlly, aux fflgògks ogòcdpe pbdp pbe OC ~exjaxfs ~xezoausly

ugoègpoffle` jugcpoags og xe~xesegpogk pbe xe{dxògk ~aspogkes&

poze cagsetuegces aj cagsufogk cdlaxoe&ègse jaa`s, ~asso&hly ugèxlyogk pbe ~xa~ase` ogzalzefegp aj pbe ogsuld og

~dpbalakocdl jeeògk hebdzoaxs "Spaeciel ep dl', 8>>29 [dkgex ep dl',8>>2/'

DCIGA[LE@KFEGPS

[e pbdgi Pexesd Fdod, ê`xa Gocalelos, Mof Felay dg` Kdxy Lebe{

jax pecbgocdl su~~axp9 @xs' So`gey Sofag, Xdgoex Kupoexxe}, dg`

Sbob&Cboeb Log jax ogzdludhle òscussoags dg` sukkespoags, dg`

Susdg Bdlioapos jax xezoe{ aj pbe fdguscxo~p' Pbos {axi {ds su~&~axpe` og ~dxp hy jugògk jxaf GOB X>4@C>>4>:5 pa @x' So`gey

Sofag, pbe @uie Scbaal aj Feòcoge ^xajessaxsbo~ og Geuxa&

scoegces dg` GOB X>4@E>44054 pa FDLG, ^bolo~ Faxxos USD Ogcdg` ^bolo~ Faxxos Ogpexgdpoagdl pa @x' So`gey Sofag dg` OEèD, d

KDHHD jella{sbo~ jxaf JCP dg` d ~asp&àcpaxdl kxdgp jxaf pbeDRD Xesedxcb Jug` pa Dlhoga M' Alozeoxd&Fdod'

XEJEXEGCESDheles, F' "4?28/' Tudgpofflcdpoag,

sfaapbogk,dg` cagffl egcelofopsjax

sogkle&ugops bospakxdfs' M' Geuxasco'

Fepba`s 5, 34;–385'

Dccalld, X', Hdpbelloex, H', êpexseg, C'

C', dg` Cdxlepag, D' "8>>;/' @ojjex&

egpodl s~dpodl xe~xesegpdpoag aj pdspe

fa`dlopoes og pbe xdp kuspdpaxy cax&

per' M' Geuxasco' 8;, 43?:–40>0'

Dccalld, X', dg` Cdxlepag, D' "8>>2/'

Ogpexgdl ha`y spdpe oguegces pa~a&

kxd~bocdl ~ldspocopy aj segsaxy xe~xe&

segpdpoags og pbe xdp kuspdpaxy cax&

per' ^xac' Gdpl' Dcd`' Sco' U'S'D' 4>5,

0>4>–0>45'

Hdlleoge, H' [', dg` @ociogsag, D'

"8>>>/' Pbe ejjecp aj lesoags aj pbe

ogsuldx caxper ag ogspxufegpdl cag&

òpoagogk= ezo egce jax d xale og

ogcegpoze fefaxy' M' Geuxasco' 8>,

2?50–2?:0'

Hdxgdho, J', dg` Cecbeppa, @' J' "8>>4/'

Geuxapxdgsfoppexs og pbe pbdldfus

xeldyogk zoscexdl og~up pa pbe ogsu&

ldx caxper og pbe xdp' Df' M' ^bys&oal' Xekul' Ogpekx' Caf~' ^bysoal' 824,

X4::5–X4:;0'

Hexfu e}&Xdppago, J', Ogpxaogo&

Callosag, O' H', dg` FcKdukb, M' L'

"4??4/' Xezexsohle ogdcpozdpoag aj

pbe ogsuldx caxper hy pepxaàparog

~xa uces xepxakxdè dg` dgpexa&

kxd e dfgesod jax ogbohopaxy

dzao dgce dg` s~dpodl ledxgogk'

^xac' Gdpl' Dcd`' Sco' U'S'D' 22,

53;?–5328'

Hxdug, M' M', Sloci, P' H', dg` Laxèg, M'

J' "4?;8/' Ogzalzefegp aj kuspdpaxy

geacaxper og pbe ledxgogk aj pdspe

dzexsoags'^bysoal' Hebdz'?, :3;–:04'

Huxesazd, A', Dleisdgydg, ]' D', dg`Huxes,M' "4?;?/'Elecpxa~bysoalakocdl

dgdlysos aj xepxoezdl aj cagòpoage`

pdspe dzexsoag og xdps' Ugop dcpoz&

opy cbdgkes og cxopocdl hxdog xekoags'

^bysoal' Habefaslaz' 82, 585–53:'

Cecbeppa, @' J', dg` Sd~ex, C' H' "4?2;/'

Ezoègce jax d zoscexapa~oc segsaxy

xe~xesegpdpoag og pbe caxper dg`

pbdldfus og pbe xdp' M' Caf~' Geuxal'

8:8, 8;–05'

Cldxi, L', Hecbdxd, D', @dfdsoa, B',

Dopieg, F' X', Sdbdiodg, H' M', dg`

Xahhogs, P' [' "8>>2/' @ojjexegpodl

ejjecps aj ogsuldx dg` zegpxafeòdl

~xejxagpdl caxper lesoags ag xosiy

ècosoag&fdiogk' Hxdog 434" p 5/,

4344–4388'

Cagpxexds, F', Cexoc, J', dg` Paxxedlhd,

J' "8>>;/' Ogdcpozdpoag aj pbe ogpe&

xace~poze ogsuld òsxu~ps `xuk cxdz&

ogk dg` fdldose ogùce` hy lopbouf'

Scoegce 342, :55–:52'

Caxhop, L' B', Asplug`, S' H', dg`

Hdlleoge, H' [' "8>>8/' Segsopozopy

pa ogspxufegpdl cagpogkegcy èkxd&

`dpoag os feòdpe` hy pbe egpaxbo&

gdl caxper dg` ops ejjexegps zod pbe

àxsdl bo~~acdf~us' M' Geuxasco' 88,

4>?;:–4>?20'

Cuhexa, O', dg` ûexpa, D' "8>>>/' Elec&

pxocdl spofuldpoag aj pbe ogsuldx

caxper ogùces dzax&~xejexegces og

xdps' Hxdog Xes' 2;8, 430–40>'

Cuhexa, O', Pboele, P' E', dg` Hexgspeog,

O' L' "4???/' Ogsuldx caxper lesoags

dg` pdspedzexsoag ledxgogk= ejjecps aj

cagòpoagogk fepba` dg` pofogk aj

lesoag' Hxdog Xes' 23?, 383–33>'@dfdi, S', Xagk, F', _dsufdpsu, I',

Iaixdsbzolo, ]', ^ïxe}, C' D', Sboke&

fuxd, G', _asbo`d, X', Fasogkex, H'

Mx', Kleg oggogk, M' O', Gogafoyd,

_', dg` Fdxkalsiee, X' J' "8>>:/'

Px~f5 gull foce xes~ag pa hop&

pex, s{eep, dg` ufdfo caf~aug`s'

Cbef' Segses 34, 853–8:0'

@dzos, M' @', dg` Sfopb, K' ^' "4??8/'

Dgdlysos aj pbe focxaspxucpuxe aj

pbe xbypbfoc pagkue fazefegps aj

xdps ogkespogk fdlpase dg` sucxase

salupoags' Hebdz' Geuxasco' 4>:,

84;–882'

è Dxduma, O' E', Kupoexxe}, X', Alozeoxd&

Fdod, D' M', êxeoxd, D' Mx', Gocalelos,F' D' L', dg` Sofag, S' D' "8>>:/'

Geuxdl egsefhle caògk aj sdpoepy

Spdpes' Geuxag 54, 023–0?0'

è Dxduma, O' E', Alozeoxd&Fdod, D' M',

Sapgoiazd, P' @', Kdogepògaz, X' X',

Cdxag, F' K', Gocalelos, F' D', dg`

Sofag, S' D' "8>>2/' Jaa` xe{dx` og

pbe dhsegce aj pdspe xece~pax sokgdl&

ogk' Geuxag 5;, ?3>–?04'

Jxestuep, G', Dgksp, F' M', dg` Sdg`gex,

K' "8>>0/'Ogsuldxcaxperlesoags dlpex

cagòpoage` pdspe dzao`dgce og xdps

òjjexegpodlly {beg usogk p{a fepb&

a`s aj sucxase èlozexy' Hebdz' Hxdog

Xes' 453, 35;–3:5'

Kxassfdg, S' E', Jagpdgogo, D',

[oesia~j, M' S', dg` Idp}, @' H'

"8>>2/' Ledxgogk&xeldpe ~lds&

pocopy aj pef~axdl ca ogk og

sofulpdgeausly xecaxè` dfyk`dld&

caxpocdl egsefhles' M' Geuxasco' 82,

82:0–82;3'

Kupoexxe}, B', Bexgdgè}&Ecbedkdxdy,

E', Xdfæxe}&Dfdyd, Z', dg

Hexfýè}&Xdppago, J' "4???/'

Hlacidè aj G&fepbyl&@&ds~dxpdpe

xece~paxs og pbe ogsuldx caxper

òsxu~ps pdspe dzexsoag dg` s~dpodl

fefaxy jaxfdpoag' Geuxascoegce

2?, ;54–;52'

Kupoexxe}, X', Cdxfegd, M' F', Gocalelos,

F' D', dg` Sofag, S' D' "8>>:/'

Axhopajxagpdl egsefhle dcpozopy

fagopaxs lociogk dg òspog&

kuosbes dfagk gdpuxdl xe{dx`s' M'

Geuxa~bysoal' ?5, 44?–433'

Bdgdfaxo,P',Iugopdie,P',Idpa,I',dg`

Idggdg, B' "4??;/' Cagzexkegce aj axa~bdxygkaldxygkedl,hdxaxece~pax

dg` cbefaxece~pax djjexegps agpa

ogsuldx caxper geuxags og xdps'Cbef'

Segses 88, 3??–0>:'

Bdgdfaxo, P', Iugopdie, P', Idpa, I',

dg` Idggdg, B' "4??2d/' Geuxags

og pbe ~aspexoax ogsuldx caxper dxe

xes~agsoze pa kuspdpaxy spofuldpoag

aj pbe ~bdxygkaldxygr, hdxaxece~&

pax dg` cbefaxece~pax spofuldpoag,

dg` pdol ~ogcb og xdps' Hxdog Xes' ;25,

?;–4>:'

Bdgdfaxo, P', Iugopdie, P', Idpa, I',

dg` Idggdg, B' "4??2h/' Xes~agses

aj geuxags og pbe ogsuldx caxper pa

kuspdpaxy, zoscexdl, dg` gacoce~pozespofulo og xdps' M' Geuxa~bysoal' ;?,

8535–8505'

Balldgèx, M' D', Lu, T', Cdfexag, F'

@', Idfegecid, P' F', dg` Ieggy, ^'

M' "8>>2/' Ogsuldx by~acxepog pxdgs&

fossoag xekuldpes gocapoge xe{dx`'

^xac' Gdpl' Dcd`' Sco' U'S'D' 4>5,

4?02>–4?025'

Balf, S' "4?;?/' D sof~le setueg&

podl xemecpoze fulpo~le pesp ~xace&

ùxe' Scdg`' Spdp' Pbeaxy D~~l' :,

:5–;>'

Oguo, P', Sbofuxd, P', dg` _dfdfapa, P'

"8>>:/' Ejjecps aj hxdog lesoags ag

pdspe&~apegpodpe` aàx dzexsoag og

xdps' Hebdz' Geuxasco' 48>, 5?>–5??'

Mdhho, F', S{dxp, F', dg` Ieysexs, C'

"8>>;/' Ef~dpby jax ~asopoze dg`

gekdpoze efapoags og pbe kuspdpaxy

caxper' Geuxaofdke 30, 4;00–4;53'

Idp}, @' H', Sofag, S' D', dg` Gocalelos,

F' D' "8>>8/' Pdspe&s~ecofflc geu&

xagdl egsefhlesog pbekuspdpaxy cax&

per aj d{die xdps' M' Geuxasco' 88,

425>–425;'

Iee,G', Peoreoxd,C' F',[dgk,D' B',dg`

Jxdgildg`, ^' [' "8>>;/' Ofdkogk

dcpozdpoag aj dùlp&kegexdpe` kxdg&

ule cells og s~dpodl fefaxy' Gdp'

^xapac' 8, 3>33–3>00'

Ioejex, S' [', dg` Faxxa{, G' S' "4??4/'

Aàx cue feòdpoag aj dlcabal dzex&

soag ledxgogk og xdps ldciogk kuspd&

paxy geacaxper' Hebdz'Geuxasco' 4>5,

85–38'

Ioejex, S' [', Xusogodi, I' [', dg` Kdx&

cod, M' "4?28/' Jldzax&ollgess dzex&

soags= kuspdpaxy geacaxper dhld&poags òsxu~p pdspe hup gap pdspe&

~apegpodpe` aàx cues' M' Caf~'

^bysoal' ^sycbal' ?:, 50>–502'

Laxèg, M' J' "4?;:/' Ejjecps aj lesoags

aj pbe kuspdpaxy gecaxper ag pdspe

dzexsoag ledxgogk og pbe xdp' M' Caf~'

^bysoal' ^sycbal' ?>, ::5–:;?'

Lug`y, X' J' Mx', dg` Gaxkxeg, X'

"8>>0/' “Kuspdpaxy syspef,‖ og Pbe

Xdp Gexzaus Syspef, e`' K' ^drogas

"Sdg @oeka, CD= Elsezoex, Dcdèfoc

^xess/, 2?4–?84'

Fdciey, [' H', Iellex, M', dg` zdg èx

Iaay, @' "4?2:/' Zoscexdl caxper

lesoags hlaci cagòpoage` pdspe dzex&

soags ogùce` hy fax~boge' ^bdx&fdcal' Hoacbef' Hebdz' 80, ;4–;2'

Gdtzo, G' B', Xu`xduj, @', @dfdsoa,

B', dg` Hecbdxd, D' "8>>;/' @df&

dke pa pbe ogsuld òsxu~ps d`òcpoag

pa cokdxeppe sfaiogk' Scoegce 345,

534–530'

A‟@abexpy,M',Cxopcbley,B',@eocbfdgg,

X', dg` @aldg, X' M' "8>>3/' @os&

sacodpogk zdlegce aj aupcafe jxaf

hebdzoaxdl cagpxal og bufdg axhopdl

dg` zegpxdl ~xejxagpdl caxpoces' M'

Geuxasco' 83, ;?34–;?3?'











Akd{d, B', Bdsekd{d, I', dg`

Fuxdydfd, G' "4??8/' @ojjex&

egce og pdspe tudlopy caògk hep{eeg

p{a caxpocdl pdspe dxeds, kxdguldx dg`

`yskxdguldx ogsuldx dxeds, og xdps'

Er~' Hxdog Xes' ?4, 045–080'

Akd{d, B', Opa, S', Fuxdydfd, G', dg`

Bdsekd{d, I' "4??>/' Pdspe dxed og

kxdguldx dg` `yskxdguldx ogsuldx

caxpoces og pbe xdp oègpoffle` hy spof&

uldpoag aj pbe egpoxe axdl cdzopy'

Geuxasco' Xes' ?, 4?:–8>4'

Alozeoxd&Fdod, D' M', Xahexps, C' @',

[dliex, T' @', Lua, H', Iubg,

C', Sofag, S' D', dg` Gocalelos,

F' D' "8>44/' Ogpxdzdsculdx jaa`

xe{dx`' ^LaS AGE :, e80??8'

ào=4>'43;4!mauxgdl'~age'>>80??8

Alozeoxd&Fdod,D' M', Spd~lepag&Iaplasio,

M' X', Lydll, Z', ^bdg, P' B', Fuf&

fdldgego, S', Felage, ', @eso&

fage, M' D', Gocalelos, F' D', dg`

Sofag, S' D' "8>>?/' Gocapoge dcpo&

zdpes PX^F5&è~egègp dg` ogè&

~egègp pdspe ~dpb{dys' ^xac' Gdpl'Dcd`' Sco' U'S'D' 4>:, 45?:–4:>4'

^drogas, K', dg` Jxdgilog, I' H' M'

"8>>4/' Pbe Fause Hxdog og Spexea&

pdroc Caaxògdpes ' Sdg @oeka= Dcdè&

foc ^xess'

êxe},C' D',Budgk,L',Xagk,F', Ia}di,

M' D', ^xeuss, D' I', ]bdgk, B', Fdr,

F', dg` Fdxkalsiee, X' J' "8>>8/' D

pxdgsoegp xece~pax ~apegpodl cbdggel

er~xesse` og pdspe xece~pax cells' Gdp'

Geuxasco' 5, 44:?–44;:'

^bollo~s, F' L', _augk, D' [', Segoax, C',

Hxdffex, F',Dg`xe{, C',Cdlèx, D'

M',Hullfaxe,E' P',êxxepp, @'O', Xa{&

ldg`, @', [ollodfs, S' C', Kxdy, M' D',

dg` @dzo`, D' S' "4??;/' D s~ecofflcgeuxdl suhspxdpe jax ~exceozogk jdcodl

er~xessoags aj òskusp' Gdpuxe 32?,

0?5–0?2'

^lakbdus,D', Pxdcey, O', Kdpo,M' S', Cldxe,

S', Fegag, X' S', Fdppbe{s, ^' F',

dg` Xd{logs, M' G' "4???/' @ossa&

codpogk ~dog jxaf ops dgpoco~dpoag

og pbe bufdg hxdog' Scoegce 820,

4?;?–4?24'

Xeg, R', Jexxeoxd, M' K', ]bau, L',

Sbdffdb&Ldkgdà, S' M', _eciel, C'

[', dg` è Dxduma, O' E' "8>4>/'

Gupxoegp selecpoag og pbe dhsegce aj

pdspe xece~pax sokgdlogk' M' Geuxasco'

3>, 2>48–2>83'

Xalls, E' P' "8>>:/' Hxdog fecbdgosfs

ugèxlyogk dzaux dg` d~~epope'

^bolas' Pxdgs' X' Sac' Lag`' H Hoal'

Sco' 3:4, 4483–443:'

Xafdg, C', Gehoexo`}e, G', Sdspxe, D',

dg` Xeolly, S' "8>>:/' Ejjecps aj

lesoags aj pbe he` gucleus aj pbe

spxod pexfogdlos, ldpexdl by~apbdld&

fus, ax ogsuldx caxper ag cag o&

poage` pdspe dzexsoag dg` cagò&

poage` aàx dzexsoag' Hebdz' Geu&

xasco' 48>, 485;–48:;'

Xaseghluf, I', Feoxo, G', dg` @u`do,

_' "4??3/' Pdspe fefaxy= pbe xale

aj ~xapeog sygpbesos og kuspdpaxy

caxper' Hebdz' Geuxdl Hoal' 5?,

0?–5:'Scapp, P' X', dg` ^ldpd&Sdldfdg, C' X'

"4???/' Pdspe og pbe fagiey caxper'

^bysoal' Hebdz' :;, 02?–544'

Soffags, D', Fdppbe{s, S' C', Speog,

F' H', dg` ^dulus, F' ' "8>>0/'

Dgpoco~dpoag aj efapoagdlly dzexsoze

zosudl spofulo dcpozdpes xokbp ogsuld'

Geuxaxe~axp 45, 88:4–88:5'

Sogkex, P', Seyfaux, H', A‟@abexpy, M',

Iduhe, B', @aldg, X' M', dg` Jxopb,

C' @' "8>>0/' Ef~dpby jax ~dog

ogzalzespbe djjecpoze hup gapsegsaxy

caf~agegps aj ~dog' Scoegce 3>3,

445;–44:8'

Sfdll, @' F', ]dpaxxe, X' M', @dkbex,

D', Ezdgs, D' C', dg` Mages&Kapfdg,F' "8>>4/' Cbdgkes og hxdog dcpoz&

opy xeldpe` pa edpogk cbacaldpe= jxaf

~ledsuxe padzexsoag' Hxdog 480"^p?/,

4;8>–4;33'

Spd~lepag, M' X', Ldzoge, F' L', Gocalelos,

F' D', dg` Sofag, S' D' "8>>;/'

Egsefhles aj kuspdpaxy caxpocdl

geuxags dgpoco~dpe dg` òs&

cxofogdpe hep{eeg pdspdgps og d

sogkle loci' Jxagp' Geuxasco' 4=4'

ào=4>'332?!geuxa'>4!4'4'>48'8>>;

Spd~lepag, M' X', Ldzoge, F' L', [al~exp,

X' L', Gocalelos, F' D', dg` Sofag, S'

D' "8>>:/' Xd~o` pdspe xes~agses og

pbe kuspdpaxy caxper ùxogk lociogk'

M' Geuxasco' 8:, 048:–0432'

Spaeciel, L' E', [ellex, X' E', Caai, E'

[' OOO, P{oek, @' H', Iga{lpag, X' C',

dg` Car, M' E' "8>>2/' [oès~xed`

xe{dx`&syspef dcpozdpoag og ahese

{afeg og xes~agse pa ~ocpuxes aj

bokb&cdlaxoe jaa`s' Geuxaofdke 04,

:3:–:0;'

Pau}dgo, I', Ha`gdx, X', dg` Scldjdgo,

D' "8>>2/' Dcpozdpoag aj à~dfoge

@4&loie xece~paxs og gucleus dccuf&

hegs os cxopocdl jax pbe dctuosopoag,

hup gap pbe er~xessoag, aj gupxoegp&

cag opoage` dzax ~xejexegces og

xdps' Eux' M' Geuxasco' 8;, 4585–4533'

Pau}dgo, I', dg` Scldjdgo, D' "8>>;/'

Ogsuldx caxper lesoags jdol pa hlacidzax dg` pdspe ~xejexegce ledxg&

ogk og xdps' Eux' M' Geuxasco' 8:,

4:?8–4;>>'

[dkgex, D', Do}egspeog, B',

Fd}uxie{oc}, L', Ju`ke, M', Jxdgi,

K' I', ûpgdf, I', Hdolex, U' J',

Joscbex, L', dg` Idye, [' B' "8>>2/'

Dlpexe ogsuld xes~agse pa pdspe

spofulo og og ozo udls xecazexe

jxaf xespxocpogk&py~e dgaxerod

gexzasd' Geuxa~sycba~bdxfdcalaky

33, 543–583'

[ociex, H', Ieysexs, C', ^ldolly, M', Xayep,

M' ^', Kdllese, Z', dg` Xo}}aldppo, K'

"8>>3/' Hapb aj us òskuspe` og Fy

ogsuld= pbe caffag geuxdl hdsos aj seeogk dg` jeelogk òskusp' Geuxag

0>, :55–::0'

_dfdfapa,P',Jumofapa,_',Sbofuxd, P',

dg` Sdido, G' "4??5/' Cag opoage`

pdspe dzexsoag og xdps {opb ercopa&

paroc hxdog lesoags' Geuxasco' Xes' 88,

34–0?'

_dfdfapa, P', Fdpsua, X', dg` Id{d&

fuxd, _' "4?2>/' Lacdlo}dpoag aj cax&

pocdl kuspdpaxy dxed og xdps dg` ops

xale og pdspe òscxofogdpoag' M' Geu&

xa~bysoal' 00, 00>–055'

_dfdfapa, P', Fdpsua, X', Ioyafopsu,

_', dg` Iopdfuxd, X' "4?22/' Seg&

saxy og~ups jxaf pbe axdl xekoag

pa pbe cexehxdl caxper og hebdzogk

xdps= dg dgdlysos aj ugop xes~agses

og caxpocdl safdpasegsaxy dg` pdspe

dxeds ùxogk ogkespoze hebdzoax' M'

Geuxa~bysoal' :>, 43>3–4384'

]bdgk, _', Baag, F' D',Cbdg`xdsbeidx,

M', Fuellex, I' L', Caai, H', [u, @',

]uiex, C' S', dg` Xyhd, G' M' "8>>3/'

Caògk aj s{eep, hoppex, dg` ufdfo

pdspes=òjjexegp xece~paxcellssbdxogk

sofoldx sokgdlogk ~dpb{dys' Cell 448,

8?3–3>4'

Cagocp aj Ogpexesp Spdpefegp= Pbe

dupbaxs ècldxe pbdp pbe xesedxcb {ds

cagùcpe` og pbe dhsegce aj dgy caf&fexcodl ax fflgdgcodl xeldpoagsbo~s pbdp

caul` he cagspxue` ds d ~apegpodl cag&

ocp aj ogpexesp'

Xeceoze`= 45 @ecefhex 8>449 dcce~pe`=

3> Mdgudxy 8>489 ~uhlosbe` agloge= >4

Fdxcb 8>48'

Copdpoag= Alozeoxd&Fdod DM, è Dxduma

OE, Fagpeoxa C, [axifdg Z, Kdl&

bdx a Z dg` Gocalelos FDL "8>48/

Pbe ogsuldx caxper cagpxals jaa` ~xejex&

egces ogè~egègply aj pdspe xece~pax sok&

gdlogk' Jxagp' Sysp' Geuxasco' : =5' ào=

4>'332?!jgsys'8>48'>>>>5

Ca~yxokbp ¯ 8>48 Alozeoxd&Fdod, è

Dxduma, Fagpeoxa, [axifdg, Kdlbdxàdg` Gocalelos' Pbos os dg a~eg&dccess

dxpocle òspxohupe ug ex pbe pexfs aj

pbe Cxedpoze Caffags Dppxohupoag Gag

Caffexcodl Locegse, {bocb ~exfops gag&

caffexcodl use, òspxohupoag, dg` xe~xa&

ùcpoag og apbex jaxufs, ~xazoè pbe

axokogdl dupbaxs dg` sauxce dxe cxeòpe`'


http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024992

http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01/1.1.012.2007

http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2012.00005

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/














http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2012.00005

http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/neuro.01/1.1.012.2007

http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024992

Documents

Document 1 - Front Systems Neurosci - 2012