DOCTRINAL EDUCATION SS1, 2019/2020 ACADEMIC YEAR

THIRD TERM LESSON TOPIC: THE SACRAMENT OF MARRIAGE

OBJECTIVE: This lesson is meant to introduce students to the necessity of Christian marriage, the eternal plan of God about marriage, and the teaching of Jesus about matrimony as a sacrament.

WEEK 1: SCRIPTURAL ANALYSIS

Matt 19:3-6 “3 Some Pharisees came to him to test him. They asked, "Is it lawful for a man to divorce his wife for any and every reason?" 4 "Haven't you read," he replied, "that at the beginning the Creator 'made them male and female,' 5 and said, 'For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh'? 6 So they are no longer two, but one. Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate."

The statement that “at the beginning the creator made them male and female” implies that Jesus was categorically against gay union. The Holy matrimony is a sacrament established for a man and woman. The contemporary society has tried to prove this otherwise as we see in many countries of the world legalizing gay marriages. The Christian marriage has been set by Jesus to be between a man and a woman. Any other thing apart from this comes from the evil one and is a privation from the eternal norm of godly family relationship. Jesus out rightly condemned every sort of perversion as has been practiced in recent times be it bestial union, or gay union.

In his second statement, Jesus said “For this reason a man will leave his father and mother and be united to his wife, and the two will become one flesh”. In this we see three concepts come to play: (a) Bonding (b) Separation (c) Monogamy. In saying this, Jesus implies that there is a separation that goes with marriage and also a bonding that makes this separation worthwhile since no one is an island. In marriage, the man and woman separate from their various families to form a new family. What necessitates this bonding is the imminent separation from family. This means that the family of the man and the woman allows them to begin a completely new family. Jesus highlighted monogamy by saying that marriage from the beginning is between a man and a woman as shown in the marriage between Adam and Eve. So polygamy (a union between one man and two or more women) or Polyandry (a union between one woman and two or more men) is excluded from Christian marriage.

The third statement of Jesus here says; “Therefore what God has joined together, let man not separate." No human being must separate, then what God has joined together. In this, Jesus talks about the indissolubility of marriage. In the sacrament of Matrimony, the husband and the wife are the ministers of the sacrament. Every other person present is a witness to the vow they undertake before God who seals their union. The distance between a human being and his fellow human is zero but the distance between him and God is infinitesimal. If God is the binding force, then no human has the right to dissolve what God has joined. Jesus teaches us that the sacrament of matrimony is truly for better for worse. Therefore the need to be careful in entering into it is advocated here. It is wrong for anyone to decide out his or her own convenience to quit a sacramentally bound marital relationship. The Christian marriage is a union undertaken in the presence of God.

Week 2: THE CANONICAL TEACHING ON THE SACRAMENT OF MATRIMONY

Objective: At the end of this lesson, students should be able to state the nature and goal of Christian marriage

Canon 1055: The matrimonial covenant by which a man and a woman establish between themselves a partnership of the whole of life and which is ordered by its nature to the good of the spouses and the procreation and education of offspring has been raised by Christ the Lord to the dignity of a sacrament between the baptised.

The above statement from the 1983 code of the canon law stipulates the following:

i. That marriage is a covenantal relationship between a man and a woman ii. It is designed to last for a life time iii. It is primarily for the good of the spouses iv. It is for the procreation and education of offspring v. It can only exist between two baptized person

Generally, the church teaches that the goal of marriage is first and foremost for the good of the spouses and secondly for procreation and education of offspring. In marriage, the destinies of the spouses are inextricably intertwined in good times and bad, in sickness and health and this is called the consortium. They live their lives together within the realities and challenges which the future holds for them. Bearing each other’s burden in patient faith and fidelity. This companionship remains the major goal of marriage and cannot be replace by any other. The spouses compliment and complete each other in their temporal realities and help each other in the journey to their eternal destinies.

The second goal or end of marriage is procreation and education of children. The church teaches that Christian fathers and mothers must give birth to children according to their resources. Children are not meant to come into the world and suffer unnecessarily due to the negligence of their parents. The realization of their potentials must be put in view as they come. They are not accidents but necessary consequence of the love between a husband and the wife. Therefore, they are meant to be given the best. Parents cannot go on procreating uncontrollably without putting the future of their children in view.

It must be mentioned at this point that inasmuch as children are the beautiful decorators of the home, they do not determine the validity of the marriage. They are gratuitous gifts from God and God gives them to couples as He wills. Therefore they are not the determinants of Christian marriage. The couple are responsible for the well-being and education of their children both formal education and informal education. The family serves as a domestic church for every child. Here, he learns the morals and norms that will guide him all through life. Therefore parents remain the first teachers of their children.

Week 3 and 4

SALTS

DEFINITION

A salt is a compound derived from

an acid by the partial or total

replacement of the replaceable

hydrogen atom of atom of the acid

by a metal or a metallic radical.

TYPE OF SALTThere are five main types of salts;

1. Normal salts: a normal salt is one that contain no replaceable hydrogen atom e.g

sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium ethanoate (CH3COONa).

2. Acid Salt: this is a salt which contains replaceable hydrogen atoms eg sodium

hydrogen tetraoxosulphate (vi) (NaHSO4)

3. Basic Salt: A basic salt is a compound of a normal salt and the base from which it is

derived. Eg basic Zinc Chloride Zn(OH)Cl, basic lead (ii) trioxocarbonate (iv)

Pb(OH)2.2PbCO3.

4. A Double Salt: This is the combination of two simple salts which can be represented by

a chemical formula and usually consists of two metallic ions and one acid radical eg.

Dolomite MgCO3 . CaCO3

5. Complex Salts: complex salts contain complex ions i.e ions consisting of charged

group of atom e.g a solution of iron (ii) Salt mixed with a solution of potassium

cyanide, KCN, results in the formation of potassium hexacynafferate (ii), K4Fe(CN)6 ,

a complex ion [K4Fe(CN)6]4-.

Preparation of Salt1. By precipitation reaction: method for preparing insoluble salts.

a. Make a solution of a suitable salt containing the metallic radical

present in the salt under preparation

b. In a separate container make another aqueous solution of a suitable

salt containing trend radical present in the salt being prepared.

c. Mix the two solution to obtained the precipitate of the insoluble

salt.

d. Filter off the precipitate, wash the precipitate with distilled water to

purify it and then dry in an oven or desicator. E.g preparation of

copper (ii) trioxocarbonates. Some copper (ii) tetraoxosulphate (vi)

is dissolved in water in another beaker. The two solutions are then

mixed to contain a precipitate of copper (ii) trioxocarbonate (iv)

CuSO4(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) CUCO3(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)

The precipitate of copper (ii) trioxocarbonate (iv) is filtered off, wash

with distilled water for purity and then dried in a desiccation.

Preparation of Salt.2. Method for Preparation of Soluble Salt:

a. By neutralization reaction between an acid and alkalis.

b. By action of a suitable acid on a metal, metallic oxide or hydroxide, trioxocarbonate

c. By direct combination of element.

Method:

Add some quantity of an appropriate acid into a beaker.

Add excess of the appropriate water or carbonate or insoluble base and heat if necessary.

Filter off the excess solid at the end of the reaction.

Heat the filtrate to crystallization.

Cool and filter off the crystals

Recrystallization: to purify the salt. Collect the crystals and dry in an oven. Example the

reactions represented by the following equations.

CuO + 2H(NO3) Cu(NO3)2 + H2O

CUCO3 + 2H(NO)2 Cu(NO3)2 + CO2 + H2O

Can be used to prepare copper (ii) trioxonitrate (iv).

Uses of salt• Sodium chloride is used as preservative for meat,

fish and other perishable food.

• In soap making, and to prepare soup from

glycerine.

• For lowering the freezing point of water.

• Sodium trioxocarbonate (iv) decahydrate can be

used in water softening, in glass manufacturing

and paper making.

• Potassium trioxonitrate (v) or tetraoxosulphate

(vi) is used as fertilizer.

1. Define the term salt.

2. State four types of salt you know.

3. State two method of preparing soluble

salt.

4. With the aid of equation only sate one

method of preparing an insoluble salt.

5. State five uses of salt.

ASSIGNMENT

Water of crystallization.Many salt combine chemically with water to form

hydrated salts. Hydrated salts contain a fixed definite

amount of water, known as the water of crystallization.

Example copper (ii) tetraoxosulphate(vi) combines with

five molecules of water to form a hydrated salt.

CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O.

The water molecules are loosely bound to the salt

molecules and are easily dissociated from it by heating

loss of water of crystallization leads to the simultaneous

loss of crystalline form.

Worked Examples4.10g of hydrated magnesium tetraoxosulphate (vi) crystal, (MgSO4.XH2O)

gave 2.00g of anhydrous salt on heating. Calculate the formula of the

hydrated salt. (Mg = 24, S = 32, O = 16, H = 1)

Solution:

Amount of water lost = (4.10 – 2.0)g = 2.10g

The expression,XH2O

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠=

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡

X =𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑋 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡 𝑋 𝐻2𝑂

Where H2O is the molar mass of water of crystallization.

X =24+32+16 x 4 x 2.10

2.00 x 18

X =120 𝑋 2.10

2.00 𝑋 18= 7 The formula of the hydrated salt is MgSO4.7H2O.

Characteristics of some Salt. Efflorescence: some salt hydrated when exposed to the atmosphere, give

up water of crystallization spontaneously to form a lower dehydrated or

anhydrous salt. Such salt are said to be efflorescent. Example sodium

trioxocarbonate (iv) decahydrate (washing soda). (Na2CO3.10H2O)

Deliquescence: some compound tend to absorb so much water from the

atmosphere that they dissolve in it to form an aqueous solution of the

compound. Deliquescent compound, have great affinity for water e.g

calcium chloride, CaCl2, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) etc.

Hygroscopic: hygroscopic compound also absorb water when exposed to

the atmosphere but will not form solution. Example calcium oxide

(quick lime) CaO, sodium trioxonitrate (v), NaNO3.

Drying AgentsHygroscopic and deliquescent compounds are very

useful as drying agents because of their ability for

water. Common drying agents and gases they dry; Drying agent Gases

Concentrated tetraoxosulphate (vi) All gases except ammonium and hydrogen

sulphide.

Fused calcium chloride All gases except ammonia

Phosphorus (v) Oxide All gases except ammonia

Calcium Oxide (quick lime) Suitable for ammonia gas.

Silical gel Suitable for all gases

1. What is meant by the term acid salt?

Give one example

2. Classify each of the following as normal salt/ acid salt/ basic

salt/ double salt.

i.Sodium hydrogentrioxocarbonate (iv)

ii. Iron (iii) Chloride

iii. Sodium ethanoate

3. When a sample of a crytalline salt X was exposed to air, there

was a loss in mass.

i. what phenomenon was exhibited by X?

ii. Suggest two substances which X could be.

iii. On heating 5.00g of a fresh sample of X to constant

mass, 1.80g was lost in the form of water vapour. Calculate the

number of molecules of water of crystalization in one

molecule of X . ( H= 1.00, O = 16.00, anhydrous form of X =

160g/mol).

ASSIGNMENT

New school chemistry for senior

and secondary school. Ababio., O.Y

Essential chemistry: A core text for

general chemistry. Raymond Chang

Wikipedie.com

REFERENCES

You can find me at:

Ben.abiola3@gmail.com

Any questions?

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ABIOLA BENJAMIN FOLORUNSHO