CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCION1.1 INTRODUCTION.

Information needs and diverse information tools have affected our

daily life as well as research and development activities. Latest devices

for information communication have resulted in the expeditious

dissemination of information and revolutionized the information

handling activities in research and academic spheres in India.

Academic libraries, mostly attached to universities and research

institutions as centers of information services, have been largely

benefited by the rapid changes in technology. The advent of digital

computer in telecommunication and audio visual technologies has

opened up new ways of collecting, organizing and disseminating

scientific and technical information. Academic libraries have

already transformed their specific functions by utilizing effectively

innovative information technologies to enhance and integrate their

specific information resources and services. Eventually, library and

information professionals in academic libraries need to update

their knowledge and skills in information and communication

technology (ICT) as they play the role of success key factor in

enabling the library to perform its role as an information support

system for society.

1.2 LIBRARIANSHIP IN THE DIGITAL ERA.

Technology has drastically changed the way librarians define

themselves and the way they think about their profession and the

institutions they serve. The librarian in the digital world now acts as a

guardian of information, as a consultant to the users, information

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broker and also a continuous learner. ( Balakrishnan ). 1

The platform of Internet and WWW has helped to change the

ways of accessing and locating information and thereby change the

functions of an academic librarian and academic library in the modern

information society. The role of librarians and the importance of

libraries in this digital era are even now based on the basic

principles of library science described by Dr S.R Ranganathan in his

Five Laws of Library Science.

Books are for use

Every reader his book

Every book its reader

Save the time of the reader

Library is a growing organism. ( Ranganathan).2

Several attempts have been made to reinterpret these fundamental

laws by others, but they do not encompass the whole of library and

information science as achieved by Ranganathan’s laws. (Deegan &

Tanner, 2002). 3 These five laws furnish an interpretative

explanation of the empirical facts of experience and technology

necessary in experience in relation to library service ( Bhattacharya,

1988)4. The biggest challenges facing the library profession

today is repairing the professionals to use technology effectively. An

academic library professional will be required to serve as an

information service consultant with specific information technology

skills. ( Li, 2009).5 As technology has saturated all levels of

library’s Operations and services, the library professional in an

academic institution has to anticipate the changing expectations of

users, and be flexible in adapting and adopting new skills and levels of

awareness. While being trained in IT skills, what every library

2

professional chooses to ignore is the management aspect of a library.

In addition to the technical and professional skills, commitment to user

centered services and skills for effective oral and written

communication they must have other skills, including business and

management, teaching, leadership, etc.

1.3 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE EDUCATION.

Library and Information Science is now a discipline that

has made immense developments in modern times, but library

profession has not yet attained equal status as that of other

professions. According to Singh (2010).6 the growth of library

profession is influenced by the growth of library and information

science education, for it is the education and training that gives

direction to the profession. In India a formal course in library science

was first started.

By W. A. Borden in Baroda (1911) and later by A.D.

Dickinson in Punjab University (1915). The certificate course

started by Madras Library Association in 1929 was taken over by

Madras University in 1931 under Dr S.R. Ranganathan and was

subsequently converted into a postgraduate course of one-year

duration in 1937. Other Universities which started Library science

courses in the early periods are Andhra University (1935); Banaras

Hindu University (1941); University of Delhi (1947); Aligarh Muslim

University (1952), etc.

In India about 126 universities and institutions impart

Library and Information Science (LIS) education. While Bachelor of

Library and Information Science (BLIS) is offered by 126

universities, Master of Library and Information Science (MLIS)

courses is provided by 90 universities (Shod gang Nov,10,2013)7

3

and 21 universities offer two-year integrated courses. Sixteen

Universities provide M.Phil in Library and Information Science, 53

universities provide Ph .D in Library and Information Science and 2

universities provide D.Litt Degree. (Jain, PAUr & Babbar, 2010).8 Out

of 16 institutions offering a M. Phil degree, 14 are regular universities

and three are under distance education. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open

University, Hyderabad (then known as Andhra Pradesh Open

University), is the first Open University in India offering Library and

Information.

Science programs through correspondence at Bachelor’s Degree

and Masters Degree from 1985 and 1998 respectively, followed by

the University of Madras. Indira Gandhi National Open University (in

1989) started BLISc and later MLISc and PhD programs. IGNOU has

played a major role in popularizing distance education in India by

providing educational opportunities at distance in many disciplines,

including Library and Information science. IGNOU has a number of

study centres spread across the country. The academic programmes of

the University have multi-media support with facilities for audio,

video, radio, television, interactive radio and video counseling, as well

as tele-conferencing. IGNOU is the nodal agency for running a 24-

hour educational TV channel, Gyan Darshan, in collaboration with

other institutions of higher learning. Gyan Vani is emerging as a huge

cooperative network of FM radio stations, exclusively devoted to

education IGNOU, 20109 Other open universities in India offering

library science courses are Annamalai University, Algappa

University, S. V. University Tirupati, University of Madras, Madurai-

Kamaraj University, Madurai etc. Today there are more than 20

Library and Information Science Schools in India offering LIS

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courses through distance mode. (Naushad Ali & Bakshi, 2012).10 In all

levels of higher education, LS. is creating a significant change in the

traditional concepts of teaching and learning. This shift from the

traditional environment has forced LIS education and training to

attempt to improve the quality of programs and hence, LIS curricula

need to consolidate ICT, LS concepts, knowledge, skills and

proficiency into core competencies, and LIS schools need to provide

adequate content and practice that will enable the professionals to use

LSs effectively. The trends noted in the context of Indian LIS

programmes are relocation of the academic administration of LIS

schools (Information Science at the University of Madras and

NISCAIR in New Delhi), and expansion of LIS departments Ramesha

& Ramesh Babu, 201011 Information technology oriented MTech

course is being offered by International School of Information

Management (ISIM), University of Mysore, two-year graduate training

programme by IIT Madras, PGDLAN (IGNOU University of

Hyderabad), etc. In addition, DRTC and NISCAIR have been

providing advanced courses in Library science, viz., Master of Science in

Library and Information Science (MS-LIS), and Associateship in

Information Science (AIS) respectively, which is equivalent to

Master's degree in Library & Information Science. The different LIS

courses available in India, including regular and distance education, are

as follows:

Certificate course in Library and Information Science, Lib. Sc).

Diploma in Library and Information Science.

B.Lib.Sc. /BLIS (Bachelor Degree in Library and Information Science).

M.Lib.Sc. /MLIS (Master Degree in Library and Information Science).

AIS (Associateship in Information Science).

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PGDLAN (Post Graduate Diploma in Library Automation and

Networking).

M. Phil (Master of Philosophy) in Library and Information Science.

Ph.D (Doctor of Philosophy) in Library and Information Science.

D. Litt in Library and Information Science.

Another major trend is the Digital learning environment or e-

learning, facilitated by the application of ICT and LS which has

revolutionized continuing education for learners of all ages. Initiatives

across the world include ALA online continuing education of

American Library Association and ACRL, Association of College

and Research Libraries, Special Library Association e-learning Series

and in India, Flexi learn of IGNOU, etc., are few examples of

providing open learning space for LIS professionals. MIT,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (USA) and NPTEL, National

Programme on Technology Enhanced Learning (India) provide

free e-learning modules on different subjects.

1.4 LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCENCE EDUCATION:

SCENARIO IN UTTAR PRADESH.

Although Uttar Pradesh had many major libraries, including

public libraries and college libraries with very large collection of

books during the early 1960s, there was a shortage of qualified

librarians for the management of libraries. However, developments in

the field of library science and library education in the country have

paved the way for starting proper training programmes for librarians in

the state. Out of the Nine Universities of Uttar Pradesh eight

Universities offer B.Lib and M.Lib programmes in which 2 universities

have B LIB and M LIB Courses in distance mode of educations. 5 state

University of Uttar Pradesh offer Ph.D programmes in Library Science

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and 2 universities provide M. Phil course in library science. The study

of library Science started in universities of Uttar Pradesh in 1942.

Banaras Hindu University is the premier institution to start the teaching

of Library Science in 1942. The Lucknow University Lucknow imparts

education in B LIS and M LIS. Chaudhary Charan Singh University,

Meerut, Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth, Varanasi, Dr B.

R.Ambedkar University, Agra ( formally Agra University) and Dr.

Ram Manohar Lohia Avadh University Faizabad impart education in

Library Science providing B LIS, M LIS, M Phil and PhD Degree to

the aspirants of library science learning Bundel Khand University Jhansi

also runs B LIB, M LIB and Ph D Courses. M.J.P. Rohilkhand

University Bareilly and C.S.J.M.University Kanpur operate B LIB

and M LIB Programmes in distance mode of education. The libraries of

these Universities are equipped with Soul Software of library developed

by INFLIBNET. Only D. D. Uuniversity Gorakhpur is not using the

Soul Software. But it has submitted the project of using Soul Software

to UGC and the library is in the way of incorporating the library

software in its working system.

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND

CONTINUING EDUCATION.

In the changing environment the role of the professional

librarian as handler and manager of information, need flexible,

adaptable individuals who can manage change effectively. This will

require well-educated professionals, constantly developing through

a varied programme of continuing professional and personal

development (Elkin, 1994 12). The challenge before library education is

to make the society aware of the importance of librarianship and thus

gain an identity to library profession. A restructuring of LIS

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education maintaining uniformity in course contents,

incorporating changes in the traditional subjects and giving more

importance to the practical aspects of the profession is essential to

meet the challenges of librarianship. It is the responsibility of LIS

departments to develop the right personnel with basic competence to

manage the libraries and information centres of varied scope and

nature, ranging from small rural library to a well-established

digital library. (Varalakshmi, 2010).13

The developments and innovations in Library software have

facilitated changes in the development of curriculum in library and

information studies. In spite of the efforts done by the UGC in

developing the modular curriculum (2011), and demanding all the

teaching departments to revise their syllabi introducing more IT

components, the LIS profession experiences challenges due to

many factors. Lack of sufficient equipments for teaching LS

oriented practical work, lack of LS trained manpower, lack of

uniformity in course contents, proliferation of courses and numbers,

lack of accreditation, shortage of budgetary provision, etc., are some of

the problems faced by library science schools (Mahapatra, 2012).14

Most of the fresh graduates, having been introduced to the latest

developments in information communication technology

applications through their revised library science curriculum, have the

advantage over other experienced professionals in that they have a

basic idea about the advancements in LS. However, in almost all

universities, majority of the experienced professionals have completed

their library education without much exposure to the practical aspects

of LS applications. Therefore, continuing education and training

programmes in LS applications are to be made mandatory for library

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professional sir respective of their experience or category to develop

basic competencies and there by improve the quality of library services.

UGC has played a major role in promoting career

development for academic librarians to keep current with skills,

knowledge, and competencies to face new challenges. One major

step was the launching of Academic Staff Colleges at various

Universities and initiating training programmes to library personnel

in universities and colleges through refresher courses and various

professional developmental activities. In 1986, Mehrotra committee of

UGC recommended National Eligibility Test (NET) as a requirement

for lecturers, assistant librarians, documentation officers and college

librarians to improve the standards of the profession. According

to Bhattacharya (1994) 15 the continuing education programmes must

take account of the following: Sponsor conferences, symposia,

seminars, workshops, refresher courses, special lectures, etc. Offer

opportunities to professionals to attend the continuing education

programmes and Identify areas appropriate for refresher courses, and

support their organization by competent implementing agencies.

Short term training programmmes were initiated by the Indian

National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC) [presently

National Institute of Science Communication and Information

Resources (NISCAIR)]. NISSAT (National Information System for

Science and Technology), has conducted several short-term courses in

computerization, including CDSIS and WINISIS software. At

present, workshops are organized regularly by DELNET Developing

Library Network) in KOHA and other open software. DRTC

(Documentation Research and Training Centre) also conducts

regular workshops on Open software, Green Stone Digital Library

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(GSDL), and other LS applications relevant to library

profession. INFLIBNET (Information Library Network), in

association with UGC, organizes various workshops across the country

in Library software, like Soul, Digital Library software, etc. To create

awareness among the academic community, INFLIBNET also conducts

regular user awareness programmes for online journals and E

resource management training to Library professionals across the

country. Recently, due to the developments in open source software,

many libraries have started organizing workshops for imparting

practical training on open software to the staff members and also to

professionals of other institutions.

Various publishers are also offering training programmes to access

their products mainly E-resources to increase their usage. The library

associations in India, Indian Library Association (ILA), Indian

Association of Special Libraries and Information Centers

(IASLIC), etc., organize yearly conferences, which encourage the

professionals to participate in conferences and to publish their research

output.

1.6 INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES

IN LIBRARIES.

Information is a valuable resource in all types of libraries, but

the ICT tools that are important to create, collect, consolidate and

communicate information are not yet used in majority of libraries.

Information can be represented as a vertical and non-interactive

structure through which people communicate or rather inform data,

information or ideas to a larger number of receivers where the

receivers remain passive in this one-way approach, whereas

communication is a two-way process in which receiver is also a

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transmitter or giver and is thus a horizontal process characterized

by interaction, which includes exchange of ideas, information, point of

view, and experiences between persons and groups. Though information

has priority over communication, it is the technology that makes

communication both interactive and astir. The rapid developments in

Information Communication Technologies (ICT) have given a solid

foundation for revolutionary changes in the information handling

capabilities of academic libraries and information centers all over the

world. ICT includes acquisition, processing, storage, retrieval and

dissemination of information by means of computers and

communicating systems. In a dynamic and interactive academic

learning environment, information communication technology also

includes repro-micrographic technology, database creation and use, in

addition to computer technology, digital technology, multimedia

technology, network technology, telecommunication technology,

barcode technology, web technology, etc.

One of the most relevant outcomes of ICT is the

introduction of advanced communication network or the internet,

which has necessitated a major shift in the role of academic libraries

from ownership model to access model, from print to electronic

media, from libraries as archives to libraries as access points, and

from information collection to information analysis and repackaging. The

change from print to digital information has a high impact on libraries,

information centers and other institutions directly involved in

processing information. The ability of computers to perform high

volume error-free repetitive tasks at speeds much faster than human

beings, along with the emerging developments in the area of

computing; telecommunications, networking and resource sharing,

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has made access to information anytime, anywhere possible.

Now Librarian in an academic environment has the role of mediator

between the vast network of resources and its users, and library, an

access point providing access to different types of information

resources.

In a University Library, the most common computer

software used are library automation software, database management

software, antivirus software and application software like word

processing, spread sheet, etc. In most University Libraries,

Microsoft Windows is the popular operating system, including

Windows 2012 and Windows XP. In a few libraries, Linux-based

operating system is also used where open-source software is used for

automation purposes. Linux is used as it has comparatively less virus

iSUes. Word processing tools commonly used are Word 2012 and

2010 and spreadsheet, Microsoft Excel. Microsoft Word 2010 has

many advanced features being a powerful tool allowing users to export

and save their file in portable document format or PDF and XML

format. An ideal Library automation software is the one which can

handle all the housekeeping operations of the library such as

acquisition, circulation and serial control. The database management

systems (DBMS) commonly used in University Libraries are Oracle,

My SQL, Postgre SQL and Microsoft SQL server, etc. My SQL and

Postgre SQL are examples of open-source database software popular

around the world. For small and medium-sized libraries, MySQL

forms one of the components of LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL,

and PHP/Perl) and it is the database software used in Koha library

software. Microsft SQL server is the software used for Microsoft

Windows operating system.

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Networking in libraries play a major role in information resource

sharing and support activities through a network of computer

and databases with the help of telecommunication. Network

technology is the backbone of data communication and dissemination

in academic libraries. A network can be local within an institution, i.e.,

local area network, LAN, or it can be national, regional or

international, i.e., Wide area network or WAN. Examples of national

networks are ERNET, DELNET, and INFLIBNET. International

networks include UNISIST, AGRIS, etc. UGC through INFLIBNET

has initiated a major project of networking university libraries all over

India and recently extended to selected colleges, by providing

consortia-based subscription to online journals in collaboration with

ERNET. Another initiative of networking library resources is

INDEST, a project of Ministry of Human Resources Development

(MHRD) and AICTE linking IITs and technical institutions all over

India.

WIRELESS NETWORK TECHNOLOGY.

Though there are a lot of developments in wireless network

technology, in most academic libraries in India, cabled computer

networks are more common than wireless broadband network. The

emerging wireless, mobile and internet technologies may take some

more time to have an effect in the University Libraries; however, a

brief outline of some of the recent developments in wireless, mobile,

internet and web technologies are listed below.

Bluetooth is an emerging wireless technology meant for

broadband wireless communication between devices like digital

cameras, laptops, mobile phones, Personal computers, printers,

scanners, etc., within a short range. 3G telecommunication or

13

third-generation wireless communication technology is meant for wide

area wireless cellular telephone network. It can process audio,

graphics, video, etc., at high speed. WiMAX (Worldwide

Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a broadband wireless access

capable of transmitting data over 30 metres of area. It provides data

rates up to 70mbps greater than Wi-Fi's 54 mbps. GPRS or General

Packet Radio Service is a mobile technology that helps to download

web pages and send text messages in cell phones quickly. It helps

the users to have uninterrupted access to internet through mobile

phones or computer. VoIP or Voice over Internet Protocol is an

internet technology to transfer digitized voice over broadband

network. As communication is over internet, the cost of phone call is

less than that of regular phone. VoIP can empower academic

libraries to promote and expand their distance learning services,

virtual reference services and other global collaboration services.

RFID or Radio Frequency Identification or electronic tagging is a

non contact automatic wireless identification technology to track

objects at a distance from a couple of inches to 20 to 30 ft away. It

uses microchip, which transmits a stored code to a reader, which can be

fixed or hand-held. Compared to traditional barcode technology RFID

has many advantages like quick access, greater storage capacity,

resistance to high temperatures, water-resistance, etc. RFID

implementation in University libraries will help to increase

efficiency in circulation section, in better security management and

can be used for stock verification. Before implementing RFID tags in

University Libraries, the cost involved, the range of frequencies

applicable, and other iSUe-related standards, health iSUes, etc., are to be

solved. Semantic Web is an intelligent web technology that allows

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machines to understand the meaning or "semantics" of information on

the World Wide Web. World WideWeb Consortium (W3C) director

Tim Berners-Lee coined the term. According to W3C, the core of

semantic web is the resource description format (RDF), an XML-based

mark-up language for defining metadata about web information . The

semantic web is a vision of information that is understandable by

computers, so that computers can process the information on the web.

ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING.

Electronic publishing covers all aspects of traditional

publishing, but in a digital environment, it is another major

technological development facilitated by the convergence of computer

and communication network. Electronic publishing means the use of

electronic devices in the publication and distribution of information.

The end product of electronic publishing can be print-based or non print

based. In the non print form, the end products are accessed

electronically through traditional medias like CDROMs, or through

Internet as Electronic journal, Online databases , E-book, or in the form

of OPACs, blogs, wikis, podcasts, etc.

Digital Library is a virtual library providing access to information

based on resources, including text, images, audio, video and other

scholarly library materials that have been electronically converted or in

electronic formats. There are many different kinds of digital libraries

creating, delivering and preserving digital objects from many

different formats of data. It is a managed collection of digital

objects, created or collected according to principles of collection

development. A digital library provides instant access to digitized

information and offers a solution to the problems of storage and

maintenance. It can provide access to simultaneous users from multiple

15

locations. Another example of electronic publishing is electronic

journal, which is a full text journal published electronically, and can be

accessed on the web. Either an electronic journal can be free or

subscription based. Advantages of electronic journal are its ease of

access and regular updating, ease of downloading articles, etc. Many

publishers now offer electronic journals along with print version with

sometimes free access to the electronic journal on subscribing to

the print version. An increasing number of journals are now

available only electronically whereas online databases are large

amounts of information stored in a search tools website. It refers to

information transferred to hard disks, magnetic tape, etc., which are

accessed through communication network Libraries subscribe

various types of online database depending on the subject

requirements of the academic community. Most of the online databases

have a user-friendly search interface to search the database and save the

required results for future use. Examples are Ebsco, (Humanities and

social sciences), Web of science, Library and Information Science

Abstracts (LISA), E-books are the latest addition in the world of

electronic publishing. E-books are designed to use with E book readers.

Though they can save a lot of space, due to the high cost, E-books are

not very popular in academic libraries. With the progress in

electronic publishing, a number of academic institutions are making

available their collection of doctoral thesis and dissertations online.

NDTLD digital thesis and in India, Vidyanidhi digital thesis,

Shodhganga of INFLIBNET.

16

ICT SKILL AND COMPETENCIES FOR LIBRARY

PROFESSIONALS.

The dynamic environment of the library and information sector

stresses the need for academic library professionals to remain flexible

and adaptable to change. Effective organization of resources in the web

and managing internet tools and services requires certain skills and

knowledge for Library professionals, to meet the different

information needs of faculty and students. They have to assist the

academic community in getting relevant information using innovative

methods. For this the mere enhancement of the present skills of

traditional librarian may not be enough. It might require a total

transformation of the skills and the way library professionals think

and act. Using the platform of Internet and WWW, University libraries

have to expand their resources and services by devising strategies to

attract more users to the library when the users are now inclined to

access the information they need outside the walls of the library.

In an academic library environment, the librarian must be alert

to the importance of library in the context of higher education (its

purpose and goals) and the needs of students, faculty, and researchers

and seek to provide services that will enhance these endeavors.

Librarian must be familiar with the structure, organization, creation,

management, dissemination, use, and preservation of information

resources, new and existing, in all formats. The subject knowledge to

support collection development within the library and research and

teaching within the university will come under the competencies of

technical services. Now the collection development of E-resources has

a SUmed much prominence in the world of information. Academic

institutions and librarians will continue to allocate more resources

17

towards technology. Academic libraries will have a crucial role in not

only providing technology for users but also in creating new

information systems for managing, disseminating, and preserving

information regardless of format. At the same time, traditional

library collections books, serials, sound recordings, maps,

videos, films, photographs, archives, manuscripts, etc., will still

need to be acquired, made accessible, and preserved (Shaping The

Future: ASERL's Competencies For Research Librarians). As technology

has saturated all levels of library’s operations and services, the library

professional in an academic institution has to anticipate the changing

expectations of users, and be flexible in adapting and adopting new

skills and levels of awareness.

Some of the basic technology competencies are important

for an academic librarian Knowledge about relevant developments in

information technology like email, internet, and web search strategies,

Skills in basic computer hardware, troubleshooting and networking,

Knowledge about software applications and operating systems,

Automation of library services and its management, Familiar with web

tools like blogs, social networking, RSS feeds, etc. In addition to the core

technology competencies, there are other technology systems that

control the operations in a library about which the librarian must have

sufficient information. As lot of library’s resources may be in digital

format, especially in large academic libraries, a number of new skills

and knowledge are involved in creating, selecting, organizing,

managing and providing access to these digital resources. The academic

librarian’s skills have to be developed for designing and developing

web based materials and documents for online use. Self-archiving

in Open access repositories, metadata harvesting, electronic

18

document management, etc., are presenting a new dimension of

the information land scape. To summarize, understanding design and

development of webpage, E-resource management, working knowledge

of programming languages, network security, Intellectual property

rights, and copyright iSUes, etc. are some other competencies

required for a library professional in the current digital age.

Even though librarians are facing challenges for new and

emerging skills, the most important aspect of this change is to be

able to adapt the existing skills, many of which are traditional

librarianship skills and the ability to remain flexible in a working

environment that is constantly changing. The rapidly changing

environment of academic libraries needs attention of the authorities

that manage LIS education in the country. Information technology

competencies demanded by most of the institutions require particular

emphasis in our LIS curriculum.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY.

The shift from print to digital information has a high impact on

all components of the academic library system in India, especially

on the users, the services and the staff. Though information is

considered as an important resource, the use of ICT tools to collect

and disseminate information has been in a slow pace in majority

of the University libraries. This may be due to various factors like

insufficient funds, inadequate staff trained in handling computers and

software packages, administrative concerns, etc. In Uttar Pradesh,

automation has been initiated in almost all University libraries

using library automation software are under different stages of

completion, but this has been extended to only a few department

19

libraries in each university. In the library system in the Universities,

comprising of a Central library and departmental libraries, the

application of LS has changed the type of services delivered through

University libraries in the state, but a dynamic change is not yet

reflected in the infrastructure and manpower development in the

university libraries and the whole of library profession.

The Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD) and

has played a major role in modernizing library services across the

country by providing sufficient funds for modernizing infrastructure

and by initiating consortium based subscription to online journals and

databases through INFLIBNET and INDEST. This has

revolutionized the research activities in the country and increased

the demand for more user centric information services. Now users are

more knowledgeable in using computers and the Internet for their

research, and expect to have access to it in their times of need. Most

of the University libraries are not full-fledged in terms of

implementing LS based applications in their services, but there has

been an obvious change in the attitudes of library professionals

towards LS application. To meet the demands for individual and

collective information of the academic community, the constant

improvement of the professional performance of those who provide

information is very important. To develop in this direction, there is a

need for library professionals to gain a comprehensive perception

of the role of computers and communication technology.

There are not much studies conducted about the effects of

information communication technologies on the professional activities

of library professionals in the universities in Uttar Pradesh. It is

important to evaluate whether progress in ICT has had any impact on

20

the library profession in these higher educational institutions. Hence,

this study is considered relevant to assess the infrastructure of

university libraries in Uttar Pradesh, the professional development of

library professionals, their skills and expertise in handling LS

and also the implications on the educational needs of library

professionals.

The study stresses the urgent need for administrators and library

educators to evaluate the effectiveness of present day library

education in moulding the library professionals to meet the demands

of future information work. It is the responsibility of the employers to

provide opportunities for library and information professionals to

update their skills, knowledge and competencies to keep pace

with the rapidly changing environment of academic libraries.

1.8 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.

Considering the above factors, the statement of the present study

is entitled as “Utility of Library Software of University Library in

Uttar Pradesh : A critical Study ”. It is hoped that the study will give an

insight about how far the library professionals have been able to be

abreast of the advances in Library software technologies, their

professional development activities, whether their education in

library and information science has helped them in handling the latest

technologies and their need for further education and training in the

profession.

1.9 DEFINITIONS.

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 16 defines utility as a

service provided for public, the quality of being useful ; Longman’s

Dictionary of contemporary English 17 defies utility as a service

provided for people to use , the quality of bring useful, or the degree to

21

which something is useful. Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus 18 defines

utility as the quality of practical use, usefulness and something useful.

The term library software is used to mean a particular system of

computer programme that can be used for performing the various kinds

of tasks in a library which was earlier being done by traditional manual

method. University library in the study, means the library run and

operated by state funded university for the academic purpose of the

students, teachers and research scholars. The “Uttar Pradesh in this

study stands for the geographical and political territory of the state as

defined by the law of the union of India. The term critical study means

an overall assessment of the subject taken for the study.

1.10 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY.

The aim of the study is to assess whether the library

software have any influence on the library professionals’

professional development, and the need for further education and

training in the profession and evaluate their skills in handling

developments in library software. Briefly, the objectives of the study

are summarised as follows:

1. To assess the infrastructure facilities in the University Libraries

in Uttar Pradesh.

2. To evaluate the professional development activities of Library

professionals in the Universities in Uttar Pradesh.

3. To study whether LS has influenced professional development.

4. To study the attitudes of library professionals towards

continuing education programmes.

5. To study whether LS has influenced the educational and

information needs of library professionals.

6. To study whether library science education has helped to attain

22

necessary skills for library professionals.

7. To suggest topics to be included in library science curriculum

8. To assess the LS skills and expertise of library

professionals in the Universities of Uttar Pradesh based on age,

qualification, experience, etc.

9. To evaluate the attitude of library professionals towards the

application of LS in University libraries.

10. To study the problems faced by library professionals in the

effective use of LS applications.

11. To recommend methods for improving the knowledge/skills

of library professionals.

1.11 HYPOTHESIS.

The following hypotheses have been formulated for the present study:

1. Professional activities of library professionals are influenced

by personal factors.

2. Opinion about Library science education related to respondent’s

characteristics.

3. Library professionals’ LS skills and awareness of various

technologies depending on their personal attributes.

1.12 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.

The study is limited to the library professionals working in the

central and departmental libraries functioning in the main campus of the

nine Universities. The study does not cover the quality of services

provided by the libraries and hence a user satisfaction survey was not

undertaken.

The study and the findings are reported in six chapters.

The citation and the bibliographic reference follow APA style with

slight variations.

23

Chapter. 1. Introduction deals with the problem of the study. It

includes a brief description of the subject, the significance of the study,

definitions of key terms, objectives, hypothesis and its limitations.

Chapter. 2. Review of Literature deals with literature survey of related

studies covering information communication technology, Library

education and professional development.

Chapter. 3. Library Automation gives an outline of the applications of

LS in university libraries.

Chapter. 4. Library Software and its utility in University Libraries of

Uttar Pradesh describes the methodology of research, briefly describing

the population of the study, data collection methods, design of

questionnaire, etc.

Chapter . 5. A Comparative study of library Software includes the

analysis of data and its interpretation.

Chapter. 6. Anlaysis of Interpretation of Data.

Chatper-7. Conclusion gives a summary of the important

findings, suggestions and recommendations based on the study.

24

REFERENCES

1. Balakrishnan, N, (1996). "Impact of information Technology on

Library Science" .In N. M. Malwad (Ed.), Digital Libraries:

Dynamic Storehouse of Digitized Information (pp. 115-118).

New Delhi: New Age International Ltd.

2. Ranganthan, S.R, (2006) The Five Law of Library Science: New

Delhi Ess Ess Publication (pp 101-105)

3. Deegan, M., & Tanner, S. (2002). Digital Futures: Strategies

for the Training Package for Developing Countries (ICTLIP).

Retrieved June 26, 2009, from e-Library Download Page:

http://www2.unescobkk.org/elib/ publications/ ictlip /index.htm .

4. Bhattacharya, G. (1988), " A Stable Theory in terms of Five

Normative Principles. In T. S. Rajagopalan, Relevance of

Ranganathan's Contributions to Library Science (pp. 11-16). New

Delhi: Vikas Publishing.

5. Li, L. L. (2009). Emerging Technologies for Academic

Librarians in the Digital Age. London: Chandos Publishing.

6. Singh, S. (2010). Library and Information Science Education I

India : Growth and Trends. New Delhi : University News , 38

7. http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/moredetails/newmoredetails/

about.html.

8. Jain, P. K., PAUr, H., & Babbar, P. (2010), LIS education in

India: challenges for students and professionals in the Digital Age.

25

Retrieved March 20, 2010, from http://dspace.fsktm.um.edu.my/

bitstream/1812/231/1/ ain_Harvin_Babbar. pdf

9. IGNOU. (2010), Retrieved February 13, 2010, from

http://www.ignou.ac.in/ ignou/ aboutignou/ profile/2.

10. Naushad Ali, P. M., & Bakhshi, S. I. (2012), Problems and

prospects of LIS education in India with special reference to

distance mode. Retried March 14, 2010, from http://www.

bibliotheksportal.de/fileadmin/0bibliotheken/

11. Ramesha, & Ramesh Babu, B. (2010), "Trends, Challenges

and Future of Library and Information Science Education in

India,". DESIDOC Bulletin of Information Technology 27 (5),

17-26.

12. Lkin, J. (1994), "The role of LIS Schools and departments in

continuing professional development," Librarian Career

Development, 2 (4), 19-23.

13. Varalakshmi, R. S. (2010), "Need for National Consensus on

Library and Information Science Education in India" DESIDOC

Bulletin of Information Technology, 27 (2), 13-20.

14. Mahapatra, G. (2012), LIS education in India: Emerging

Paradigms, Challenges and Propositions in the Digital Era.

Retrieved March 14, 2010, from http://arizona.openrepository.

com/arizona/bitstream 10150/106109/1/89.Gayatri_Mahapatra.

long.pdf

26

15. Bhattacharya, G. (1994), "Structural Planning for the

Development of Manpower for Secondary Information

Work and Service," In A. Tejomurthy (Ed), Restructuring

of Library and Information science Curriculum (p. 25). New

Delhi: Concept Publishing Company.

16. New Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English.

(7th ed) ( 2005) New Delhi : Oxford Press.

17. Longman's Dictionary of Contemporary English (International

Edition) ( 2004) ,New Delhi: Pearson Education Ltd .

18. The Collins Dictionary and Thesaurus ( 1987) First ed. London,

Glassgo : Collins'

*******

27

CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE2.1 INTRODUCTION Review of related literature is conducted to enable the

researcher to get a clear understanding about the specific field of

studis. It also helps the researcher to have an insight into the tested

methods, procedures and interpretations of similar studies conducted

elsewhere. Considerable amount of literature is available regarding

application library software and of Information Communication

Technology (ICT) in libraries, professional development and

continuing education needs of library professionals. But studies are

relatively few regarding the impact of Library Softwares on

professional development and educational needs of library

professionals. The survey of the literature finds that most of the

studies are reported from foreign countries and that in India such

studies are not given due importance by the researchers in library and

information science. An attempt is made in this chapter to present a

survey of the literature available in India and abroad under the

subheadings listed below. The studies are further grouped under

national, international and arranged in a chronological sequence.

1. LS and in libraries.

2. LS and library professionals.

3. Professional development and educational needs of library

professionals.

4. Thesis.

28

5. Reviews.

LS AND ICT IN LIBRARIES

ICT has changed the traditional methods of library activities and

services providing new dimensions for teaching, learning and research in

higher educational institutions. With the help of ICT tools, i.e. Library

Software it is possible to store, retrieve, disseminate and organize

information by creating websites and databases. Information is now

published both electronically and by print making it accessible to users

according to their demands. It is important to assess the LS applications

in library and information centres in the context of changing user needs.

This section includes studies related to the application of ICT in libraries

both in India and abroad.

NATIONAL STUDIES

L Unappanavar and Vijayakumar (2011)1 survey the use of

hardware and software facilities in University of Agricultural science

libraries in Kanpur. The aim of the study was to evaluate the access

of networks, information services and barriers in information

technology applications. The survey also covers collections of the

agricultural university libraries, In house database, use of IT in

administration and the impact of IT applications on libraries. Results

reveal that none of the University libraries at the time of study is

having databases and full implementation of IT applications in

their libraries. Though the agricultural university libraries are having

hardware and software facilities to some extent, the results are not

reaching the clientele. It recommends that the librarians should

approach the university authorities to train the library personnel on LS

application and approach funding agencies like INFLIBNET and

ICAR for their library automation and provide IT based information

29

services to their clientele.

Jeevan and Nair (2009)2 present the results of a survey

conducted among the premier libraries in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerla

to assess the Information Technology adoption in these libraries. A

survey using questionnaire and interview was used for getting

information about the different IT components useful for better

library organization and comprehensive as well as swift

information services. Eighteen scientific, technical and research

libraries both under Central and State Governments based in

Thiruvananthapuram participated in the survey. All eighteen libraries

were of the opinion that LS had a positive impact on the day-to-day

work of the libraryand that LS played an important role in enhancing

services, user satisfaction, meeting users' demands, and overall library

image. Problems faced in LS adoption included inadequacy of

funds, shortage of IT skilled manpower, difficulties in periodic up-

gradation of infrastructural facilities, frequent change and

advancement of technology, high hardware and software costs,

insufficient training of professionals and absence of hands-on training.

Cholin (2010)3 provides an overview of information technology

implementation in different university libraries in India that

provides effective access to resources available within universities

and elsewhere. This study was an attempt to understand the use of

information technology in university libraries by studying the status

of Library Software applications in Indian university libraries at

various levels.

The survey method was used to study the application of

information technology in the Indian Universities. The study was

conducted among 66 university libraries which is approximately 25% of

30

the total number of universities during the period of the study and the

responses were received from 54 (81.8%) of the total libraries covered.

The factors studied include manpower in the universities, user

population, budget, IT infrastructure-hardware, software, network

tools, database development, etc. The author predicts that the

universities across the country can overcome distance and

time with the use of ICT tools in universities and UGC Infonet to

provide scholarly access to resources. The study reveals that the

university libraries in India are at various stages of development in

the application of information technology Software tools in their day-

to-day activities.

Suku and Pillai (2010)4 present the results of a survey to

assess the status of automation in the university libraries of Uttar

Pradesh. A structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from the

Librarian/Librarian in- charge of the Central libraries of six

universities. The survey mainly cover various aspects of library

automation such as information technology infrastructure, in-house

activities, information services and their usage, manpower development,

and budget. The study also deals with the role of INFLIBNET Centre in

supporting the automation activities of university libraries. It is seen that

library automation has been rather slow in Uttar Pradesh due to various

reasons like absence of University Librarian in most of the libraries;

and lack of adequate qualified professional staff. 50% of university

libraries in Uttar Pradesh, introduced comprehensive automation of

housekeeping activities. LAN facility is available in all university

libraries. All university libraries in Uttar Pradesh are using computers

for their services. All the libraries, without any exception, are using

only personal computers for the entire range of automation activities.

31

The survey also reveals that all university libraries have conducted

sufficient number of training programs to its staff members before

acquiring the new technology.

Walmiki and Ramakrishnegowda (2009)5 in a survey of

University libraries in Kanpur outline the status of ICT infrastructure

of selected six University libraries. A structured questionnaire was used

to obtain data from the University librarians. The data collected include

details of hardware infrastructure like availability of servers, PC‟s,

Laptops, printers, scanners etc. Software facilities for automation of

housekeeping operations, digital library activities are included in the

survey. Availability of campus LAN and internet facilities to provide

access to information sources are detailed in the study. The survey

reveals that most of the libraries lack sufficient hardware and

software facilities, and internet with required bandwidth. The

University libraries have to plan, implement and develop ICT

infrastructure to exploit the benefits of digital information environment.

Sampath Kumar and Biradar (2010)6 observe the use of

library Software (LS) and information communication technology

(ICT) in 31 college libraries in Kanpur, India by analyzing the ICT

infrastructure, status of library automation, barriers to

implementation of library automation and librarians' attitudes towards

the use of ICT. The survey carried out using questionnaire, observation

and informal interview with selected college librarians show that

lack of budget, lack of manpower, lack of skilled staff and lack of

training are the main constraints for not automating library activities.

Even though library professionals have shown a positive attitude

towards the use of LS applications and library automation,

majority expressed the need for appropriate training to make use of

ICT tools.

32

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

Siddiqui (1997)7 reports the use of information technology in

seven university libraries of Saudi Arabia. Questionnaires to deans

of academic libraries and interviews of individual library

professionals was used to get information about availability and use of

information technology like computers, networks, electronic

mail, online information retrieval, CD-ROMs, facsimile transmission,

personal computers (PCs) and the Internet in the academic

libraries. The survey also tries to determine computerized library

systems, databases and services used in the libraries, the most widely

used automation systems (DOBIS and MINISIS) and the numbers of

online and CD-ROM databases acquired by specific libraries. The

survey results show that information technologies used by the

academic libraries are: automation, networks, electronic mail, online

searching, CD-ROM searching, telefacsimile, and personal

computers. The academic libraries are using these information

technologies to provide excellent services to library users. In addition all

seven academic libraries are using LS in performing their day-to-day

work of processing and services.

Al-Qallaf and Al-Azmi (2002)8 in a survey study the

vailability and use of information technology in public libraries in

Kuwait. The study includes hardware/software, patterns of connectivity

such as LANs, Internet, etc., training and development activities The

study shows that few libraries have internet connectivity, limited use

of ICT applications, and the implementation of an automated

library system are very slow. Factors impeding the development of

information technology are planning, funding, human resources, and

building structure. The survey results also show that there is a positive

33

attitude among library personnel towards IT and LS.

Baruchson-Arbib and Bronstein(2009)9 reports a Delphi study

conducted in Israel during 1998-2010 to examine the views of library

science experts regarding the future of library science profession and the

skills of library science professionals due to developments in

information technology. 40 experts participated in the study through e-

mail. The questionnaire includes three main issues traditional

versus virtual library model, user- centered approach, and library

professionals skills and roles. A highly optimistic picture of the

library science profession is drawn from the study. Library and

information centres will survive, and both traditional and virtual

model will co-exist in a symbiotic relationship. The most salient skill in

the library professional is to acquire the training role and act as guides

in information technology related issues. The LIS professionals need

to promote and market their skills and thereby acquire necessary

social and communication skills.

ICT AND LIBRARY PROFESSIONALS.

In a changing environment when most of the library services

are ICT and Software based, it is important for library

professionals to be well informed and updated regarding

developments in LS. This section deals with different studies

regarding the use of ICT based applications by library professionals,

their attitudes towards ICT, skills in handling new technologies, need

for training in the new technologies etc.

NATIONAL STUDIES

Ramesh Babu and Parameswaran (1999 )10 evaluate the

automation of public library and information services in and around

Chennai and the attitudes of library professionals towards the

34

application of information technology. A survey among 50 staff

members in the public libraries of Chennai using questionnaires,

shows their keen interest in professional development to keep pace

with the trends of electronic information era. Results show that IT

applications improve communication facilities and help in enhancing

technical knowledge, providing better services, improving library

status, change information handling methods and reduce workload.

Singh and Garg (2002)11 evaluate the biomedical (Information

Centres and Libraries (ICLs) in India. The main objectives of the

study are to assess the state of the art infrastructure available in

biomedical ICLs, to determine the impact of computers on biomedical

librarianship, use of computers by ICLs users and

information professionals and to identify the impact of computers on

career development in ICL services. Three sets of questionnaires have

been used to determine the relationships between IT development

and its applications in biomedical ICLs by users and

professionals .The survey reveals that there is an increase in number of

technologies available and adequate hardware and software facilities in

ICLs.The study shows that computer based networking facilities are

gaining importance in biomedical ICLs. Biomedical information users

depend more on computer facility for various purposes. The users are of

view that all staff should have higher qualifications for the effective

use of IT based services.

Temjen and Saraf (2012)12 study the attitudes of academic

and research library professionals towards information technology

and its relationship with library and information science courses

in India. The study identifies the attitudes of library professionals

working in the seven states of North eastern part of India, based on

35

already developed and tested scales of attitudes towards computer

and information technology. A total of 163 library professionals

working in these libraries were given a questionnaire having 81 items

and 122 responded. Statistical analyses performed on the data using

SPSS 7.5 version are factor analysis and analysis of variance

(ANOVA). The five variables identified through factor analysis are

anxiety, efficiency, work performance, use confidence and acceptance.

It reports that anxiety ranks highest among the different variables

of attitude towards information technology and suggests various

information technology infrastructural facilities and training and

education in Information technology to library professionals working

in North east to be at par with the main stream.

Watane, Vinchurkar and ChauLUde (2010)13 report a study of

the computer literacy of library professionals and the use of

information technology related services in the college libraries of

Lucknow City. The main objectives of the study were to find the

awareness of LS application among the professionals and the proportion

of application of LS in libraries. A questionnaire survey of

selected 38 college libraries was conducted and the results using

simple statistical analysis reveals that majority of library

professionals are computer literate and are not reluctant to make use

of IT applications in their libraries. Automation is progressing in all

the college libraries under study and they are providing library services

of which 50% are IT oriented.

Nath, Gautam and Parveen, (2010)14 report a survey of

librarians of Chandigarh city to assess the ways in which librarians

use ICTs , their level of knowledge and skills, problems faced in the

use of ICTs and their training needs. The study also investigates the

36

extent of adoption of ICT in Chandigarh city libraries as modern tools of

providing library service to users. A questionnaire was used to

survey the ICT skills and knowledge of librarians with 9 sections on

respondent background, file management, word processing,

spreadsheets, databases, presentations, E-mail and Internet. Survey

of 21 academic and public libraries reveal a low level of ICT

knowledge among librarians and a general lack of formal training

among the academic librarians. The study recommends library

education with a balanced curriculum including both traditional as well

as ICT knowledge and skills.

Ramesh Babu, Vinayagamoorthy and Gopalakrishnan (2010) 15

report a survey of the LS and ICT skills among librarians in

engineering educational institutions in Tamil Nadu. The main

objective was to identify the types of ICT skills possessed by the

librarians, assess the level/extent of different types of ICT skills, the

means of acquiring ICT skills, and identify the constraints in

acquiring ICT skills by the librarians. The knowledge in ICT

relates to operating systems, packages and programming

languages, library automation software, web awareness,

knowledge of online facilities/services, and also technical skills and

managerial skills. The results show that the librarians of these

institutions are acquiring considerable basic skills in ICT. However,

they need to concentrate more on network-based services and digital

library services.

Nayamboga (2009)16 study the information literacy skills of

library professionals working in three major Universities of Agra.

Survey using structured questionnaire and interviews points to the fact

that most of the library professionals are computer literate, having

37

undergone computer courses like PGDCA, DCA and other short-term

courses. They are also aware of the use of E-resources, evaluation of

web resources, IPR, webopac, search engines etc. The authors

recommend that library professionals are to be encouraged to attend

various training programmes on different advanced concepts of

information technology.

Mohamed Haneefa and Shukoor (2010)17 reports the Information

and Communication Technology (ICT) literacy among the library

professionals of Meerut University. The study includes only the library

professionals in the central library and departmental libraries of

Meerut University. A structured questionnaire was used to collect

data. The study reveals that the Professional Assistants are more

ICT proficient in ICT skills than the Junior Librarians and Assistant

Librarians. The use of ICT-based resources and services, library

automation software, and general purpose application software is high

among the Junior professionals than the senior library staff. The use of

digital library and institutional repository software is very low among

the library professionals. Majority of the professionals had

confidence in routine ICT and Internet tasks, and need training or

orientation in library automation, digital library and institutional

repository software.

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

O Neill (1998)18 examines the current status of continuing

education courses in American schools of Library & Information

science, with special emphasis on Librarians working in collection

development and acquisitions. A survey of American library

schools reveals that only a small percentage of the continuing

education workshops deal with technical services. Most of the

38

continuing education workshops are technology oriented. A number of

LIS schools offer semester long courses through various technologies,

world wide web, satellite, videotape etc. The author suggests that LIS

professionals must be more actively involved in the continuing

education programms at schools of library and information science.

Ondari-Okemwa (2010)19 reports a study undertaken to examine

the specific training needs of practising professional librarians in the

Kenyan public university libraries. Two methods were used for the

study. One was observing library staff in the Kenyan public university

libraries at their places of work over a period of two years;

the second was the use of personal interviews with the librarians . The

author examines the need for continuous training of library staff in

Kenya because of the rapid changes in information technology (IT).

Library staff must be equipped with new techniques of handling and

managing information. The training needs as evaluated from the

study are Information and telecommunication technologies,

evaluating and using computer hardware and software, understanding

computer and information concepts, understanding systems analysis,

and accessing information via the Internet., self-management skills

teamwork skills, verbal, non-verbal, and interpersonal

communication skills, marketing skills, training in virtual

librarianship and total quality management training .

Biddiscombe (2011)20 illustrate the Internet and IT skills

that are required by information professionals in their support for

learning, teaching and research withinthe changing context of the

higher education sector in the UK and the development of managed (or

virtual) learning environments. The author stresses that though IT skills,

particularly in relation to the Internet are essential, some of the more

39

basic skills that are important to the information professional should not

be abandoned.

Mugwisi and Ocholla (2012)21 examine Internet use, trends

by academics and librarians at the Universities of Zimbabwe and

Zululand, with specific reference to the use of resources for research

and teaching. Results of a survey by means of a questionnaire

among the study population indicate high computer and Internet skills

among librarians from both institutions. The results also indicate that e-

mail and the Web were used most for work and personal use, while

telnet, other library OPACs and electronic journals were used most for

work purposes. The study also highlights somewhat similar

problems facing the two institutions in terms of Internet

accessibility. Access was a major concern, due to inadequate provision

of computers and the existing connection to the Internet. Article also

highlights inadequate training in the use of Internet resources and lack

of awareness among academics and other potential users.

Edwards (2009)22 describes several interviews with reference

librarians in two libraries of the University of North Carolina at

Chapel Hill in USA. The interviews were conducted to determine

how the advancements of electronic media have changed the role of

reference librarians in academic libraries. One significant finding was

how reference librarians have now taken on more of a teacher

role or that of an “information educator”. Data gathered throughout

the course of each interview confirmed that the role of the reference

librarian in academic libraries has changed in a number of ways due to

the advancements of electronic media. This role involves training and

guiding patrons (faculty, staff, and students) through the use of electronic

media to retrieve information. It also involves introducing patrons to

40

various types of electronic media, (ex. databases, chat resources and

search engines) and training them in operational skills.

Ramzan (2009)23 determines the extent of information

technology (IT) utilization in libraries in Pakistan together with

librarians level of knowledge in IT and their attitudes toward IT in

libraries through a survey of 244 librarians in Pakistan..

Respondents were asked to indicate the extent of computers, CD-

ROMS, network servers, and other hardware, email, Internet,

software, and electronic data bases available, use of IT-based systems

and resources by the library staff and patrons, and the degree of changes

occurring in IT applications in their libraries. The respondents’ level of

knowledge in IT was examined through measuring the extent of

knowledge of technology, rate of keeping abreast of IT, and how

much they had written or published about IT in libraries. Regarding

the extent of knowledge of technology, the data shows 13.5 per cent of

the respondents had no knowledge in technology, 33 per cent had little

knowledge, while the majority, 41 per cent of the respondents had

a moderate level of knowledge in technology. The findings of the study

also reveals that availability of appropriate IT and its proper utilization

are important variables that are capable of increasing the librarians’

attitudes more positive toward IT which implies that librarians require

continuing education and exposure to increase their level of

knowledge of new technologies.

Obioha (2010)24 identifies the role of ICT in information

seeking and use amongst research officers in Research Institutes in

Nigeria. The study examines awareness, use, exposure to ICT; role of

ICT and improvements on ICT tools. It shows that ICT plays an

significant role in information sourcing, generation, processing,

41

storage, retrieval, dissemination and also entertainment. It also proves

that for ICT to be used maximally there is need to have regular

power supply, stable infrastructure and provision of more ICT tools

and centres.

Adeyoyin (2010)25 surveys the levels of ICT literacy among

library staff in Nigerian libraries. The questionnaire method was used

for this study. The data, collected on a self-assessment basis, covered

18 Nigerian university libraries. It shows that Nigerian university

libraries, which form the basis of knowledge for the country, do not

have professional librarians whose skill-set is adequate to meet the ICT

applications which are indispensable for the acquisition, organization,

provision and dissemination of knowledge. Library management, for

its part, should acknowledge the wide-ranging benefits of both ICT and

raise levels of ICT literacy for university libraries and their mother

institutions.

Ashcroft and Watts (2010)26 in a study of ICT Skills for

Information Professionals in Nigeria observes that Information

professionals are increasingly required to adapt their skills and

practice in order to gain an awareness of technological advances.

A research project based at Moores University (LJMU) investigated

the provision of electronic information resources in Nigerian

libraries. Focusing on Nigeria as an example of a developing

country, the project examined existing electronic information

resources and identified barriers obstructing the effective provision

of electronic information. Responses to questions about the

measures required to support future use of e-resources

demonstrated an overwhelming need for training/education/skills.

Frequently occurring comments stressed the need for increased ICT

42

literacy, training and retraining of staff.

Hoskins (2010)27 investigates the ICT knowledge and skills of

subject librarians at the university libraries of KwaZulu-Natal. A study

population of 43 subject librarians, in the university libraries were

surveyed by means of a mailed questionnaire to establish in what ways

subject librarians were using ICTs, what the level of ICT knowledge

and skill was amongst the subject librarians, what problems the

subject librarians faced in the use of ICTs and what their ICT training

needs were. Interpretation of the results revealed a low level of ICT

knowledge and skill amongst subject librarians and a general lack of

formal training for ICTs amongst the subject librarians. The findings of

the study showed that subject librarians generally do not have the

knowledge to explore and take advantage of the opportunities

technology creates, nor did they have the skill or ability to perform

the applications functions and operations described above

effectively. By identifying the problems that subject librarians face in

the use of ICT, it is evident from the findings that the majority of

these problems were as a result of a lack of understanding,

knowledge, skill, and a lack of training. The author suggests that

Library schools should provide a curriculum that is balanced so that it

provides for an education in traditional librarianship as well as ICT and

Software knowledge.

Wilson and Halpin (2012)28 discusses the effects of

operational convergence, and the subsequent growth of the hybrid

library model, upon the professional identity of academic library

staff. Information communication technology and electronic

information services have had a profound and far reaching effect

upon learning and information services (LIS) in British academia.

43

As a result academic LIS professionals have evolved to become new

hybrid information professionals. Main themes of investigation

include the extent of professionalism in academic librarianship,

in terms of how LIS staff perceive their careers changing and

developing, and the extent to which professional standing and identity

are valued and prioritized. A case study of Learning and Information

Services (LIS) departments at four British universities was undertaken,

to study the development of a new, generic key skills base and the

relevant CPD and training. The study covered the process of work

assimilation; the growing profile of the para-professional; changing

job titles and descriptions; and the growing conflict between

commitment to the employer or the profession. Semi structured

interviews were used to interview library managers. ICT skills

featured strongly in the responses and the importance of being multi-

skilled and being able to adapt quickly and effectively are also stressed.

Adeyinka (2009)29 examines the attitudinal correlates of

some selected Nigerian librarians towards the use and application of

ICT in various libraries. A total of 41 librarians from automated

libraries in the Oyo state of Nigeria formed the study’s population.

The survey instrument used for the collection of data was a computer

anxiety and attitude towards microcomputer utilization (CAATMU)

scale and a librarian attitude questionnaire. The main objective of

the study was to find relationship between demographic variables of

respondents, age, gender, prior knowledge / experience and training,

educational qualification, computer anxiety and librarians attitude

towards ICT. The analysis of results show that all the four out of the five

variables age, gender, educational qualifications and knowledge

of ICT significantly correlate with librarian attitude towards ICT;

44

while the variable ICT anxiety correlate negatively with the attitude

of librarian towards ICT. The study emphasizes the need for libraries

to embark on training their librarian who does not have knowledge of

ICT.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT and EDUCATIONAL

NEEDS of LIBRARY PROFESSIONALS

Professional development is the process by which

professionals keep current the knowledge, skills, and abilities needed

to function effectively in their profession. It is assumed that to maintain

professional competence, the professional must participate in updating

activities. Continuing education is fundamentally a responsibility of

the individual professional. A librarian’s motivation for continued

learning involves a mixture of social responsibility, desire for

advancement, professional pride, a concern for future libraries, the need

to keep abreast of new knowledge and technology, as well as an

interest in supplementing professional training. (ALA, 1980) Efficiency

of a library depends, to a large extent, on the competence of its staff.

Hence it is important to assess the library professionals’ needs for

continuing education and professional development in a changing

electronic environment of academic library.

NATIONAL STUDIES :

Jani, Parekh and Sen (1991)30 reports a survey undertaken to

discover the individual perceptions of librarians towards professional

development. The objectives were to identify the factors that are

instrumental in facilitating or inhibiting professional advancement,

to identify areas, agencies and strategies suited for additional

knowledge and skill input that will lead to professional development.

45

The study reveals that librarians gave more importance to self

education and reading for professional development. Reference

and information work was the area often cited which required

additional knowledge skills.

Nyamboga (2009)31 details the results of a study of training

opportunities for library and information professionals in India

and how a selection of Indian university libraries are providing

information skills and information literacy programmes for their

users. The author stresses the need for training students, researchers

and staff to make appropriate use of resources made available in

libraries. Library and information professionals need continuing

professional development courses as new ways of providing

information resources are developed. The study reveals that

librarians conducted library orientation programmes (including

information on specific aspects such as computer laboratory

facilities within the library, library automation and networking

activities), although sometimes systems librarians or information

technologists undertook this task.

L Unappanavar and Praveen Kumar (2010)32 evaluate the

training programmes pertaining to Library and Information science

and their effectiveness as stated by library professionals in selected

Agricultural Science Libraries in India. Most of the library

professionals in agricultural university libraries have attended these

training programmes and they stress the need for more specialized

training programmes based on skills and competencies. All

agricultural science libraries have been partially computerized and

the information stored in digital format. It is found that the

workshops organized are generally designed to provide practical

46

training on IT applications, but they are not assessing the training

needs of library professionals.

Sagolsem, Purnima Devi and Vikas (2010)33 report a survey

conducted among the library professional staff working in public

libraries and NGO libraries of Lucknow. The main objectives of the

study was to find the status of digital environment in Lucknow

public libraries, to evaluate the need of manpower training for

IT application, attitude of staff towards IT application, their career

opportunities and problems in IT application. A questionnaire was

used for the survey among 50 library staff in the public libraries of

Lucknow. The study reveals that public libraries lack sufficient

professional staff with required knowledge of IT. Though most of them

had a favorable attitude towards IT application majority were not

satisfied with their opportunities to enhance qualifications. The

problems in IT application include lack of qualified professionals, high

cost of IT infrastructure and insufficient computer facilities. The study

recommends the importance of continuing education programmes to

upgrade professional competencies and suggests that the

government should provide more grants for library development in the

state.

INTERNATIONAL STUDIES.

Broadbent and Grosser (1987) 34 outline the study conducted on 85

Melbourne based special librarians and Information centre

managers to ascertain their continuing professional development

(CPD) activities. Investigations was based on interviews to assess the

nature of organizational support for professional development , the

formal programmes attended, the present and future educational needs

for CPD. The study shows that over 70% of interviewees had

47

participated in at least one workshop, conference or seminar during

the previous two years. Though the funds were provided by

organizations, the amounts spent were low and suitable courses

were few for professional development. Educational needs mainly

concentrated around information technology and management skills.

Roberts and Konn (1989)35 report a study conducted on about 52

university and 30 polytechnic librarians about forms of continuing

education and training in their libraries. Induction and further

education issues were explored, as well as attitudes to the idea of

continuing education. Response shows marked differences in

practices between polytechnic and university libraries. Responses

indicated a growing interest in continuing education, and

respondents repeatedly referred to developments occurring outside

their own libraries, which were powerfully influencing their own

education and training attitudes and practices. The impact of

technological developments upon continuing education requirements

was evident in a number of responses. Further education and training

includes study for higher degrees, part-time or full-time;, in house or

external training; attendance at conferences and professional meetings;

demonstrations; purposive visits to other libraries; etc.

Elkin (1994)36 stresses the need for continuing education in the

modern information environment. She points out that education and

training must become a continuous life long process to keep abreast of

change as professional knowledge is becoming increasingly complex

and specialized so that individuals need constant updating to keep in

touch with their area of specialization. She reviews the profile of LIS

courses in 16 universities in the UK. Potential employers expect

students to have skills in IT, in analysis, synthesis and repackaging,

48

as well as high quality management and personal transferable skills,

allied to the ability to communicate effectively through a range of

media. The author outlines skills which may be seen as the solid core

of library and information studies as information-handling skills,

training skills to help people to use libraries and information resources

in any media, evaluative skills and concern for the customer.

Leach, Arundale and Bull (1996)37 reports the use of

information networking for continuing professional development.

With the help of 2 postal surveys, assess the extent of librarians‟ and

information professionals interest in CPD which include computer

networks, network based course materials and teleconferencing. The

degree of professional demand for such programmes is analyzed .One

survey was conducted in the institutions conducting library and

information science education in Europe, N. America, Australia, South

Africa and Jamaica to establish their involvement in CPD. The

second survey collected opinions on the requirements of CPD and

its delivery through electronic networks. The main conclusion was that

the professionals were interested to accept training through networks,

but the technical infrastructure was insufficient to provide distance

learning through network.

Rice-Lively and Racine (1997)38 explore the current role of

information professionals in academic settings. Based on a university

library case study, it suggests skills and attitudes they need to develop

to cope with change. The study group used in this inquiry included

students, LIS faculty, and library professionals affiliated with a large

research university. It shows that the information professionals today

should possess a number of specific human relations skills of

communication, intuition, interpretation, and translation to assist the user

49

in the electronic environment.

Anwar (1998) 39 details the results of a questionnaire survey of

academic librarians perceptions of their continuing professional needs

in Malaysia. The continuing professional development environment

in academic libraries, duration of such programmes, the skills

required in the areas of management, information and

communication technology, research skills etc are some of the factors

studied in the survey. He also suggests methods to promote professional

development programmes for academic librarians.

Elgohary (2010)40 investigates the preparation of entry-level

research Librarians in Florida research libraries and describes the

relationship between formal library education and work in research

libraries from the perceptions of entry-level librarians and their

supervisors through a web based survey. The main goal of the study

is to help library schools prepare future research librarians and equip

them with in-demand knowledge and skills. In addition, it aims to

identify the current and the potential required skills for entry- level

research. The study focuses on subject- knowledge kills,

management and marketing skills, information technology skills and

interpersonal skills of librarians in academic and research libraries of

florida . The results of the study identify different methods for

library schools to consider in the curriculum development process.

Conducting systematic revision based on analyzing market demands

for information professionals in different library and information

settings is essential for library schools. It recommends internships as a

requirement for the MLIS degree to help graduate students acquire

more experience that is practical. Adding more management and

marketing curricula will help MLIS students to deal with some of the

50

important issues raised in libraries, information centers, and

information technology curricula that focus on issues such as

information system and database design.

Bii and Wanyama (2011)41 analyze the impact of automation

on the job satisfaction among the staff of Margaret Thatcher library,

MOI University Kenya. Using interviews and questionnaire to all

the llibrary staff researchers find that there are problems within the

library regarding training and access to automated systems. The main

objective of the study is to find the problems staff members face

because of automation of the library, and how the library management

has tried to resolve them and/or how can they be solved for sustained

job satisfaction among the staff. Eighty eight percent of the MTL staff

members had received in-house training on various aspects of

computerised library applications, albeit some to a basic level. The

taff views automation as an enrichment and a source of satisfaction

for their jobs. The study recommends structured in-house training,

free access to the available software, additional systems staff, and

centralized databases, among others, to be implemented Regular in-

house training is a necessity to gain maximum benefit from the

available hardware and software.

Broady-Preston and Bell (2011)42 evaluates the importance of

continuing professional development for library and information

science professionals through a case study of MLIS distance

programme of Department of library and information studies,

University of Wales in UK. A questionnaire survey among the

students reveals that most of the students enroll for MLIS programme

with an aim to update and refresh qualifications, keep abreast of new

ideas, acquire and enhance management skills etc.

51

It is clear that students view MLIS course as a means of CPD

that would allow them to enhance their current position and create

options for future opportunities. The survey also reveals that

continuing professional development (CPD) add value to personal

and professional life but only if the employee is motivated to ask

for training, design a programme or follow through sometimes at his

/her own expense.

Smith (2011)43 examines the pattern of staff development

activity in Australian University libraries, State Libraries, the

National Library etc. The study reveals various factors influencing

staff development. Most of the responses show that increased

information technology applications have led to a greater need to train

staff in IT applications. There is a good balance between training in

specific knowledge and job skills and broader professional

developmental programs and activities. In many instances the

libraries report that they have a preference for staff development that

can be undertaken in-house and the growing role of libraries in teaching

literacy, knowledge management skills etc has resulted in a need to

develop these skill in their staff.

Terry (2011)44 reports organizations’ approach to continuing

education, with the help of e-mail interviews of a sample of

publishers, librarians (academic, research, and corporate), subscription

agents, serials aggregators, and library system vendors.

The types of training and staff development opportunities

available (both formal and informal), the interviewee's personal

experience with training, and the organization’s annual budgets for

continuing education activities per employee are also included in the

survey. All of the organizations interviewed had highly developed and

52

customized internal training programs. The one principal skills

requirement mentioned by all interviewees was in the area of

technology, software and hardware skills. Apart from computer skills,

a prevalence of training was reported in the communication/

presentation skills, negotiation skills, knowledge management

skills, time management skills, management training, and user

outreach/customer service training.

Hewitson (2002)45 reports results of an investigation, undertaken at

Leeds Metropolitan University, to study the awareness and extent to

which university academic staff use and assimilate electronic

information services (EISs) into their work.. The study is based on

the findings of a quantitative survey, which addressed four specific

areas: the characteristics of the respondents (age, gender, and

faculty); the level of the information technology (IT) literacy of staff;

the frequency of use by academic staff of different EISs offered by the

university; and academic staff's perception of student use. The study

also investigates how academic staff at the university obtains

information for their work and what they do with the information

they obtain. The other factors studied include awareness of staff

about EISs; the barriers that exist to their use; the extent to which

academic staff are integrating the use of EISs into students'

educational experience; and what the university can do to support staff

better in their use of EISs. It concludes from the results that the internet

is the most popular information source but the factors affecting use at

the expense of subscription-based services are complex. University

staff, especially those with low-level IT skills, frequently uses the

internet because it is easy to access and provides instant results. It is

clear that members of staff, who used EISs regularly, used it for their

53

own research or after joining some form of professional development

such as a PhD.

Breen et.al (2002)46 evaluates the traditional library skills in

relation to the information technology developments in the

workplace. It shows that as LIS courses are not reoriented most jobs

are lost to library professionals. A survey to establish the extent to

which the curricula of current information studies departments teach

the relevant skills, shows that there are two courses under LIS one

for employment in library sector, and other for information

management. Authors point out that LIS courses must adapt to

provide professionals with the necessary skills to take new role in the

working place.

Kwasik (2002)47 analyses the skills required for a serials librarian

to manage electronic information. The study conducted analyzing

job announcements in academic institutions during the years 1999-

2011 examines the most frequently required and preferred

qualifications and knowledge demands for a serials librarian. Most

preferred qualifications include traditional skills such as

knowledge of MARC formats, AACR2, the Library of Congress

(LC) classification system, the Library of Congress Subject Headings

(LCSH), familiarity with the OCLC etc. Relatively new skills such as

knowledge of Dublin Core standards, knowledge of markup language,

Web design, or experience in cataloging electronic publications

were usually listed as desired qualifications Based on the study the

author suggests some professional development activities to improve

competencies for serials librarian due to the progress in

information technology and introduction of electronic journals in

library collections. To stay current with all the cataloging standards

54

and new developments, librarians need to improve their skills

constantly.

Powell et al. (2002) 48 reports a study on LIS practitioner’

involvement in research, 1,444 questionnaires were sent to members of

the American Library Association, the American Society for

Information Science and Technology, the Medical Library

Association, and the Special Libraries Association. An analysis

of 615 responses reveals the following: almost 90% of LIS

practitioners in the United States and Canada regularly read at least

one research journal, nearly 62% regularly read research-based

articles, approximately 50% occasionally apply research results to

professional practices, and 42% occasionally or frequently perform

research related to their job or to the LIS profession. The data analysis

also identified factors related to practitioners’ involvement in research

and determined how practitioners assess their research training and skills.

Khurshid (2012)49 review job advertisements published in

American Libraries (AL) and College and Research Libraries News

(C&RL NEWS) to assess the impact of automation and use of IT

in libraries on job requirements and required skills of qualifications

for catalogers. Analysis reveal that most preferred qualification is a

master's degree in library and information science, or in some

libraries a master's degree in computer science or relevant field, or a

subject master's degree with library experience. However, major

changes are occurring in the skills area. In addition to knowledge of

cataloging principles and procedures, the requirements also include

familiarity and experience with an integrated library software,

one or more bibliographic utilities, basic computer applications, and

emerging metadata schemes and tools.

55

Adomi and Nwalo (2012)50 in their study surveys the

prospects for continuing professional education (CPE) of library and

information science (LIS) professionals in Nigeria using Delta State

as a case study. Fifty-one practitioners made up of professionals

and paraprofessionals from academic, public, special libraries and

information centre were used in the study. Authors note that though LIS

professionals and paraprofessionals desire to update their skills and

knowledge through continuing professional development (CPD).

However some constraints, such as lack of IT components for

practice/work, lack of self and organizational motivation, financial

difficulty, amongst others, hamper staff from taking advantage of

CPD in countries such as Nigeria .Work skills necessary for the

respondents are managerial in nature and most of who are already

playing managerial roles in their libraries. Conclusions based on

findings recommend that LIS organisations should be more committed

to the CPE of their staff; that practitioners should commit their

personal funds to their CPE if their organisations fail to support them

and that the professional association should develop clear cut

programmes for the development of practitioners.

Chan and Auster (2012)51 explores the extent to which

professional development of reference librarians was occurring , based

on a survey of 733 professional librarians with reference duties who

were working in large, urban public libraries in Ontario. Reference

librarians once relied solely on print resources; they can now answer

the majority of questions accurately using only Web-based sources.

Authors examine those competencies reference librarians were

choosing to cquire through formal and informal professional

development activities, and explore barriers that might be

56

preventing reference librarians from participating in these activities.

In their professional development activities, the most popular topics

were related to internet and more than half the respondents studied

electronic resources, office applications, integrated library system

applications, communication skills and public service skills.

Instructional skills and management skills were studied by about 40

percent of the respondents.

Shiholo and Ocholla (2012)52 outline the changing trends in the

training of information professionals in Kenya based on a literature

review representative of popular publications and research reports

from 1970 to the current time. The paper gives an insight into Library

and Information Studies (LIS) education in Africa. The demand for

competency in technology has led to the proliferation of training

programs in information technology, leaving out other information

areas. There is a need for the development of new programmes and the

need for curriculum review that comprises a strong component of

information management and IT. Authors stress that information

technology, management and user oriented studies (information

needs, seeking, interfacing, use and impact) will occupy a central

place in LIS education in Kenya. The paper concludes that core

knowledge and skills for information providers ought to be reviewed

regularly and that support from LIS education stakeholders, such as

national library associations and national experts, should be enlisted

in determining such requisite skills.

Flatley and Weber (2009)53 outline professional development

activities for new academic librarians. The authors review various

professional development activities including publishing,

presentations, involvement in professional organizations, continuing

57

education, and institutional and community service that is required for

an academic librarian. The article points out the benefits for librarians

in the profession by publishing articles in journals, books, and in

web etc. The authors brief the importance of academic librarians

to keep abreast of the profession as it changes rapidly and one of the

best ways to do this is by attending professional workshops, lectures,

seminars etc. Workshops include technology and electronic

competency workshops covering database training, software training

and new technology awareness. The paper stresses that the benefits

of being a librarian is the expertise and service, which touches all

aspects of the academic side of the institution.

Clyde (2010)54 reports a descriptive study undertaken to gain an

overview of library and Information workplace needs for library

professionals with knowledge and skills related to user education and

information literacy instruction. The study describes a small- scale

research project that used content analysis techniques to study

job advertisements posted to the international LIB JOBS listserv over a

period of three months. The findings of the study, and recent literature,

indicate that skills associated with user education and information

literacy instruction are important for today‟s library professionals.

Eells and Jaguszewski (2008)55 reports the study of a task force

of the University of Minnesota libraries which developed a list of core

information technology (IT) skills that could be expected of all 300 staff

including technical services, reference services and stacks maintenance.

Once this list was developed, the task force designed and

administered an online self-assessment survey to identify the

computer skills of library staff. In the study the development of

the core competencies and the administration of the assessment

58

are discussed. Authors point out some recommendations for the

future, including use of assessment reports and data gathered in the

process to develop a training and professional development curriculum

focused on the specific identified training needs of staff.

Bawden, Vilar, and Zabukovec (2010)56 study the approaches

to the education and training of librarians for work in digital

libraries and identify the important competencies required by

information professionals in creating and managing digital libraries.

The method used is literature analysis of the skill sets required by

librarians working with digital materials and evaluation of formal

education and professional development programmes in the UK and

in Slovenia. The study assesses how the educational needs are met;

the means by which competencies are treated in LIS education and

training, and the methods of developing the information

professions.Their findings show that formal education and continuing

development training cover aspects of the digital library environment,

both in the UK and in Slovenia. Curriculum development includes

redesign of degree programmes, training courses and Digital library

skills.

Gosine Boodoo and Mcish (2010)57 report the results of a survey

to identify whether the particular country environment of today's

professional librarian impacts upon his/her skills capabilities as well as

upon his/her access to opportunities for continued development. The

satisfaction level of librarians with regard to six recommended skills

and characteristics like communication; training; information

technology (IT); managerial; commitment and subject knowledge/

profiling was measured .Secondly, professional development

opportunities were measured via skills, services and attitudes,

59

key areas also recommended for staff development and training.

An important finding of this study illustrates that what significantly

contributes to the librarian's overall satisfaction with professional

development is the level of competence with his/her skills set.

The emerging need for improved IT and managerial skills is important

for librarians' professional relevance and progress.

Mayer and Terrill (2010) 58 report a survey of academic

librarians opinion about the need for advanced subject degrees.

Academic librarians have various opinions on the importance of

advanced-subject degrees in addition to a master's in library science

(MLIS). The authors using an online survey collect opinions from

academic librarians on this topic. Arguments in favor of having

advanced-subject degrees include development of research skills,

credibility, and overall improved job performance. Arguments

against include the fact that the MLS is and should continue to be library

professionals terminal degree. The need for advanced-subject degrees

may vary by many factors, including individual career goals and local

institutional culture.

Spackman.et.al (2010)59 report the results of a continuing education

survey conducted at the end of 2010.The mail survey began with an

open-ended question, asking respondents to list three topics in science

librarianship they were interested and 24 topics on a five-point Likert

scale. The survey also covered questions on professional involvement,

professional organization membership and conference attendance. The

top continuing education needs of science librarians include new

technologies, professional development and keeping current,

institutional repositories/digital archives, promoting science

information literacy, collaboration between faculty and librarians, and

60

finding free high-quality online data. It was seen that science librarians

prefer continuing education in a number of different formats, whether

in person or remote like teleconferencing, E-mail tutorials etc. On

comparison with previous surveys, information literacy was the strong

interest of science librarians.

Gosine-Boodoo (2012)60 investigates Caribbean special

librarians to study their demographics, perception of skills

satisfaction and opportunities for career development. The study

shows that special librarians are multi-skilled in technical,

technological and managerial skills and some perform all major library

functions in combination with management or IT. Their IT related

skills in combination with managerial skills, enable them to

function as website, database and e-resource managers. One of the

recommendations includes commencing a joint venture between the

organization and the individual librarian with the goal of

establishing a programme of relevant continuing education and

training. Author also suggests the formation of „special interest

groups with or without the support of library and information

professional bodies or employer organizations.

Adanu (2010) 61 reports research carried out among professional

librarians in the five state-owned university libraries in Ghana. The

study was to find out if their work environment encouraged

Continuing professional development (CPD). The results of the survey

using questionnaire and interview show that the library environment in

the state-owned universities was supportive largely of CPD. The study

reveals that the professional librarian’s involvement in CPD was a

shared responsibility of the library and the individual. The study

reveals that CPD activities might lead to job advancement,

61

competence, or both. A vast majority of the respondents, 92.7 per cent,

saw involvement in CPD as a great aid to promotion as well as career

advancement. The three main activities that respondents felt resulted in

better job performance were reading professional literature (78.2 per

cent), workshops (72.7 per cent) and networking with colleagues

(36.4 per cent). It also shows that research and publishing was not rated

high as a contributory factor in enhancing competence. The author

stresses the need for CPD and workplace learning to meet the challenges

and changes faced by the library profession due to the developments in

ICT.

THESIS

Nair (1997)62 reports a study of the attitude of librarians in Uttar

Pradesh towards the use of information technology in library and

information activities in his thesis. The main objective of the study

was to find out the nature of attitude of librarians towards

information technology (IT). The study was conducted on a

representative sample of 284 professionally qualified librarians in

different libraries of Uttar Pradesh. The tools used include a scale of

attitude towards information technology, general data sheet and job

satisfactory inventory for library professional. The results of the study

showed that majority of librarians showed favorable attitude towards

information technology and library software They were prepared to

accept modern technology in library a activities. Librarians

considered IT not as a means to reduce their workload but as a

device to render effective information service to patrons. Librarians

engaged in different professional work were similar in their attitude

towards information technology.

Moorthy (2011)63 surveys the impact of electronic media on

62

library and information centres with special reference to India,

to assess the infrastructure available in libraries, the level of

automation and extent of usage of electronic media in library and

information work. The study includes R & D institutions in science

and technology and Universities. The survey method includes

questionnaire with open and closed type questions and interview with

Librarians. The study covers topics related to infrastructure, hardware

and software, databases created, availability of Library LAN, internet

connectivity, CD ROM based services etc. It also evaluates the training

and orientation needs of the library staff to cope with the electronic

media. The study reveals that the extent of use of electronic media is

improving with the impact of digital libraries, online journals etc in

the library system. One of the major concerns is the training and

computer literacy of library staff and users. He points out the need to

restructure the curriculum of library and information science

courses in India by including various aspects of ICT applications.

Mohamed Haneefa (2009)64 in a study of special libraries

assesses in detail the application of information and

communication technologies in special libraries in Uttar Pradesh.

The survey using structured questionnaires, semi-structured

interviews and observations, provides a state-of--art application of ICT

in automated special libraries of premier research institutions in Uttar

Pradesh. The study identify the factors that promote or hinder

application of ICT, user s satisfaction, ICT skills of library

professionals and the facilities for training in ICT in special libraries. It

also assesses the attitude of users and librarians towards the application

of ICT. Survey results show that majority of the libraries have basic

hardware and software facilities. Majority provide training for their

63

library staff in ICT based services. The librarians and users have a

highly positive attitude towards ICT application and the main barrier to

ICT application is inadequately trained library professionals.

Mohana Kumar (2010)65 in his study of college librarians in

Uttar Pradesh evaluates their professional manpower in the IT

environment. He studies the present position of library manpower in

college libraries and develop a professional library manpower

measurement scale PLMM. The study found limited use of IT in college

libraries and inadequate staff to provide relevant services. Majority

have attended conferences, continuing education programmes,

computer training etc. But only a very few have publications and he

recommends more IT related training programmes for college

librarians to provide effective services for users in their respective

institutions .

Vijaya kumar (2010)66 evaluates manpower utilization in the

university libraries of Uttar Pradesh, through a survey of university

libraries and library professionals in five universities with well

equipped university library system. He makes a detailed study of the

various university libraries in Uttar Pradesh with details regarding

central library and various departmental libraries with the help of

data sheets and questionnaire for library staff. Data includes details

of documentary sources, budget allocation, infrastructure and

manpower of all libraries. From the analysis of the qualifications and

skills of library professionals it is seen that 83% of professional staff

had higher qualifications than the entry level requirement. He states

that library professionals must acquire more management skills in

addition to computer skills and recommends restructuring the

manpower in university libraries in the light of induction of new

64

technologies.

REVIEWS

In addition to various research studies in areas related to

professional development and software applications, a lot of

literature is published on the theoretical aspects of professional

development Library Software applications and skills. A few are

reviewed in this section.

Griffiths (1995)67 103 opines that the traditional information

access and management roles played by the information professions

are expanding, particularly in the design and development of new

information products and services and of tools to support

information seeking and selection, the analysis and synthesis of

information content on behalf of users, and information user

instruction. The role of information professionals is to mediate the

interface between users and knowledge resources, using tools

and technologies. In addition to the computer-based and

telecommunications technologies, there are tools like classification

schemes, indexing systems, data structures, directories, meta

databases, and so on. He observes that librarians will increasingly be

involved in the creation activity, will create more and more

bibliographies, guides, and syntheses, and higher-level abstractions

of information content, directories etc

Barden (1997)68 describes the skills required by the information

worker of the future. He refers to Librarians as information workers

and suggests that information workers have to develop technology

skills and network management .They must be customer focused, need

to have a sophisticated knowledge of media management, storage,

retrieval, and they will be required to be acutely aware of the financial

65

and business implications of their activities. The author also suggests a

manifesto for training and development for information workers,

which will see them as being major contributors to, and shapers of

the 21st century.

Bryant (1997) 69 identifies nine core competencies for solo

librarians and discusses five of them, which are organizational culture;

management skills; communication; library/information skills; and

networking. The full list also includes interpersonal skills;

information technology; subject knowledge; and personal

development. The author suggests that this list is relevant to the

professional development needs of all information services

practitioners.

Kajberg (1997)70 explains the need for competency

development and upgrading of public librarians” knowledge in the

field of information technology (IT). The range ofskills needed by

today’s public library professional includes skills in developing local

full-text databases, Intranet design; designing innovative multi-media

based OPACs, electronic publishing, homepage creation, and Internet

navigation and searching. He discusses new roles and emerging

professional identities for librarians such as the net navigator, the

educator, the information consultant, and the gatekeeper.

Alemna (1998)71 identifies the education and training needs of

future librarians in Ghana based on the assumption that librarians

and information scientists are to assume new responsibilities due to

the developments in information technology. This also means that

both short- and long-term training programmes must be developed

based on assessed needed skills - actual and potential. He observes that

any changes in the curriculum of the Library School in future must also

66

consider the need to keep a proper balance between theory and

practice. Consideration must be given to the amount of time that

should be devoted to practical work and when and how practical

fieldwork would be organized, supervised, quality controlled and

evaluated. The author points out the areas such as Personnel and

Financial Management, Marketing of Information Services,

Information Technology and Communication Networks, Management

and Maintenance of Computers, Bookbinding, Conservation and

Restoration, Records Management, Inter lending and Document

Supply, User Education that are to be included in the future training

of library professionals .

Ilyas (1998)72 gives an overview of librarianship in Pakistan in

the 21st century. He observes that new skills and a change in attitude

on the part of librarians in Pakistan are required if they are to be able

to provide efficient and effective.

Information services to users into the next century. The

available data show that there are only a few opportunities for M.Phil

and Ph.D. studies in the library schools of Pakistan and most of the

professionals trained by these schools are thus deprived of chances of

getting higher education. About 250 professionals are produced

annually through the library schools in Pakistan; excluding those

trained by the Allama Iqbal Open University through distance

education. Hence, there is an intense need to tune the profession

according to the multifaceted needs of the emerging scenario

of information technology and the communications revolution.

Sreenivasulu, V (2010)73 highlights the roles and functions

of a Digital Librarian in information retrieval, content delivery,

navigation, and browsing. In his article, he stresses the need for

67

professional education and training for digital librarians in the

management of digital information systems. It denotes the DL‟s

interface unctions,roles, skills and competencies for the management of

digital information systems in the important areas of imaging

technologies, optical character recognition, markup languages,

cataloguing, metadata, multimedia indexing and database technology,

user interface design, programming, and Web technology. The author

finally advocates and targets the task of creating a new job title -

digital librarian - to take care of digital libraries and to manage the

digital information system.

Dalton, Mynott, and Shoolbred (2010)74 based on the findings

of the Library and Information Commission (LIC) report on Cross-

sectoral mobility in the LIS Profession and considers some of the

barriers to career development within the Library and Information

Services profession. It focuses specifically upon difficulties experienced

by LIS professionals in moving to different sectors of the profession. It

discusses issues such as professional segregation; employer

prejudice; poor employment strategies; lack of confidence among

LIS professionals; training; and lack of professional support. ICT

skills were considered to be of value in all sectors. Other skills include

basic LIS skills, communication and interpersonal skills, and self-

management skills. In addition to outlining some of the barriers

to the career development of LIS professionals; the paper offers a

number of recommendations for employers, professional bodies and

LIS professionals that may help to lessen many of these barriers.

Orick (2010)75 reviews the changing role of librarians. The

information revolution and availability of wide range of information on

web have created new challenges to the traditional professional ethics of

68

librarianship. The globalization of information means that access to

information is not limited by what is available in the local collection.

The librarian is no longer the primary “gatekeeper'' or guide to

information. Today most libraries are struggling to maintain a

``transitional library'' collecting and organizing both print and

electronic resources. Ability to access full-text resources electronically

from within the institution or from any PC provides the user with

convenient and immediate access to information. The digital library

requires the librarian not only to collect, organize, and teach patrons

about those resources in the local collection, but also to acquire

access to the vast amount of aggregated information housed on

computers throughout the world and to guide users to this

information. In the author’s view, technology will continue to change,

and libraries and librarians will use the changing technology to provide

the best access and service to their patrons.

Singh (2011)76 emphasizes the challenging role of librarians and

information professionals in the present internet era and describes

the impact of internet on various library processes. Internet has

changed the traditional library services like document acquisition,

technical processing circulation, reference service resource sharing,

document delivery etc. The role of internet to provide different user

friendly services in a library is described in detail .Integration of

library activities through Email, list serves, search of remote

databases, participating in interlibrary loan etc. The paper also stresses

the role of librarians in designing and maintaining libraries website /web

page leading to increase in library use and efficiency.

Braun (2002)77113 examines some of the ways in which the

Internet has brought new duties and new organizational structures to

69

traditional library jobs. Observes that the biggest change has been in

the teaching role of library staff that now provide users with classes

in both general computer skills and information literacy. Often

librarians do not have the skills required to organize, manage, and

run computer-training sessions. The demands of technology have

also led to a greater use of teamwork and to flatten the traditional

hierarchical organizational structure that allows all levels of staff to be

trained in the required skills and to be able to be members of project

teams.

Gulati (2009)78 discusses the status of information and

communication technologies in Indian libraries with special

reference to special libraries and the efforts made by various

institutions to propagate e-information products and services. This

paper highlights the consortium efforts in India like JCCC Consortium,

INDEST Consortium, CSIR E-journal Consortium, and UGC Infonet. It

further discusses digitisation efforts in India at NISCAIR, New Delhi,

IIITM, Uttar Pradesh, C-DAC Pune, and the Digital Library of India.

In addition it incorporates details on major information systems in

India (such as NISSAT) and major library networks in India

(such as, INFLIBNET, DELNET CALIBNET,etc.) It also details the

challenges for library and information science professionals in the

present IT environment.

Jestin and Parameswari (2002)79 observes that electronic

environment of the 21st century will demand a range of skills from

library and information science (LIS) professionals, including

technical skills, IT skills , and managerial skills .Users may turn for

help and advice on search techniques, database quality,

database development, and the range of databases that are

70

available. Librarians will need organized training programs, which

can be in the form of workshops, conferences, seminars, symposia etc.

Vijayakumar and Vijayakumar (2012)80 discuss the changing

nature of academic libraries and librarianship. Authors stress the

need of librarians to be involved in teaching and education through

information management and information access, building

collections and making them accessible, creating electronic

libraries, cooperation and resource sharing, support for research and

reference, etc. They also point out that future academic librarian should

be skilled in communication/training, IT, management, and subject

knowledge/ profiling.

Song (2010) 81 reports that the changing educational environment

in China requires new functions for university libraries, and these

functions demand that librarians possess different skills and talents.

The quality and skills of university library staff are decisive

factors for the development of both librarianship and national

education in China's digital and networked environment. On-line

distance learning is playing a more and more important role in

improving both the theoretical knowledge and practical ability of

practitioners in LIS. In China, over 40,000 staff work in more than

1,000 university libraries, but the lack of staff with professional

education in some libraries is the main issue and continuing education

offerings need to be strengthened. The issues faced by University

libraries at all levels of professional education are analysed.

Suggestions are put forward on how to expand the scope of education,

and how to utilize the networked environment to supply e-learning

to library staff to improve their ability in organising information

resources and in providing higher quality information services .

71

Omekwu(2012)82 reviews the trends in information handling and

the transition from information to knowledge management systems

in developing countries and the internet usage status , information

and communication technology facilities in Africa. Author also

discusses the changing role of Librarians in the knowledge age. He

suggests that library professionals must participate in information

and knowledge creation, undertake information resources

documentation, provide an information identification service and

evolve new means of preservation of resources. He points out that

information professionals from developing countries must re-evaluate

their roles in terms of how they contribute to the management

of technology and information in the knowledge age.

Guha (2012)83 outlines the opportunities that Digital Learning

Environments has put forward for teaching and learning. Focusing

on a particular aspect of professional development i.e., continuing

professional education (CPE) in the light of Information and

communication technology (ICT), the paper discusses about the

changed scenario. It also presents an Open access Continuing

Education Virtual Classroom, developed to provide a continuing

professional education platform to LIS professionals in India.

Islam and Rahman (2012)84 outlines the present status of

information and communication technology (ICT) in Bangladesh to

represent the scenario of growth and development of ICT in relation to

the evolution of the information explosion with the aim of providing

better library and information services in Bangladesh. The status of

Information technology (IT) in Bangladesh is not at par with the other

developed countries, but recently the situation has changed

significantly. Libraries and information services centers are

72

expected to get immense facilities to access and cooperate with

information world. A UNDP funded Program SDNP virtual library has

prepared a union catalogue of 13 libraries, all of which are using

CDS/ISIS software for bibliographic record keeping.

Patel (2012) 85describes the changing role of libraries and

LIS professionals in the digital learning environment and discusses

about the library services in an integrated environment where digital

libraries and e-learning programme goes hand in hand. It highlights e-

learning scenario in India with special reference to the initiatives taken

by educational institutions and emphasizes the need to initiate LIS

education in Digital Learning Environment, particularly in India.

Rajyalakshmi (2010)86 discusses the knowledge and skills

required for information professionals with respect to the changing

concept of Information management. Briefly describes the areas to be

included in the curriculum for training of information personnel such as

Artificial Intelligence, Economics of Information, Manpower skills,

Information systems etc. The author also discusses the impact of

information technology, resources in information management, the

changes in work environment of libraries, and the current trends in

information management.

Singh and Nazim (2008)87 discuss the impact of information

technology and role of libraries in the age of knowledge and

information societies. The paper highlights the problems faced by the

Library & Information Service (LIS) sector in India and

achievements over the years using modern information technologies.

Stress the role of libraries in performing pivotal roles in disseminating

and sharing the culture of knowledge. Developments in information

communication technology (ICT) have enabled libraries to provide

73

access to all, and bridge the gap between the local, the national and

the global. Yet the Library and Information Services (LIS) sector in

India has not kept pace with the paradigmatic changes taking place in

society.

2.2 CONCLUSION The survey of literature has given an insight into the research

carried out in the related fields of study. Further, it has helped to know

the tools and methods relevant for the study. Majority of the studies are

conducted with the help of questionnaire survey and personal

interview. The literature survey has also revealed that most of the

LS related studies are conducted abroad. In India there are

comparatively few studies related to LS applications and professional

development of library professionals. The pace of developments in LS

in the field of library and information science is rather slow when

compared to other sectors. It is clear that technological change

clearly affects library staff and there is a need to develop guidelines

and policies to train the professionals in providing frontline services in

academic libraries.

74

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countries". The Electronic Library, 24 (6), 847-863.

83 Guha, N. (2012).,"CT for Continuing Professional Education for

LIS Professionals" . Retrieved January 16, 2010, from

https://drtc.isibang.ac.in/ bitstream/handle/ 1849/ 222/

paperO_nabonita.pdf? sequence=1

84 Islam, A., & Rahman, A. (2012)," Growth and development

of information and communication technologies in

Bangladesh". The Electronic Library, 24 (2), 135-146.

85 Patel, D. (2012)," E-learning and its Impact on LIS Profession".

Retrieved January 16, 2010, from https://drtc.isibang.ac.in/

bitstream/handle/ 1849/231/paperX _Dimple.pdf. 18/02/2014

2.18PM

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86 Rajyalakshmi, D. (2010)," Information Professionals knowledge

and skills, for information management". ILA Bulletin, 43 (4), 8-

15.

87 Singh, D. K., & Nazim, M. (2008), "Impact of Information

Technology and Role of Libraries in the Age of Information and

Knowledge Societies". Retrieved January 16, 2010, from

http://ir.inflibnet.ac.in/dxml/bitstream/handle/1944/1229/3. pdf?

sequence= 23/02/2014 10.49 PM

*******

86

CHAPTER-3

LIBRARY AUTOMATION : NEED AND PURPOSE

3.1 LIBRARY AUTOMATION: DEFINITION, CONCEPT

AND SCOPE :

Automation can be defined as a process of doing something

mechanically without having any reason or thinking. In computers we

have all operations done in an automatic way. We feed the instructions,

input the basic data and give command to the computer and it does the

desired operations automatically.

The term “Automation” can be used synonymously with

“mechanization”. The use of the term in this sense is not very popular

in the modern library science. On the other hand it is most

conveniently equated with computerization. When a computer is used

to perform a library operation which was earlier performed manually

and the computer performs the basic tasks such as listing of books,

cataloguing, acquisition, circulation-control and sharing of

information, it is called library automation.

As a computer system is installed in the library of an

organization, it changes the ways operations were performed, the task

of the staff and the relationship between the library unit staff and the

readers.

3.2 NEED FOR LIBRARY AUTOMATION

In an era of fast growing technology every institution in human

life needs to cope up with rapidly changing techniques in order to

provide required output in a stipulated span of time. As for the library

87

services are concerned in manual system of library activities it

consumes human labor and time resulting causing loss of working

hours and creating burden on human resource. In order to meet out the

challenges of time there is an urgent need for library automation. The

following are the main reasons which plead for the library automation.

3.3 INCREASE IN NUMBER OF PRINTED BOOKS AND

JOURNALS

In India after independent almost in three decades the number of

printed books and journals were limited and three library operation was

done manually. But since the decade of 80’s onwards with

advancement in printing technology and new discoveries and invention

in varies fields of learning increased the number of printed books and

journals. The libraries which contained books in thousands in their

stacks have to keep and maintain the operations of books in lacs. To

manage the affairs of such libraries the automation becomes an

essential need of the time.

3.4.1 MASSIVE GROWTH IN NUMBER OF READERS OR

LIBRARY USERS.

During the earlier decades of the 20th century education was

available to a very limited number of people in India. But with the

advancement of science and technology the growth in the economic

status of the various classes of the Indian society led them towards the

educational institutions. The number of universities and colleges grew

up. The massive growth in the number of readers and library users was

due to the growth in social awareness, economic up liftment, political

consciousness and other socio-cultural and fiscal factors.

88

3.5 ADVANCEMENT IN VARIOUS FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE.

At the outset of post–Independence India the academic

institution were imparting education on the traditional subjects like,

Languages, History, Sociology, Political Science, Physics, Chemistry,

Zoology, Botany, Mathematics, etc, But nowadays these traditional

subjects are divided in to various branches of learning. Each of these is

having a status of an independent subject. We can take the example of

library science it self. In earlier times library science had nothing to do

with computer operations but nowadays library science has been

associated with information and communication technology. It is

because of this reason it has been felt that the libraries of today must

have computerized automation to facilitate their readers in finding out

their desired study material.

3.6 NEED FOR SHARING INFORMATION

Because of the information explosion and drastic expansion of

knowledge no library of the world, however big it may be, cannot

claim to have sufficient space to store all kinds of books in its stack

and collection. Thus no library can called self sufficient. Information

today is continuously being produced in bulk and with such a speed

that even most of the libraries which are financially strong cannot

procure all the published books and journals.

Libraries of today will have to realize and accept that the goal or

aspiration of self sufficiency is a delusion, like searching a lake in a

desert. The goal of self-sufficiency has therefore become unrealistic

and an impracticable proposition even for the biggest library of the

world. It is for this reason that someone has suggested that the slogan,

"No Library can stand alone", should be adopted as the 'Sixth Law ' of

library Science. Need of resource sharing was realized by libraries long

89

back. Besides entering into Inter–Library Loan practice, libraries also

thought seriously of resource sharing in many other areas, such as

cooperative acquisition, cataloguing classification etc. Inter Library

Loan has been adopted and practiced as one of the most popular

resource sharing activities amongst libraries. Let us analyze the pros

and cons of inter library loan in a computerized library vis-à-vis in a

traditional library. Inter Library loan in a traditional library is severely

affected by barriers of information communication, such as distance,

time, language, apathy of the lending libraries etc. It also takes time for

the borrowing library to get books on loan from lending library. But if

the two libraries are computerized, the information can be copied

instantaneously with the help of Network.

3.7 FACILITATE THE LIBRARY SERVICE:

3.7.1 ACQUISITION

Automation of a library facilitates the library services. Some

times in a manually operated library the increased work load of library

personnel becomes very tedious and unavoidable. For example

acquisition and processing of books, journals and other reading

materials in a time bound span, bulk of books received as a gift,

organization and acquisition of new materials etc. In a computerized

library this task becomes easier and decreases the work load.

Automation of a library performs the following functions easily:

(a) It prepares vendor directory ;

(b) list of books on approval and recommended for acquisition ;

(c) list of titles selected and rejected ;

(d) Integration of acquisition data;

(e) data entry under various bibliographic fields etc.

3.7.2 CLASSIFICATION

90

Call number of books were assigned manually in earlier times.

But if relevant call number for each books is to be fed in the computer

through keyboard, computer can help in alphabetical classification only

by taking key-words from acquisition module. It is sometimes argued

that with the use of computer, there may not be any need to assign

notational call number to each book because with the help of key

words each book can be searched in computer. It may however be

pertinent to discuss this issue in proper perspective. The purpose of

notational classification is two-fold.

(i) To organize the library's collection is APUPA pattern among

subjects and

(ii) To ensure filiatory sequence with the branches of a subject, so

that the shelf arrangement of books could be done accordingly.

This objective can be met out if notational classification number

is assigned manually to each book. Thus in classification of

books computer has a limited role to play ( Pandey 1995).1

3.7.3 CATALOGUING

One of the major tasks in libraries is cataloguing. In manual

cataloguing, say, card catalogue, requires multiple entries such as

author, title, subject, series, etc which becomes a repetitive work.

Automation of cataloguing is one time operation.

There is no repetition. There is no need of sorting or

alphabetical or other kind of filling. The computer does it if properly

programmed. It can also generate printed catalogue cards.

Computerized catalogue is most effective tool in retrieving information

about the documents in library easily and quickly. A good catalogue

enables both the users and the library staff to utilize the library

collection effectively.

91

The cataloguing functions require the professional as well as

clerical skill on the Part of the cataloguer such as typing of headings,

sorting of cards and alphabetization, filling etc.

The computer has been used in a variety of ways in cataloguing.

The most elementary use of computers for cataloguing is to minimize

data-entry of keyboard effort. After all data elements for cataloguing of

a given publication are entered, it is possible to use the data to produce

a full set of catalogue cards for it. Once the entered data is verified, all

cards produced become error free. It can also help inproducing book

cards and spine labels.

Computers are also useful in producing book catalogues i.e.,

catalogue records arranged in the form of a list of entries and bound as

books. Computer can, also be utilized for centralized cataloguing e.g.

MARC project of the Library of Congress Galhotra 2008).

3.7.4 CIRCULATION

In conventionally managed libraries, the circulation system

consists of charging, discharging, overdue control, reservation, renewal

and appropriate records maintenance. These operations are quite

amenable to automation. An automated circulation system acts as in

interface between the user and the information system with other

backup services like acquisition, cataloguing, serial control and

housekeeping chores. The system can perform such functions as issues/

returns ; renewals; reservation notification of delinquent borrowers;

calculation offines, notices and receipts of fines ;recall notices;

borrowers information (name, address, telephone number,

identification number etc) document status information (on issue, in

bindery, missing, damage etc.); circulation statistics; stock verification

reports ;etc.

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3.7.5 CHARGES

Charges are one of the fundamental functions in a circulation

control system. For charging an item, the Patron Identification Number

(PIN) and Document Identification Number (DIN) are identified to the

system through OCR (Optical Character Recognition) or keying in the

data or by some other means) which are eventually validated by the

system for the correctness. Only if both are thought with the validation

check, the system records the transaction and allows the patron to

borrow the item. The validation not only checks whether the entered

code ( PIN or DIN) is correct but also sees whether the total number

odd items borrowed is within the borrowing privilege of the patron. In

the interest of efficiency, the system supports for having different

patron types with different borrowing periods. Further, it allows

different types of item to be loaned for different loan periods as

prescribed by the library. A good system allows multiple books to be

borrowed in a single transaction. This will, of course, save the time

required for each transaction.

3.7.6 RETURN

The discharge function basically involves receiving the item back

into the library and updating the patron’s record to reflect the returning

of the item and producing an acknowledgement for returning the item,

if required. As in case of changing, even discharging the PIN and DIN

are identified to the system. The system after suitable validation,

updates the concerned records suitably. An efficient system allows for

discharging multiple items in a single transaction, back dating the

discharge so as to prevent fines from being accumulated against a

patron.

3.7.7 RENEWAL

93

This function allows for the patron to extend the loan period.

This function may be thoroughly controlled by the patron type,

materials type, the reservation status of the book, and other conditions

as applicable to a individual library. As many times, renewal has to be

done with or without the presence of the patron and / or item, the

control has to be exercised by the systems automatically.

3.7.8 FINES LEVIED

In order to ensure the prompt returning other items, it is usual

practice in libraries to levy fines against patron for failure to return

items by due date. Generally, the fine accrued is calculated upon the

discharges off overdue items. While calculating fines, it is necessary

for the system to consider (as per the library policy) the type of items,

patron class, and other specifications as applicable in individual

library. Further the automation system takes in to account the holiday

list during the calculation of fines.

3.8 ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF LIBRARY

AUTOMATION

The Internet grew out of a defense related computer network

known ARPANET. In 1957 the Advance Research Projects Agency

(ARPA) created by US president D. Eisenhower for scientific

superiority of US over Soviet Union. In 1970 ARPA developed a

network which was named ARPANET. This ARPANET has evolved

into today’s internet. The real breakthrough to exponential grown in

the internet came after the invention of World Wide Web. Since mid

1990’s the growth of internet is phenomenal (Sreen 20053 ).

In Modern time we are passing through a rabid change in every

spheres of in science and technology. A process of great change has

been taking place today in libraries and the impact of information

94

technology and application of computers in library work has taken

place of large number of works which were being done manually in

earlier time. We hear a lot about library automation in libraries and

library automation is nothing but application of machines viz.

computers to the routine library housekeeping operations such as

acquisition, serial control cataloguing and circulation. Before

proceeding into the depth of library automation, it is necessary to know

the historical background of automation. Automation of library has

passed through several stages of development, which can be divided

into 3 phases:

3.1 Early Phase.

3.2 Middle Phase.

3.3 Current Phase.

3.8.1 EARLY PHASE

In the beginning of civilization the humans used fingers for

counting, calculating or computing. Even today we count on fingers.

We have 10 fingers, so 10 based numbers of counting was perhaps

thought or found to be most convenient way of computing. However

later it was realized that it was difficult to carry out long calculations

with the help of fingers. It was simple and convenient, but it had many

limitations, such as: it was difficult to store the result of a certain

calculation, and it was difficult to recall and remember after sometimes

the result of previous calculations. Similarly, long calculations on

fingers were time taking and still longer calculations were difficult to

perform. In order to overcome this difficulty, counting on sand frame

was introduced by the traders of Egypt around 3000B.C. The traders

then devised a mechanism of calculations on sand with the help of

small pieces of stone. They used to draw desired number of frames on

95

sand. The right most frames represented ones, the frame to its left

represented tense, and the frame to the left of ten represented hundreds

and so on. Thereafter they used to put or place in the relevant frame

required number of tiny stones-pieces to do calculation. For example,

the trader wanted to keep the record and do calculations pertaining to

the sale of oil barrels by him, he would do as follows: the first day he

sold 9 barrels of oil, so he will put nine stone-pieces on the right side

frame. Next day he sold five more barrels, so the next day he will

remove five stones from the right frame (thus leaving four stones there)

and will place one stone-piece on the left side frame. By this method

he would go on storing the result of calculations. Sand frame counting

gave men wider base of calculations. It added to speed in computation

in comparison to finger calculation, and at the same time enabled the

traders to retain or store the result of calculations for some time, but

the limitations were that the frames were neither durable nor

transportable and it was not possible to use these for a longer time. The

first application of automation in libraries can be traced back to 1936

when the University of Texas adapted a mechanical system for its

circulation function. In the first half of the 20thcentury, i.e. in the early

1960s library automation began especially in the U.S.A. after the

World War II. During this period, many libraries in North America and

in the U.K began to experiment processing of information by using

computers. Many techniques were introduced in the universities and

national libraries. Several of systems were like tabulators, sorters;

punched cards were used for circulation i.e. for providing books on

loan, serial control, acquisition, cataloguing etc.

(Laxminarayan, 1986).4 In the U.K. the Public Libraries of

Camden and West Sussex and the University libraries of Newcastle

96

and Southampton were involved in the Experimental phase. Many

systems such as edge-notched cards, optical coincidence, punched

cards, and early computers developed during this phase failed due to

the following reasons:

1 Computer technology at that time was inadequate. 2 Librarians

were not sufficiently definitive in their requirements of the computer

based system. 3 Computer people thought that they knew the

librarians’ requirements of the computer based system. 4 It was

thought that all the individual systems in a library should be

simultaneously converted to computer based. (Tedd, 1977).5

3.8.2 MIDDLE PHASE

Abacus was one of the most ancient devices capable of

computing and remains popular for centuries. But entire operation in it

at each stage and every time had to be done manually. In spite of all its

qualities, abacus was just like a drop of water on the roasting sand of

the human’s computing requirements. It was helpful to the extent that

it could retain results of computation for a bit longer period. But it

lacked mechanical processing quality. It consumed long time and

operations were dull. Then men thought of developing a device which

could do the work of calculation mechanically tell the result of

calculation on its own. A french mathematiciam, Blaise Pascal made a

breakthrough in this direction and developed the first mechanical

calculator, Arithemetic Engine, as named by him around the year 1647.

The machine was capable of performing addition and subtraction

mechanically. It was of the size of a cigarette box. It performed these

operations through inbuilt teeth and gears representing numbers 1-9

and 0. Pascal had invented this machine basically for helping his

father, who was a judge in a tax court in France, to do calculations. He

97

later prepared 40-50 pieces of his "engine" but there was no buyer.

Therefore, due to lack of any incentive dropped the idea of doing

further research for bringing improvement in the "engine" In this

phase the computers were applied offline. During this period, many

librarians made use of the computer as a tool in the organization of

many of the library’s procedures. Most of these systems were

developed locally, either in an academic library, special library or

public library. In this phase focus was mostly on acquisition,

cataloguing and circulation process. During this phase, OPAC i.e.

Online Public Access Catalogue was in an experimental stage in the

U.S.A. During this phase, Machine Readable Catalogue i.e. MARC

came into existence in year 1963 at the Library of Congress, U.S.A for

providing standardization in automation. In 1967, the Ohio College

Library Centre (OCLC) was set up which is an online system which

marked the beginning of cooperative systems and union catalogue. In

1969, the Library of Congress started distribution of records in the new

MARC II format.

3.83 URRENT PHASE

In the 1970s there has been an increase in library cooperation

and resource sharing by libraries developing computer based systems.

In this phase, designing of online systems and conversion of batch

systems in to online mode was done and also 71the growth of library

network and databases were seen in these Phase. Here magnetic tapes

and floppy disks were used for storing information. In the 1980s there

was in intensive use of online systems networks, optical disks, CD-

ROMs etc. In this period, micro computers came to be used in libraries.

Late on through Internet and library networks, all processes of libraries

were integrated. (Rajagopalan, 1986).6

98

In India, some libraries and information centers made efforts To

‘automate’ their library routines and information services in 1960s with

punch card and with a couple of second generation general computers

that were available at Kanpur and Bombay. INSDOC was the leader in

experimenting with computers for their application in documentation

and information work in 1964. Initially they made use 72 of the IBM

1620 Model I that was available at IIT Kanpur. The first attempt was

with work on data collected for union catalogue of scientific serial.

(Raizada, 1965).7 Haravu carried out an experiment with IBM 1620 in

computerized data retrieval as part of this course in documentation and

reprography, conducted by INSDOC, with the cooperation of Raizada

who initiated computerization in INSDOC. The objective of his

experiment was to find out the suitability of IBM 1620 computer for

storage and retrieval of data. The program for this experiment was

written in FORTRAN 11 D language. The programming done in this

experiment may be considered under three heads: For storage of data,

Retrieval of data and Presenting the data in an intelligible form. The

data on the code sheets was key punched and verified. (Haravu &

Raizada, 1967).8 The next experiment carried out at INSDOC in

computerization was on preparing author and subject indexes to Indian

Science Abstracts. In 1969, an attempt was made to develop a

complete and integrated program deck to process union catalogue for

Mysore (now Karnataka) using the comp facility at Delhi School of

Economics. It is said that the computer system posed certain problems

for this data file, through finally the main part with indexes was

produced. To overcome the problem of on-line storage limitations, the

INSDOC completely redesigned the work to suit the IBM 360/44

computer at the Delhi University computer centre. ( Murty & Arora,

99

1974).9 Harold Borko of the system Development Corporation Santa

Monica California submitted a paper on ‘Experimental Studies in

Automated Document Classification’ wherein he presented his studies

in the use of Factor Analysis- a mathematical technique for deriving

classification categories for a set of documents. In an automated

classification, the class membership is determined on the basis of the

words contained in the documents and the documents can be ordered

into classes on the basis of similarities or differences in vocabulary. He

had investigated the application of factor analysis to these problems of

document classification. He concluded that the techniques of

automated document classification can be used to organize specialized

document collections. (Harold, 1966).10 Dr. H.P. Luhn had organized

computerized indexes in1950s.

Computers entered and found some place in American libraries

during this decade. However their use and application was very limited

and restricted due to the high cost of hardware and non-availability of

application software packages. During 1960s the cost of hardware was

slashed down and appreciable attempts were made towards

development of library application packages. This led to increased use

of computers in libraries and printing industries. In April 1960 the

American Chemical Society published its ‘Chemical Titles’ through

computers. In this direction was seen in MARC I. In the year 1963

W.K. Gilbert prepared a report on computerization of Library of

Congress. On the basis of this report of MARC I project was started in

1966, and the work of bringing out of the Library of Congress

Catalogue in Machine Readable Catalogue (MARC) form was started

and completed. Now-a-days computers have become almost essential

components of library work in developing countries.

100

3.9 LIBRARY AUTOMATION IN MAJOR DEVELOPED

COUNTRIES

The developing of special libraries started since early 19th

century, though it was slow and implicit. The youngest special

libraries were those is technology and industry. In 1855, the Patent

Office established a technological library, which is the oldest of

such libraries. During the World War I, Public libraries

startedopening commercial sections, which indicates the tendency

to form special units; Glasgow did it in 1911, Liverpool in 1917,

Bradford in 1918, Birmingham, Dundee, Leeds and Manchester in

1918 and Bristol in 1920 ( Saraf, 1964).11

Information explosion and the need for quick dissemination

of information led to the use of mechanized means in the special

libraries from mid 1950s. (Bhattacharya 1972).12 made a

comparative study of the trends in teaching, research and practice

of indexing. He found in his survey, conducted in the last quarter of

1968, that 25 per cent of all libraries in private industries, firms etc.

in U.K. Used a computer or non-computer mechanized system for

indexing and searching as compared to only 13 per cent of

academic library system. (Tyskevic's 1972).13 Study also shows that

mechanization and automation of information operations have been

used in the U.S.S.R. on fairly large scale since mid-1960.

In late 1970s, it was felt that use of computers was the only

solution to overcome the existing problems and provide efficient

services. Knowledge explosion, time lag in the publication of

current information and cost were highlighted as the three major

problems of science communication in the research libraries by

( Lancaster 1978).14 Preferred solutions to these problems were

101

increased reliance on library automation and sharing of resources

through computer network. He pointed out that, at present,

machine-readable databases exist side by side with printed

databases, but this situation would change when on-line terminals

become sufficiently commonplace. He foresaw a transition from

traditional library practices to electronic distribution and use of

electronic information sources.

Drake's (1980)15 review on the demographic, political, social,

economical and technological trends affecting the special libraries

in U.S., showed that the application of computers and

telecommunication technologies would make more and more

information available to the user at his desktop. Also, special

librarian's intimate knowledge of the needs of clients would enable

them to use technology to tailor and personalize information

services Robertson's (1980)16 study also reflected the importance of

computerization in research libraries. He described a user-oriented

model for setting priorities for services and for planning and

evaluating a medium size science/technology research library

Eleven aspects of library services were grouped into three clusters

of importance with journal purchases and computerized literature

searching given in the highest priority. Robinson (1981)17 discussed

the importance and benefits of networks/cooperatives to special

libraries. She highlighted that in addition to the benefits an

institution can gain by participating in the national network.

Librarians too can gain a good deal professionally and

personally as networks bring librarian together to solve problems,

pool researches and purchase services jointly.

102

Chou and Lini (1998)18 traced the developments of library

automation in Taiwan at different phases–from its origin (1961-

1970) to the current period of resource sharing (1991). They

discussed three main networks in Taiwan that are closely connected

with automation development, namely, TANet, HiNet and

SEEDNet. They suggested network-to-network information

sharing, provision of global digitized information and sponsorship

of information orientation for people from all walks of life in order

to match services to actual individual demands.

3.10 LIBRARY AUTOMATION IN INDIA

There was tremendous growth in scientific and technological

research since the end of World War II. A major factor in this was

the work of CSIR, which was founded in 1942 and now supervises

30 national research laboratories. So, the need for adequate

provision of scientific and technical libraries in India became

apparent. Much of the credit for development of special libraries in

India must go to IASLIC, which was founded in 1955, on the lines

of ASLIB, and its activities include publication of journal,

organization of conferences and symposia, and operation of a

Documentary Reproduction Service and a Translation Panel.

Evans and Ghosh ( 1959)19 drew attention to some of the

special problems of library services in India in 1959, including

comparative scarcity and inaccessibility of literature, delays in

obtaining literature from overseasand communication problems

caused by tremendous distances between centers.

In 1962, IASLIC provided a valuable service by the

publication of a directory of special libraries, which gives detailed

information about 173 libraries, including staff, stock, opening

103

hours, accommodation, issue figures and finance (including

expenditure on books and staff salaries).

Later, following the recommendations of a conference of the

information scientists held at Mysore in May 1963, Project

Oriented Central information Service was set up on experimental

basis in a number of establishments to standardize the methods of

bibliographical search amongst the libraries, information and

research staff, and to assist the libraries in evolving a co-

coordinated flow of work. First experiment took place at National

metallurgical Laboratory, manshedpur in 1963 itself.

The National Science library was developed in 1964 as an

urgent priority, with tits major role being to co-ordinate the

holdings. Especially periodical holdings, of Indian scientific

libraries with the ultimate objective of ensuring the ready location

of any important journal in the country, regardless of language or

place of publication. In 1964, INSDOC set up a small information

Retrieval Cell which developed an alphabetization program for

Union Catalogue of Scientiifc Serials and the output was produced

on punched cards. In 1966, Delhi School of Economics processed

the data relating to Roster of Indian Translators using an IBM 1620

model II Raizada, (1964). 20

Later in 1969, an attempt was made by INSDOC to develop

a complete and integrated program deck to process the data

pertaining to Union Catalogue for Mysore State using IBM 1620

model II, located at Delhi School of Economics. The Computer

system presented problems for processing this data file, though

finally the main part with indexes was produced, Later, INSDOC

redesigned the entire project and executed in on IBM 360. A

104

package of 15 programs was also developed in FORTRAN IV and

PL/I for complete processing of data relating to National Union

Catalogue of Scientific Serials Raizada, (1976).21

During late 1960s document Research and Training Centre

(DRTC), Banglore conducted a series of experiments to examine

the feasibility of using computers in Document Finding System

(DFS). DRTC developed a complete set of programs of DFS under

the guidance of Prof A Neelameghan and implemented in on IBM

1401 system Parthasarathy, (1978). 22

Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) developed

machine-readable catalogue of technical reports and since 1970, It

started participating in INS project as the input centre. Later BARC

developed AFSARI system, a set of programs written in COBOL,

for the provision of SDI services. During 1970, Tata Institute of

Fundamental Research (TIFR) Library developed programs for

generating their library catalogue based on annual acquisitions

(Havanur, 1975). 23

A broad picture of special library scene in India has been

provided by Rajgopalan in (1970). 24 His survey of 127 libraries

shows that almost half of them (64) have fewer than 10,000

volumes and more than half (87) receive fewer than 300

periodicals. Classified cataloguing predominates, and most popular

classification scheme is DDC (used by 50 libraries), followed by

UDC (31 libraries) and CC (14 libraries).

By late 1970s the importance of computers and on-line

facility was realized and Vashishth (1979) 25 highlighted the fact

that in Western and a few other developed countries, the on-line

facility had reduced the gap between the user and piece of

105

information to zero. He suggested that efforts should be made to

have the online facility in Indian as an early date so that the Indian

scientists are not at a loss.

Beginning of 1980s saw a march towards automation. It was

felt that application of technology was the most important factor for

developing the information network in India Rajan, (1980).26 He

discussed the features of the modern libraries as a product of the

social milieu and pointed out that in most of the industrially

advanced countries, computer technology, reprographics and

telecommunication technology have revolutionized the whole

information transfer process. He further stressed that, in India also,

application of technology would be the most important factor in

developing the information network.

Krishan Kumar (1980)27 also urged the libraries to adopt

automation and recognize the potential of computers in extending

library services, He was hopeful that computerization of library

activities and services in India would lead to qualitative

improvements of existing library and information services.

Attempts were made by many library personnel in various parts of

Indian to computerize library house-keeping activates and services.

Ravichandra Rao (1981)28 described how sampling

techniques could be used with advantage to estimate the number of

lost books and the total cost of the lost books. He also stressed that

the stock verification work can be speeded up with efficiently,

effectively and economically using the computer.

Bajaj (1983)29 designed an automated circulation system in

COBOL language on ICL-2960 computer system of IIT, Delhi. The

system was able to help the readers expeditiously and also save the

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manual labor of the staff. He stressed that, manual circulation

systems were time consuming operations that required a variety of

tedious clerical chores but computerized systems can dramatically

reduce time, effort and money required to run an efficient system.

Later, an automated serial control system was designed in

COBOL language on ICL-2960 computer system of IIT, Delhi. It

was found that computerized system was not only fast and efficient

but also provided other services like preparation of expenditure.

Statements, updating of payment record, preparation of catalogues

and suppliers directory (Bajaj, 1984).30 In 1985, a study on early

literature of computer based storage and retrieval of geo-scientific

data and information shows that use and application of computer

system in understanding. Geological process started emer4ging

with its first publication in 1946 (Gupta, 1985).31

Pathwardhan (1985)32 studied the online information system

for providing SDI service to users at Kirloskar Electric Company

Ltd, Banglore. His study shows that SDI service offered by using

online system s is superior both from qualitative and quantitative

aspect. Number of records scanned, speed and efficiency are the

distinct features of the same. The cost of SDI through online

systems is high but the benefits derived from such services

outweigh those derived from manual SDI.

Kumar (1986)33 in his report on the conference of FID/CR

held on 15th Nov. 1985 in New Delhi, has mentioned that there was

consensus on using Facet Analysis to organize databases or

knowledge bases containing highly structured and categorized

knowledge. It was lso cimphasized that there should be

collaboration between specialists in the fields of library science,

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computer science, linguistics, artificial intelligence, knowledge

engineering and numerical taxonomy to carry out inter disciplinary

research and also to avoid duplication of research in the area of

classification and communication.

In 1986 an in-house database using MARC tapes for

accessing documents related to computer science was developed by

Murthy (1986)34 His experiment shows that the high initial

expenses and cost of maintenance of already available databases

and sophisticated software is not acceptable by most of the libraries

in India. An in-house database can be created suing the computer

facilities already available, and without expensive equipment,

software or outside consultants. The local records format can be

developed on MARC tapes, produced and distributed by Libarary

of Congress, Washington on a subscription basis.

Ranganathan and Rao (1989)35 provided an overview of

NICFOS database. The work on this database started with the

procurement of PSI OMNI, and minicomputer, in 1985. NICFOS

provides online information retrieval facility from the NICFOS

database to its in house users and SDI service to its experiment

stations, food industries and R&D organizations in the country.

Haruvu's review of the development of library automation in

India, in last 10 years, shows that the main players in the area of

library automation in 1980s have been special libraries of the

country. These libraries/documentation centers are in the R&D

institution sunder the Council of scientific and industrial Research

(CSIR), Indian Council of Medical Research (ICAR) and the

Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO).

Considerable impetus to the use of new information technologies in

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special libraries was provided by the support that the Department of

Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR) extended to the Sectoral

Information Centres established under the auspices of the National

Information System for Science and Technology (NISSAT).

NISSAT also funded several training programmes and software

development projects, which have played an important role in

improving awareness of new technologies and their potential and in

transfer of skills and software to different special libraries in the

country Thapa (2007).36

3.11 PURPOSE OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION.

The purpose and objective of setting up institutions like

libraries has been the Storage, Organization, Retrieval and

Dissemination of information, i.e. INFORMATION SORD.

Information is considered to be the most vital and prominent

heritage of the mankind. Hence, since the beginning of human life

and civilization the mankind have been storing retrieving and

disseminating it. In ancient times information was stored in Smrity

(Memory) and assimilated after its dissemination through Sruti

(hearing). The Universe of Knowledge was then very small and

therefore it was possible to store it in memory. Human's brain is

also a computer and its stores and assimilates information in an

organized manner and also retrieves it when its dissemination is

required. Gradually the Universe of knowledge grew and the

humans found it difficult to retain or store all information in

memory. They, therefore, started recording it on various mediums.

Then necessity for storing this recorded form of information was

felt and manuscript library was the result. There was no standard

and defined pattern of organization of these manuscripts because

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their number was so less that it was not very difficult to retrieve a

manuscript at the time of need. After the advent of the printing

press the number of macro and micro documents immensely

increased. Researches in various disciplines also resulted into

growth of Universe of Knowledge in a big way. It therefore became

difficult to organize documents in casual way. Catalogue codes

were devised, schemes of classification were designed and various

techniques were developed for organizing the available

information. As a result we had traditional libraries managed by

technically trained personnel. But in view of the knowledge

explosion and flood of information which have deluged the world,

it has now humanly become impossible to achieve this purpose of

information SORD without the help of computers.

3.12 STORAGE

The size of recorded information is ever growing whereas

space available at the disposal of each library is limited. No library

can think of getting additional space every year, although collection

will grow continuously. Weeding of books is small solution

because books cannot be weeded out as speedily as these are

acquired. Computer application can solve this problem, as computer

is capable of storing huge bulk of information on tiny storage

mediums. Catalogue of the library can be stored easily on the

primary/internal memory/storage mediums. Text of old volumes of

serials, bulky reference books etc. can be stored in CD/ROM. For

example, a CD/ROM of 12 cm diameter, can store the text of the

complete set of Encyclopedia Britannica. Serials (Books-in-Prints

etc.) abstracts, indexing periodicals etc. are already available on

CD/ROM. For storing these available information on small storage

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mediums computers are the need of the day and library automation

is hence necessary for this purpose.

3.13 ORGANIZATION

Owing to knowledge explosion, the society is deluged with

multifaceted and multidimensional information to such an extent

that not only its information's storage has created challenge, but the

organization of this bulk of information has also become unwieldy.

Gravity of the situation can be gauged from the fact that according

to an estimate more than five thousand pages are being printed

every minute in the world. It is impossible for the traditionally

managed libraries to bring these to the notice of users. Reason

behind this laps is that the library staff does not get sufficient time

to select the respective documents, index these, and get these typed

for onward transmission to the respective or all user. By the time

the staff completes accessioning/entering and technical processing

of the particular batch of documents, the second batch arrives, and

no time is left for CAS to all users in general and SDI to respective

users in particular. Computers can solve these problems because

once, at the acquisition or recording stage, information about the

documents if fed in the computer, it, with simple commands,

generates and produces printed copy of List of Additions including

SDI for each user by computerized matching the user profile with

documents profile. It is difficult for a library to organize this flood

of information manually. Here also computer can help the libraries

because computer can index, search and present the required

information automatically within no time.

3.14 DISSEMINATION

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Due to knowledge explosion and flood of literature it has

become impossible for a researcher/scholar to go through all the

publication of his or her interest even if he or she has access to it. It

is therefore one of the responsibilities of a library to keep its users

abreast of the literature of their interest by regularly bringing out

list of additions, subject bibliographies and SDI services. Like wise,

computer can print out in a few minutes or display instantaneously

on VDU bibliography of books/articles on any subject by automatic

scanning and sorting the titles from its memory.

3.15 RESOURCE SHARING

Libraries of today will have to realise and accept that the goal

or aspiration of self sufficiency is delusion, like searching a lake in

desert. The goal of self-sufficiency has therefore become unrealistic

and an impracticable proposition even for the biggest library of the

world. It is for this reason that someone has suggested that the

slogan, “No library can stand alone”, should be adopted as the Sixth

Lay of Library Science.

Need of resource sharing was realised by libraries long back.

Besides entering into Inter-Library Loan practice, libraries also

thought seriously of resource sharing in many other areas, such as

cooperative acquisition, cataloguing, classification etc. Inter

Library Loan has been adopted and practiced as one of the most

popular resource sharing activities amongst libraries. Let us

analyses the pros and cons of inter library loan in a traditional

library is severely affected by barriers of information

communication, such as distance, time, language, apathy of the

lending libraries etc. A computerized inter library loan system

overcomes these limitations easily as discussed below.

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It takes time for the borrowing library to get books on loan

from lending library. But if the two libraries are computerized, the

information can be copied instantaneously with the help of network.

In a traditional system, larger library becomes more a lending

library and a smaller library becomes more a borrowing library.

Lending micro documents, may run some risks also, such as : (a)

sending a document to other library will also result into non-

availability of that document to the users of the lending library,

whereas primary responsibility of a library is its own members; (ii)

during physical lending and return, the document may be damaged

or lost. Micro-documents become almost rare after their

publication. Due to these reasons, there is a growing dissatisfaction

and apathy among bigger libraries for inter library loan. In a

computerized library network, these difficulties are automatically

overcome because parting with the document is not always

required. As far as books are concerned any library in the network

can search the data base of the other and can know if a particular

book is in the stock of the other library.

3.16 TIME SAVING OF LIBRARY USERS

Computers can do repetitive jobs automatically whereas the

men need to put the same time, energy and labor in doing repetitive

jobs each time they do these jobs. At many times, it may take even

more time, energy and labor to do repetitive jobs also cause fatigue

when done by a person. There are also chances of committing

mistakes in such jobs. But computers can do repetitive jobs desired

number of times spontaneously, exhaustively, and pin-pointedly

without fatigue.

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If we analyse the jobs in a library, we shall find that most of

the time the librarian-either while doing book selection, or ordering

books, or accessioning or cataloguing, or issue-returns, or preparing

list of addition or bibliographies etc. Play with one or more

bibliographical details of documents, such as author, title, imprint,

collation, series, collaborators, call number, accession number etc.

In traditional or non computerised libraries, at each time we have to

write or type, the similar information in different forms, and each

time same amount of energy, time and labour have to be put. In

non-computerized libraries scene is this:

Books are received on approval, book selection slip is

prepared, duplicate checking is done, list of books received on

approval recommended is prepared by typing, the list is placed

before the appropriate authority (Library Committee, Director etc.)

The library staff sorts out the two categories, and list of selected

books in again typed afresh and may be put up for financial section.

Then vendor-wise letters are sent by typing specific approved or

rejected titles. When the needful is done, the bill is tallied by library

staff in order to verify if the bibliography details including prices

tallies. The books are accessioned by writing again the

bibliographical details for each book. After classification, catalogue

slips (for Main Card) for each book giving again all bibliographical

details prepared. On the basis of slips, the typist again types 3-4

catalogue cards for each book. The cards are then sorted manually

by the type of catalogue maintained, such as Alphabetical,

Classified, Shelf -list etc. so that these could be filed in the relevant

tray of the relevant catalogue cabinet. Thereafter a List of Additions

is typed again giving bibliographical details for each book. When

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an user requests for preparing a bibliography on particular subject,

these library catalogues are to be scanned, slip for relevant entries

are to be prepared and arranged and got type for each bibliography.

Thus at each stage the same bibliographical details, as were

recorded at the time the book was received on approval, are located,

written, sorted and typed. In a computerized library the

bibliographical details are to be fed in computer only once, i.e. at

one time (such as, at the time the book was received on approval)

and at any later occasion, the computer will automatically locate,

sort, arrange and print the required information without any loss of

time. This will save valuable time of library staff which they devote

in doing repetitive jobs. This time and energy can be well utilized

in performing quality jobs, such as giving CAS including SDI

services, preparing regular bibliographies, inter-library loan,

maintaining statistics, marketing of library services etc. with the

help of computer.

3.17 ADJUSTMENT IN WORK LOAD OF LIBRARY

PROFESSIONAL

Some times increased work load becomes unavoidable in a

library. For example, acquisition and processing of books and other

reading material in order to exhaust a time bound grant, bulk of

books received as gift from some quarter, opening of new area or

activity in the organization and acquisition of new material on this

account etc. In a computerized library it is easier to tackle this

increased workload.

3.18 POPULARIZATION AND MARKETING OF LIBRARY

SERVICE

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In a computerized library it is easier to maintain and operate

in-house DTP system and start publishing regular indexes, abstracts

etc. including providing S.D.I. services on charged basis to other

institutions and in the open market. Together with this, it takes

almost negligible time to serve users of the library with

bibliography on their subjects or to provide SDI service to them.

Administration and maintenance in a library can be made

more efficient and effective with the use of computers which are

immense help in doing many administrative jobs.

3.19 PROSPECT OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION

Automation has affected most library processes to a great

extent, and in many cases has influenced the development of library

system. In the area of cataloguing, however, the effects of library

automation have been so far-reaching and profound that it requires

to be discussed in detail. The effects of library automation may be

seen in four general areas :

1. Extent of cataloguing information for the users.

2. Choice of information.

3. Arrangement of information.

4. Typological presentation of information.

The last of these areas is one of the most interesting from a

mechanical point of view, but certainly the least significant so far as

cataloguing policy is concerned. Librarians, however, have

expressed their views over the “uppercase mentality” of computers

and related machines since their use in library work began. The

resulting catalogues were certainly less attractive and less readable

than the printed or typed cards with which most people were

familiar. Within a few months, however, the situation began to

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change. Photocom-position machines, which did not share this

handicap, later became available, and in some cases offered the

additional advantage of a wider variety of typefaces and images

than older printing techniques (the Video comp and similar

machines, for example, can compose and print Oriental text,

symbols of all types, and if fact any image that has first been

converted to electronic from using a special process). Microsoft

catalogues and computer terminal displays have encountered the

same problem, but both have now advanced at least to the stage that

acceptable upper and lower case characters in the Roman alphabet

are available. Non-Roman alphabets and non alphabetic characters

are still a problem, but the capacity for providing solutions to these

exists if the demand becomes sufficient.

Changes in the extent of cataloguing information presented to

the user under each entry have been mainly deletion rather than

additions, and such changes are most frequently seen in book

catalogue projects. Virtually every descriptive element has been

eliminated or abbreviated in one project or anther. The Boeing

SLIP catalogue restricts author’s forenames to one and represents

the other by initials; other catalogues give only initials, with no

forenames. The University of Rochester catalogues limit the main

entry to twenty-one spaces which necessitates a substantial amount

of abbreviation in corporate authors. Collation is perhaps the most

frequently abridges et of elements. Stanford and Florida Atlantic

give pagination only, and many catalogues give no collation at all.

Notes and tracings are also frequently omitted, with the exception

of series and contents notes in a few cases. The ONULP (Ontario

New University Libraries Project) catalogues, however give full

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tracings under main entries, as does the National Library of

Medicine Current Catalogues, the latter because other medical

libraries use the catalogue as a source of cataloguing information.

In many catalogues the amount and type of abridgement

varies according to the type of entry involved. Normally the main

entry is reasonably full, and most abbreviation or abridgement takes

place in added entries. In the Los Angeles Country catalogue,

however, the subject entries are more complete than the author

entries, because the subject entries include an annotation Malviya

(1999. 37.

We can agree on the concept that this catalogue was to be a

finding list, not a bibliographical tool. We had always done fairly

simplified cataloguing anyway, and frankly, we were convinced

that, as bibliographical tools, catalogues are vastly overrated and

underused anyway. Taking an educated guess, it is estimated that

only 50 percent of the people who come into libraries use the

catalogue at all, and 98 percent of those use it as a finding list. Not

all changes in the extent of cataloguing information presented have

been abridgements or deletion, however; some writers and projects,

in fact, have seen automation as a means of increasing the amount

of information made available.

In the MARC project, which was developed soon after, the

items mentioned in the first paragraph above were indeed made

explicit. MARC has also provided additional “access points”, as

indicates, although not chapter headings or additional name and

subject entries as required. Many catalogues of special libraries

have provided additional subjects headings, however, taking

advantage of the ease with which machines can reproduce entries

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under various headings. Most book catalogues also reproduce title

entries for all items in the catalogues, not just those with

“distinctive” titles, and as mentioned in the discussion of the

Boeing SLIP catalogue some also “permute” the titles so that they

appear several times for each work, under each significant word in

each title.

The choice of main entry has long been a critical issue in

cataloguing policy and in the development of cataloguing rules, but

with the advent of machine-produced book catalogues the need for

the concept of “main entry” may be questioned.

One of the greatest effects of automation on cataloguing

practice to data has been in the arrangement of entries in relation to

each other. Virtually all book catalogues are divided catalogues,

abandoning the so-called dictionary arrangement that interfiles all

types of entries in a single sequence.

The type of division is not consistent from one catalogue to

another. Some have separate author, title, and subject sections;

some combine author and title entries in one catalogue with a

separate subject section; and at least one combines titles and

subjects, with the author entries separate. Regardless of the method

of division, however, two principal reasons are usually given for the

arrangement: users make different uses of subject entries as

opposed to author and title entries, according to a number of user

studies and the filing or sequencing of entries can be simplified if

all types of entries are not interfiled.

The latter reason is normally the more urgent when

automation is involved. Catalogues can be divided without being

automated, and if ease of use were the only justification for division

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there would be no reason to attribute the popularity of the practice

to automation. Filing, however, is another matter, and

simplification of filing for automation purposes is undoubtedly the

main reason for the predominance of the practice.

Computers can sequence and arrange data with extreme

speed and accuracy if given explicit rules for doing so, but

traditional library filing arrangements are a mixture of alphabetical,

chronological and other sequences presumed to be “logical”, with

numerous general and specific exceptions. In addition to the

complexity of the rules, many of them are based on the ability of

human filers to recognize information that is only implicit, not

explicitly stated, and computers can work only explicit data.

At least five categories of difficulty may be identified:

1. Information in the headings must be ignored or removed in

order for computers to short it acceptably. Honorific titles

such as “Sir” in proper names are also commonly

disregarded, so that “Drake, Sir Francis” files as “Drake,

Francis”.

2. Information that is implicit must be made explicit. A

common example is “U.S.-History –Civil War,” which as

subdivision of “U.S.-History” files not alphabetically under

“C” but chronologically, as if it were “U.S.-History-1861-

1865”. This category of problems is perhaps the most difficult

for computers to deal with because there are no clues for most

such instances. It is also the least defensible. “Dr.” is filed as

if were spelled “Doctor” or “Doktor”, depending on the

language of the text, but if the reader does not know the rule,

or has only a title such as “Dr. Jacob Dubs” to go on, he may

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miss the entry entirely. “Mrs.” (and presumably “Mac”,

although McKenzie’s insist they are not Mackenzie’s.

Numbers are a special example of the “as if” problem; they

file as if spelled out (again depending on the). language of the

text) at the beginning of titles, but file as numbers, in numeral

sequence, in headings for numbered conferences, series and

so forth.

3. Information in headings must be rearranged in order for

machines top sort it into the desired sequences. “Charles II,

King of England” must be read as ‘Charles, King of England,

II”-or actually, since there is also a numeral in this case and

the second category of difficulty comes into play, as “Charles

King of England,

4. Exceptions must be made to alphabetic order. Some

rules require that entries beginning with the same word or

phrase be sub-arranged not alphabetically by the next filing

element but by bibliographic function (authors, then subjects,

then titles, for example), or according to the type of entry the

heading describes (persons), then places, then things.

5. Punctuation is even a problem, because of complications

introduced both by the machines and by filing rules.

Computers regard punctuation marks as character just as

letters and numerals, and sort them into a certain order

(differing to some extent by brand of machine) unless

programmed to do otherwise. Extra spaces inadvertently

inserted by humans will affect machine filing order as well.

Existing rules differ on the treatment of certain marks, for

example, whether “Brewer’s Dictionary of Phrase and Fable”

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should be filed as “Brewers” or “Brewers,” and “Mott-Smith”

as “Mott Smith” or “Mott Smith”.

The ideal solution to these various problems is unclear, but

attempts to solve them in automated catalogues have produced a

significant amount of change as compared with manually filed

catalogues. Most projects have used a combination of four basic

approaches :

1. Continue to follow present filing rules, using people to assign

additional codes to headings as necessary to allow computers

to arrange the headings as desired.

2. Abandon present filing rules, and use the arrangements

produced by the computer’s sorting sequences with a

minimum amount of change.

3. Change the headings themselves as necessary so that

computers can arrange them in accordance with very simple

filing rules.

4. Attempt to program computers so that they will arrange

headings automatically, either by present filing rules or by

modification of them. Florida Atlantic University used the

first approach in its book catalogue, the first edition of which

was published in 1964. “Nonfile” symbols were used to

indicate to the computer that portions of an entry were to be

ignored in filing. Determination of when the symbols were to

be added and actually adding them were of course operations

performed by human beings. Use of the symbols was limited

to initial articles, qualifying phrases such as “Jt. Author”, and

titles of honor; for example, “Churchill, Sir Winston,” was

input as “Churchill, Sir Winston”, to enable it to sort as

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“Churchill, Winston”. Umlauted letters were converted to

letters without the umlaut, but followed by an “e.”

Unfortunately, this also meant that “cooperate” became

“cooeperate”, and “Bronte” became “Brontee”. Abbreviations

were filed as written, not as if spelled out, and “Mc” was filed

as “Mc.”.

A more thoroughgoing example of the first approach is the

Stanford Undergraduate Library book catalogue published first in

1966. A considerable amount of manual coding was performed in

the University’s main card catalogues. Entries were sorted not on

the text of the entries themselves but on separate “sort keys”

composed of a total of 100 characters, 80 from the filing element

(the author, added entries or subject headings) and 20 additional

characters from the title, which was used throughout the catalogue

for sub arrangement of entries under each heading.

An obvious disadvantage of extended use of sorting and

filing codes was noted at Stanford: the technique requires manual

maintenance of authority files, very careful inputting, and very

careful editing and proof reading.

Few projects have attempted the second alternative

(following the computer’s own sequencing arrangements), because

of the radical differences from traditional filing that would result,

but a number of catalogues have used the third approach-changing

the headings so the computer would arrange them in accordance

with simplified but more or less traditional filing rules. Usually

such projects have taken a strictly pragmatic approach, solving the

simplest problems and ignoring the others. The Baltimore Country

book catalogue, first published in 1965, is an example. Initial

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articles, titles of honor and such designations as “ed.” Or “comp.”

were omitted from headings during input, which of course meant

that they were ignored not only in filing but also in printing.

Abbreviations, numerals and symbols such as the ampersand were

written out. Some titles were rearranged, e.g., titles of annual

reports were input as “annual report”, followed by the date. In all

other cases, the computer sequencing was accepted as it came.

The foremost advocates of changing headings to produce the

desired sequences have been Theodore Hines and Jessica Harris. In

1963, Hines urged that” filing should be purely mechanical

operation which can be reduced to a straight forward arrangement

of sorts and nulls. The filer or program should not be expected to

expand or interpret entries for filing purposes. These functions

should be shifted to the information of entries.

Publication of the Hines-Harris code created a storm of

protest. One reviewer warned, “Thus little book seems likely to do

more harm than good. The end it proposes may be laudable, but the

means are not. The book rests on the proposition that what is

awkward for the machines must be eliminated and the simplicities

of the machine system imposed on non-machine processes”.

Another criticized the proposal for failing to make efficient use of

the computer : “Entries are arranged only after the format has been

decided by a advantage of using the computer”?

The next approach, which is the extreme-attempting to

program the computer to follow traditional rules as closely as

possible-was taken by William R. Nugent of Inforonics, Inc. in a

study commissioned by the Council on Library resources. Unlike

most proposals which advocated sorting abbreviations and similar

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exceptional cases “as is” rather than “as if”, Nugent proposed a

system of “substitution notes” which would continue traditional “as

if” filing. Extensive rules to permit arrangements by category

(under Bible entries, anonymous classics, and corporate authors, for

example) were also suggested. In not every case, however, was

Nugent happy with his assignment to propose ways of

“programming the LC Filing Rules”.

If one sets out deliberately to destroy the simple precision of

numerical hierarchy, little worse could be done than to insist that

numbers be ordered by the spelled out equivalent of their spoken

sound. In this view, the present filing rule should be quickly

replaced by one in which all cardinal or ordinal numbers, whether

in alphabetic or numeric form. As this is unlikely to occur with any

haste, it will probably be necessary to write programs to covert the

numeric portions of entries to alphabetic from.

It was pointed out that it would be necessary to devise further

rules to ensure consistency, because “1810” could be written out as

“eighteen ten”, one thousand eight hundred ten “or” one eight one

and the existing LC Rules convert such numbers “to differing forms

by application of some unspecified and doubtless un programmable

subtlety”. This kind of problem of necessity led Nugent to propose

various types of manual coding as well as elaborate programming.

Perhaps the most thorough going and thoughtful

consideration of the entire range of automated filing problems is in

series of papers by John C. Rather, Chief of the technical Process

Research Office in the Library of Congress. In February 1970

Rather distributed a working paper entitled Filing Arrangement in

the Library of Congress Catalogs within LC and to a limited extent

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outside it, setting forth a series of principles and basic approaches.

Consensus within the Library led to public distribution of full set of

rules with the same title the following year. In 1972, the principles

and basic approaches were elaborated in print, accompanied by an

abridged version of the rules. They have since been used as the

basis of computer programme to arrange MARC records and

produce a variety of book catalogues for LC. Since they are also

being considered for using in automatic preparation of the National

Union Catalogue, their significance is obvious.

The complexities of catalogue headings and their

arrangement are not attributable primarily to the rules that govern

them; they arise from the varieties catalogue being maintained. The

need to differentiate names in the catalogue while still conveying

intelligible information about the name result in forms of heading

that indubitably present difficulties of arrangement. The

fundamental conflict between their function of headings as units of

intelligence and their function as filing guides cannot be

underestimated, but the integrity of the heading (in its role of

conveyer of intelligence) must necessarily take precedence over any

attempt to structure it so take precedence over any attempt to

structure it so that it files “automatically”. Or, to put the matter

succinctly, headings do not exist merely to be filed. Rather thus

eschews revision of headings for the sake of filing convenience, but

he also advocates abandonment of the“as if” or “file as spoken”

traditional, and for essentially the same reasons.

Variations in form among name and subject headings are an

essential part of the structure of a file arrangement; they should not

126

be ignored in filing. It is illogical to construct a heading on way and

then to file it as if it were constructed another way.

The three basic principles of this code are :

1. Elements in a heading should be taken in exactly the form and

order in which they appear.

2. Related entries should be kept together if they would be

difficult to find when a user did not know their precise from.

3. A standard set of fields should be established for each major

type of filing entry.

The first principle “emphasizes the way a heading looks, not

how it sounds”, the second “preserves important values offered by

the present arrangement of the LC catalogues”, and the third

“applies the legal precept “Deminimis non curat lex’ (the law

cannot take care of trifles) as a way of preventing the proliferation

of special rules.

Since Rather’s rules have already met with general

acceptance at LC and been sued to produce several look catalogues,

and since a computer program already exists to arrange MARC

entries following these rules, their influence is likely to be evident

in cataloguing practice for some time to come.

Another important influence on the arrangement of

cataloguing information has been the use of on-line techniques. By

1968, Stanford University’s on-line BALLOTS project had evolved

a technique of filing machine readable catalogue entries not by any

of the usual rules, but in an arbitrarily arranged file which indexes

by various bibliographic elements, such as author, title topical

subjects, and so forth. By itself, this was not new. The significant

and important aspect of the technique, however, was that the

127

posting of each entry in the author and title indexes was computed

directly from the data itself, using the first three letters from the

author’s last name and the words of the title. The computer, of

course, followed the same procedure in retrieving the index entries

on command. In effect, the actual filing arrangement of the

“Catalogue” was transparent to the user.

This technique of “derived keys” was being studied by

several researchers at about this time. Nugent described four

different “Compression coding” techniques, and Kilgour and

Ruecking reported the results of separate tests using various

combinations of characters from author and title entries for retrieval

purposes.

In 1970, Kilgour and two associates analyzed the

effectiveness of derived keys varying from four to eight characters

in length for retrieval of name and title entries taken from a sample

of 132,808 entries. They concluded that a “3,3” key—that is, the

first three characters of the author’s last name and the first three

character of the title-would retrieve five or fewer entries 99 percent

of the time. Further experiments with titles only (using the first

three letters of the first two words, or the first three characters of

the following three words) produced similar results.

The results of this research led to the use of 3,3 keys for

name and title searches and 3.1,1,1, key for title-only searches in

the design of the Ohio college Library Center ( OCLC) system, and

the technique has been one of the major factors in OCLC’s success.

The implication of this practice, while perhaps not immediately

obvious, are nevertheless enormous. In effect, when the user names

a key of six characters, he designates what Kilgour has called a

128

“micro catalogue” of five or fewer entries, on average, or twenty or

fewer entries 95 percent of the time. Because ten entries can be

displayed on the screen of the on-line terminal used by OCLC

participants, and twenty entries require only two screen displays,

the desired entry is easily chosen “Such a catalogue” comment

Kilgour, “makes it necessary to include bibliographical

embellishments required for entries in huge card or book- from

catalogs,” and of course it also makes unnecessary the solution of

the filing rule problems discussed earlier.

Nor are the implications of such on- line techniques

necessarily limited to OCLC participants, at least not for long. At a

meeting in 1975 of the Association of Research Libraries, Rather

reviewed the difficulties of improving existing card file or

converting them to machine readable from, and proposed a “radical

solution”: “ What if the MARC date base were considered to be

complete for cataloguing purpose”. This would enable LC to begin

online cataloguing on a production basis, and close its existing card

catalogues, as several other research libraries already have or have

proposed to do. But it would also have widespread effects on

cataloguing practice throughout this country and abroad. The name

and subject authority files used by LC to establish the heading

which appear in cards and in its book catalogues, as well as in the

MARC tapes, would be limited to names and subjects already on

MARC records, and the call numbers would be formed with

reference only to a “shelf list” composed of call numbers on MARC

records. But, again quoting Rather, “the future would no longer be

constrained by the past.”

129

It is characteristic of technical revolutions that we are

unaware of them while they are in progress. It is also characteristic

that it is not so much the technology that makes the revolution but

an idea. Someone must see that the use of a technology in a

particular way can change fundamental concept of perception and

action. In this sense, Kilgour’s concept of “ micro catalogues,” and

the use—now predominantly by library staff members but

increasingly by the public—of on- line terminals, may revolutionize

the heart of library science, cataloguing. Thus it can be firmly said

that for providing better services to library user as well as to make

the work of library personnels easy in the forthcoming days the

automation of libraries well do the needful.

130

REFERENCES

1. Pandey, S. K. Sharma. Fundamentals of Library Automation :

With Illustrations. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications, 137.

2. Galhotra, Mohan Kumar., (2008). Information Technology in

Library and Information Services. New Delhi: Ess Ess

Publication.,140.

3. Sareen, N., (2005). Information and Communication

Technology.New Delhi: Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd, 248.

4. Laxminarayan, Ishwar., ( 1986 ).," Computer Application in

Libraries" Paper Presented at the Seminar of Madras Library

Association on Library Automation, Madras, 19.

5. Tedd, L A., (1977 ). An Introduction to computer based Library

Systems. London: Heyden International, 3.

6. Rajagopalan, T.S., (1986, June).," Computer Application in

Library Work". Papers presented at the seminar of Madras

Library Association On Library Automation. Madras, 2.

7. Raizada, A.S. et al., (1965). Union Catalogue by Digital

Computers (Automation in documentation-1). Annals of Library

Science and Documentation, 11 (4 ), 54-76.

8. Haravu, L.J., and Raizada, A.s., (June 1967).,"Computerized

Data Retrieval" : An experiment with IBM 1620. Annals of

Library Science and Documentation, 14 (2), 76-80.

9. Murthy, D.S.R., and Arora, A.M., (1974)," Processing of Union

Catalogue of Serials Data Using an IBM System/360

Computer." Annals of Library Science And Documentation, 21

(3), 88-94.

131

10. Harold, Borko., (March, 1966).," Experimental Studies in

automated Document Classification". Library Science, 3 (1) 88-

98.

11. Saraf, B.N. (1964) “Special Libraries in United Kingdom”,

Herald of Library Science 3.4:314-317.

12. Bhattacharya, K. (1972) “Some General Characteristics of

Special Libraries in Science and Technology in the U.K.”,

Journal of Documentation 28.3:214-232.

13. Tyskevic, N.I. (1972) “Mechanisation and Automation of

Informations and Library Operaons in the U.S.S.R. and their

Development Prospects”, Unesco Bull. 26.5:247-255.

14. Lancaster, F. Wilfred. (1978) “Whither Libraries? Or Wither

Libraries”, College and Research Libraries :345-357.

15. Drake, A. Miriam. (1980) “The Environment for Special

Libraries in the 1980s”, Specialists Forum: 509-518.

16. Robertson, W. Devenport. (1980) “A User Oriented Approach to

Setting Priorities for Library Services”, Special libraries :345-

353.

17. Robinson, M. Barabara. (1981) “The Role of Special Libraries in

the Emerging National Network”, Special Libraries : 8-17.

18. Chou, N.O.L. and Lin. E.C.H. (1998) “The Library Automation

and Network Developments and Prospects in Taiwan Area”,

Bulletin of Library and Information Science 27:1-16.

19. Evans, B. Agard and Ghosh, G.B. (1959) “Special Libraries of

India”, ASLIB Proceedings 11.6:161-9.

20. Raizada, A.S. (1964) “Applications of Computer Installations in

India for Library Work”, Annals of Library Science and

Documents. 12.4:54-76.

132

21. Raizada, A.S. (1976) “Development of Computer Based

Information Services in India”, Annals of Library Science and

Documents.1:141-148.

22. Parthasarathy, Nagaratna. (1978) “Computerization in Reactor

Research Centre Library: A Case Study”, (DST Seminar

Banglore.

23. Havanur, S.K. (1975): “Computerization at TIFR Library”, CSI

Newsletter 56.

24. Rajgopalan, (1970) T.S. “Development of Special Libraries in

India in the 4th Plan Period”, ILA Bulletin 6,76-108.

25. Vashishth, C.P. (1979) “Indian Participation in INIS and AGRIS

Global Information System”, ILA Bulletin 15.3-4:77-93.

26. Rajan, T.N. (1980) “The Role of Libraries in a Changing

Society”, ILA Bulletin 16.1-2:19-22.

27. Krishan Kumar. (1980) “Application of Computers: A challenge

for Change”, ILA Bulletin 16.3-4122-129.

28. Ravichandra Rao, I.K.. (1981) “Use of Computers and Sample

Techniques for Stock Verification” , ILA Bulletin 17.1:85-93.

29. Bajaj, R.P. (1983) “Automated Circulation Control System” ,

ILA BULLETIN 18.3-4:23-28.

30. Bajaj, R.P. (1984) “Automation Serial Acquisition System”, ILA

BULLETIN 20.1-2:1-6.

31. Gupta Devendra Kumar. (1985) “Authorship Trend and

Application of Lotka’s Law: Early literature of Computer Based

Storage and Retrieval of Geo-Scientific Data and Information”,

IASLIC Bulletin 30.1:13-22.

133

32. Patwardhan, D.V. (1985) “Selective Dissemination of

Information: A Case Study of Using On-line Information

Systems”, IASLIC Bulletin 30.3:87-98.

33. Krishan Kumar. (1980) “Application of Computers: A challenge

for Change”, ILA Bulletin 16.3-4122-129.

34. Murthy, P. Sadasiva. (1986) “Creation of an In-house Database

using MARC Tapes: An Experiment”, IASLIC Bulletin 31.1:1-8.

35. Haravau, L.J. (1993) “Library Automation and Networking in

India-An Overview of Recent Developments”, Annals of Library

Science and Documentation 40.1:32-40.

36. Thapa, Neelam.,( 2007).,Slices of Library Automation. Agra:

Y.K. Publishers. 12-21.

*******

134

CHAPTER-4LIBRARY SOFTWARE AND ITS UTILITY

IN UNIVERSITY LIBRARY OF UTTAR PRADESH

4. LIBRARY

It is a widely acknowledged dictum that universities play a

significant role in the development of human resources that contributes

to the scientific, technical, industrial, socio-economic, and cultural

upliftment of a nation. As for as State of Uttar Pradesh is concerned it

is one of the largest state of the country in terms of geographical area

and demographic concerns. To accelerate the speed of the all round

progress of the State universities are established by the State according

to the provisions of law as formed by the state and central Govt from

time to time.The primary function of a library is to provide information

for spreading the knowledge and create an atmosphere along with the

preparation of a new horizon for new light in the area of knowledge.

Initially it was done by libraries in a traditional manner i.e, by the

medium of circulation of books, periodicals and journals. But presently

on account of the growth of library users in numbers and the growth of

numbers of books, journals and periodicals the new technological

methods based on information technology are employed to meet out

the demands of libraries and other users.

In order to examine and analyses the utility of library software

in the university libraries of Uttar Pradesh, in this study, Nine state

universities are taken to find out the significance and utility of library

automation and use of software. A questionnaire was prepared and

delivered to the librarian/library in charges of the universities taken in

135

this study. On the basis of their responses the subject under study is

thoroughly investigated and examined.

4.1 BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI.

Bundelkhand University, Jhansi, is a state university of Uttar

Pradesh. It was established on August 25, 1975. The library in the

university was established in the year 1981. Presently it is headed by

Prof. R.K.Saxena, Professor In charge. The library is operated and

maintained by Deputy Librarian J. Sridevi, and Cataloguers Ms Shalini

Vyas and Shiva Hingwasia, Honourary librarian. In the beginning the

collection in this library was only a few hundred books of general

interest. Later the university was shifted to its own building on Kanpur

road and two rooms were allotted to the Central Library. At its earliest

stage the collection of books was limited to the reference books, and

books on Hindi and English Literature of popular classics. A numbers

of books were donated to the this library by the literary persons of

Bundelkhand region. The university was of affiliating nature till June

1986. From July 1986 four teaching departments were started and the

collection in the library grew up as per needs of the students and

teaching faculty. In the year 1989 one Deputy Librarian was appointed

and the library was shifted to its own magnificent building in the year

2000 know as the Central Library of Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.

Since the year 1999-2000, a numbers of institute and

departments were established in the university as per existing

provisions of law of Uttar Pradesh. Till the year 2000 the collection in

library was only 12000. But after the opening of new teaching

departments and institutes the library received a tremendous growth in

the collection of books and presently it is about 1,22,000. In the

136

beginning the library had a very limited number of readers but now it

caters to the need of almost 10,000 readers.

The students of the university can have an access to the central

library by producing their identity cards. The membership of the

central library is allowed only for the faculty, students and

administrative staff of the university. The library provides references

facility to research scholars for their research purposes on the basis of

the letter issued to them by the head of the departments or supervisors

of their universities or study centres. The central library of the

Bundelkhand University provides open access to the students, faculty

members and other members of the library.

The Central Library is computerised. It is an institutional

member of INFLIBNET, an Inter university centre UGC. All the users

of the library can access services provided by INFLIBNET by

accessing bibliographic database, ETDS and CD ROM database search

facility and all other services provided by INFLIBNET. The UGC-Info

net Digital Library consortium subscribes to the resources to its

member institutions. All electronic resources subscribed are available

from the publisher’s web- http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/econ/eresource.

php. E-resources are provided to Bundelkhand University

http:/www.inflibnet. ac.in/econ/eres.p? mem1D=63. UGC-info net

subject wise e-resources are provided to the Bundelkhand University-

http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/econ/a-zsubject.php and http://

www.inflibnet. ac.in /econ/ search.php. The Central Library of

Bundelkhand University Jhansi is an institutional member of the

DELNET. All the users of the library can access the services provided

by DELNET at http://www.delnet.ac.in.

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The central library of Bundelkhand University Jhansi is an

institutional member of University of Pennsylvania library which

provides 20,000 E books on different subject at http:// digital library.

upenn.edu / books. It also has a membership of Oxford Text Archives

from Oxford University having 2500 resources in over 25 different

languages at http: //ota.ahds.ac.uk. The central library has subscribed

project Gutenberg at http:// www.gutenberg .org and collections of

university of California and University of Virginia at http://

texts.cdlib.org/ u c press and http://etext.lib.virgina.edu/e books/. It

also maintains the memberships of University of Michigan library,

Milton book project, the university of China Cite, Authorama Public

Domain Books.1

Besides all these institutional memberships of various libraries

the central library of Bundelkhand University Jhansi provides open

access to on line journals to its users, Bid –med central, New Tour,

Find Articles.com, Electronic Resource in libraries, University of

Nevada, Reno libraries, the strategic guide to quality Information,

Africal Journals online, The agent link Publication clearing house, etc.

Provide access to the library users for journals and articles. The

following table presents a view of central library at a glance :Table No. 01 Bundelkhand University, Jhansi.

S. No

List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 1,08,92502 Number of Titles 86,25003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 2,05304 Number of Indian Journals 19505 Number of Magazines 2806 Number of News Papers 1707 Number of Computers 9508 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 1,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 1,600

138

Thus it is found that central library of Bundelkhand University

Jhansi has been using the computerized automation system. The library

personnels are well trained and seem satisfied with the service of

automation systems. The personnel response of the readers was equally

satisfactory. No complaint was made by the users and library staff

regarding the uses of SOUL software which is being used in this

library.

4.2 CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

The central library of Ch.Ch. Singh University Meerut, formerly

Meerut University was established in 1968. The central library is

presently known as Raja Mahendra Pratap Library. At the beginning

the library was temporarily moved in L L R M MEDICAL College

campus. The construction of the library building started in 1970 and its

was completed in 1972. It was formally declared open on 11 th Jan,

1972 by the first Chancellor Dr. Gopal Reddy. The shoebox type

library buildings is designed on modular pattern. It has 2655.38 sq

meters of the floor area speared over four floors .The library In charge

is Shri. Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui Dy Librarian.

The membership of the library in open to the students, research

scholars of the university campus as well as of the affiliated colleges

and faculty members of the university and college affiliated to it.

Beside these the library also serves to the consultant members coming

from the different educational institutions. The Library supports the

educational and higher academic pursuits of the students, research

scholars and faculty members of the university and affiliated colleges

by providing effective services by utilizing information system to have

an access to required readable study materials to it user.

139

Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh central library of Ch.Ch.Singh

university Meerut has a large number of collection of books to meet

out the teaching and research requirements. The library gets

acquisition against payments and also receives books from central and

state govt grants and from individual donors also. The present

collection of the library is shown in the following table:Table No. 02 Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut.

S.No List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 1,35,62502 Number of Titles 54,34203 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 9,57504 Number of Indian Journals 19605 Number of Magazines 3206 Number of News Papers 1707 Number of Computers 6008 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 26,26209 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 8,000

The library provides Reference Service, Circulation Service,

Reprographic service, loan to departmental libraries, Internet service,

and on line aceers to e-Journals to its users. The central library is the

member of INFLIBNET programme, so all user of this library can

have the service offered by INFLIBNET. The library is also the

institutional members of DELNET and Greenstone Digital Library.2

The automation of Ch. Ch. Singh University library is

commendable. The project of computerization of central library has

been taken as the priority. The SOUL library software developed by

UGC INFLIBNRT has been installed for the automation of the library.

The data entry of the library holdings is in progress. On line public

access catalogue (OPAC) is installed to provide lection of the

documents available in the library. It helps the students and research

scholar in finding out the required study material.

140

With globalization of education and higher academic research

the demands for the journals increased over the years. In order to

provide current literature to students, research scholar and faculty

members the UGC has initiated the UGC INFONET E- Journal

consortium. The library has the membership of this consortium which

enables the users to have on access to a large number of scholarly

Journals. Under the consortium about 5000 full text scholarly E-

Journals across the globe can be accessed. The Consortium programme

is wholly funded by UGC and monitored by Information and library

network centre Ahemedabad. The central library is heading towards

the digitization of all library documents, online access to databases

microfilming of Newspaper, access to national and international library

networks and the use of RFID Technology application for document

security.

4.3 C.S.J.M UNIVERSITY, KANPURKanpur became the centre of higher learning during the last

decade of the nineteenth century. The Arya Samaj Sanatandharma and

other missions and denominational institutions opened college under

the encouraging patronage of the state and central government. The

Agriculture college, Harcourt Butler Institute of Technology, Central

leather Institute, Textile Institute and National Sugar Institute was also

set up. After Independence institute like Ganesh Shankar Vidyarthi

medical college and Indian Institute of Technology were set up. Inspite

of the different educational institutions the educational needs of higher

leaving remained unfulfilled. The Radha Krishnan Commission

( 1949) suggested the establishment of a university in Kanpur. So, in

order to meet out the educational needs and to lessen the burden of

141

Agra University, Kanpur University was set by the Government of

Uttar Pradesh in 1966. Since its inception the university has been

making continuous efforts to improve and upgrade teaching in its

affiliated colleges.

In the last decade of the 20th century the Kanpur University was

renamed as CSJM Kanpur University by the Government of Uttar

Pradesh. The central library was established to provide the reference

needs of the learners. The opening of M. Phil classes in English,

Education and Commerce, K. N. Kaul Institute for Life science,

Institute of Business Management became the land marks in the

growth of the university. To supply the demand of the students, faculty

members and research scholar the central library of the university was

shifted to a separate building. The institute of library science was

established in July 2002 in CSJM University Kanpur.

The Central Library of C S J M Kanpur University is Mr. Ashish

Srivastava Library Incgarhe. The library has various sections to

facilitate the user to get their required study material. It provides access

to books, journals, periodicals and e-books to the students, faculty

members and staff of the university residential wing. The teachers and

research scholars of the colleges affiliated to the university may also

have an access to the central library by producing their valid identify

proof. The central library is an institutional member of INFLIBNET

and DELNET. The automation of the central library is in progress.

Almost 80% of automation has been completed. The SOUL Software

as recommended by UGC is being used in the automation of the

library.

The library has its own computer subnet with most modern Cat -

6 technology. It is connected with campus LAN using optical fiber

142

Network. So far library has completed its OPAC data base of about

1,20,000 documents. The library also holds access permission to 8145

full text titles of twenty renowned publishers under UGC INFONET

Consortium. For accurate and expeditioes circulation service in the

library, almost all the books collected in the library are Bar Coded with

thermal Printing. Every registered library borrower is assigned a

unique 12-digit barcode that identifies the borrower with the help of

SOUL Software. For searching library collection the on- Line public

Access Catalogue (OPAC) facility is also provided.

For the purpose of automation there are total 67 computers for

digital library, students lab, office works, Audio-visual lab and

Technical work. SOUL Software developed by INFLIBNET is being

used in the library. There are twenty customized cubicles in the Digital

Library to accommodate 40 users at a time. Digital library is having

internet Access permission @ 50 Mbps speed through BSNL. It

provides the facility to access internet resources, full text on -Line

journals as well as full text thesis archive. It is a Wi-Fi enabled library.

Any library user with Wi-Fi enabled devices such as mobile phone ,

Tablet, Laptop etc can access library resources On-Line journals, E

archive ,E-thesis and library OPAC etc. It future the library plan to

install RFID management system in the library.3

Table No. 03 Chhatrapati Shahu Ji Maharaj University, Kanpur

S. No

List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 1,40,00002 Number of Titles 60,00003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 8,00004 Number of Indian Journals 12005 Number of Magazines 0906 Number of News Papers 1607 Number of Computers 10008 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 7,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 8,848

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4.4 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY UNIVERSITY,

GORAKHPUR

The University of Gorakhpur was established by the pioneering

efforts of late Pt.Suruti Narayan Mani Tripathi, the former

Administration officer of Indian Administrative Service, educationist

and founder Vice-Chancellor of the university with benevolent

supports of the first Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh late Pt Govind

Ballabh Pant in 1956. It started functioning in 1957 when the faculties

of Art, Commerce, Law and Education were started. The faculty of

Science came into existence in 1958. Faculties of Engineering,

Medicine and Agriculture Started in later years. The late Mahant

Digvijai Nath of Gorakhnath Temple made a valuable contribution to

the university by donating the building for faculty of Commerce and

Education. Presently the central library is being headed by the

librarian, Dr. J.L. Upadhyaya.

The following table illustrate the collection of Books and

Journals in D.D.U university central library.Table No .04 Deen Dayal Upadhyay University, Gorakhpur.

S. No

List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 4,000,0002 Number of Titles 89,00003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 5,00004 Number of Indian Journals 10005 Number of Magazines 1906 Number of News Papers 1407 Number of Computers 2508 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 10009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals --

The academic culture of the university evolved out a cross

fertilization of diverse traditions of teaching and research and the

144

central library of the D D U University plays a very significant role

in pursuit of stimulating intellectual content to its students, teachers,

and research scholars . The library is member of UPLA and

INFLIBNET.

As per as automations is concerned fully computerization

process is going on and the central library has submitted the proposal

for automation before U G C. The copy of the proposal submitted is

given below.

1. DEMANDS (Projection over Para- A)

At present situation Information technology plays a vital role to

automate the entire system. The main objective is to automate the

library  to provide right information to right user at right time in right

way. This is possible if, following requirements are satisfied. In this

situation our demand, approximate cost and Justification are depicted

as follows-1. Main Server

2. Database Server-

Used to store all data/Records of the library. 

Web Server

Used to extract the information from client under Internet environment.

Cost :5.0 Lakhs

Nodes (28)

A. Reference Section-03

B.  CTBS-05

C.  Central Stack-04

D.  Cataloguing/Acquisition Section-05

 E.   Reading Room-03

           F.   Computer Section-03

           G.   Periodical Section-02

           H.   North Wing(Library)-01

145

            I.   Main Gate-01

   COST  0.32 per node ≈ 9.00 Lakhs

 NETWORKING OF ENTIRE LIBRARY

A . Networking Including Flat pipe PVC Beat, RJ 45 Connectors,  

D-Link, Cat 5 Cabling, Fixing and labour charges, installation

with two routers

B. Networking installation, mean configuration and Connectivity of

Client/Server.

COST : 5 Lakhs

  4.  Proxy Server (30 Users) COST : 01 Lakhs

  5.Bar Coding & software imaging COST : 0.4 Lakhs 

6. UPS(10 KVS)-Online : COST  :2.0 Lakhs

7. Hand Scanner-10 :  COST :1.5 Lakhs

8. Retrospective conversion of data / : COST : 100 Lakhs

records(RECON)including bar coding etc.

9. Symentic Antivirus (Multi-User) : COST : 0.4 Lakhs

10. Laptop : COST : 0.5 Lakhs

 JUSTIFICATION :

Libraries have a history of taking advantage of technological

innovation. Library automation / computerization is one of them.

Library networking is an essential part of the library activity. Now it is

imperative to go for total library automation. Accordingly, proposal

mentioned in Para-B over Para-A needs to be taken on priority basis.TOTAL (1-10) 1,25,51,000

(One Crore twenty five lakhs and fifty one thousand)

PART  II- DOCUMENTS

According to 5 laws of library science- Document is for use,

Every document has its reader , Every reader has a document, save the

time of reader and library is a growing organism.Based on this above

146

five principle day by day students as well as teachers are increases to

control the quality of education.

A.Current Infrastructure-

At present our library collection  is 3,11,331 for books and

journals. Number of students as well as teachers are going to increase

enoromously.It is impossible to satisfy the members of the university

system from this collections.B.Demands (Projection over Para-II)-

For Books       Cost 200 Lakhs

For Journals    Cost 100 Lakhs

 JUSTIFICATION:

FOR BOOK -

Multidisciplinary research is demand of the day. Documents of

multidisciplinary nature, including Encyclopedia, dictionary and other

reference materials are purchased from Central Library account. Grant

Allocated to the Departments are used for purchase to department

books only. It is also important to mention that during 10th plan there

was no allocation for the central library. As such there was no purchase

for central library. It is proposed that loss incurred during 10th plan

may kindly be suitably compensated. Number of students in the

University are above 30,000. It is difficult to meet the users demand

without UGC Assistance.

FOR JOURNALS :

About two decades have passed there was no purchase of

journals in the central Library due to paucity of funds. State recurring

grant for entire library is fixed for 6.5 lakhs only from 1996 onwards.

In this meager amount there was no scope for purchase of journals. To

fill this gap, it is proposed to sanction grant of Rs.1,00,00,000 for

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purchase of current as well as back volume of journals, both Indian &

foreign.

TOTAL 3,00,00,000 (Three Crore)

PART  III- INFRASTRUCTURE OF LIBRARY

A. CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURE

At present Library is housed in a building in which all

circulation of documents of UG, PG Research Scholar & faculty are

processed. Library is unable to provide peaceful environment to the

serious readers. There is no separate building for UG studends. Zerox

machine is not functioning well.Intercom, Water purifier, Central A.C.,

etc. are one of the necessary measures in library.

B. DEMANDS:

(a). Under Graduate Library/Text Book Building(500 Sqft)near

Arts faculty

COST = 40 LAKHS

JUSTIFICATION:

Number of students at UG/PG level are  increasing year after year. To

keep peaceful environment of the central library, it is essential to have

a separate UG/Textbook library building. It was also recommended by

M.S.Rana Committee.

TOTAL = 40,000,00 (Forty Lakhs)

(b). RISHOGRAPH GR 1750

COST :2 LAKHS

JUSTIFICATION :

A good quality photo-copier is required in the Central Library. Present

Modi 1025 photocopier was purchased about 15 years back, of which

performance is not satisfactory.

148

TOTAL : 02 (Two LAKHS)

( c). INTERCOM

COST = 02 LAKHS

JUSTIFICATION :

Central Library is housed in a big building. To keep contact with each

section it is

proposed to equip Central library with intercom. It is necessary for

effective management of the library.

TOTAL = 02 LAKHS (Two Lakhs)

(d). WATER PURIFIER-02 COST = 0.25 Lakhs

JUSTIFICATION :

Pure Drinking water should be made available to the visitors of

the library. Presently it is served with one India marked hand pump.

Two water purifiers on both floors of the library may kindly be

considered.

TOTAL = 25000 (Twenty Five Thousand)

 (e). CENTRAL A.C.COST : 100 LAKHS

JUSTIFICATION  :

Central Air conditioning of Central Library may be accepted to

provide users pleasant environment for study. It also helps to keep

library clean and helps to check deterioration of documents.

 TOTAL: 1,00,00,000 (One Crore)

GRANT TOTAL REQUIRED FOR CENTRAL LIBRARY

UNDER XI PLAN:

Rs. 5,69,76,000 (Five Crore sixty nine lakhs & seventy six

thousand)

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The library will be automated in the future course of time and

the software will be installed as per recommendations of U G C /

State / Central Government .4

4.5 DR. B. R. AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY ,AGRA.

Dr.B.R.Ambedkar university Agra, formerly known as Agra

University Agra, was established in 1927.Original jurisdiction of the

university extended over Unite province of Agra, Central India and

Rajputana initially there were only four faculties – Arts ,Science,

Commerce and Law-in the university. Faculties of Medicine,

Agriculture, Home Science, Basic Sciences, Fine Arts and

Management were set up later on .The university was re named as

Dr.Bhin Rao Ambedkar university in 1996.

The Library is the soul of any university, and the central library

of the university in its premises in Paliwal campus has its own

excellence in maintaining the concept of higher learning . The library

is surging ahead as resource centre for higher scientific, vocational and

job oriented academic programmes as well as the innovative research.

The goal of the library is to provide the student and teachers the

excellent study material available at national and international fields of

learning. It aims to satisfy the need of books and journals to students,

research scholar and faculty members,

The central library was established in 1927 and shifted to the

present building in 1953. The total library space in 2500sq meters

having four storied building with two halls used as reading rooms in

area of 250 sq metres. The library has seven sections such as

Acquisition Section, Circulation Section, Technical Section, Periodical

Section, Research and Reference Section, Reprographic Section and

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Computer Section. The following table present the details of the central

library: Table No. 05 Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar University, Agra

S. No

List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 1,40,00002 Number of Titles 66,00003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 5,00004 Number of Indian Journals 2005 Number of Magazines 1606 Number of News Papers 0907 Number of Computers 0808 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 10,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 6,000

Books are provided to students and teachers and good academic

environment is maintained in the central library so that the students,

research scholar and teachers can have access to there desired study

material. Readers are provide X-erox copies of the published

documents on very nominal charges and there is a separate section for

this purpose. The central library of Dr .B. R. A. University provides

service to all the Institutes and Affiliated colleges. The central library

provides library facility to every individual of the society who want to

make use of the library. This facility is being extended from 1998 and

any body can become a regular members. of the society. Presently the

library is headedy by Dr U C Sharma, Hon,y Librarian, Dr Anil

Verma is Hon’y Dy. Librarian and Dr.S.K.Upadhyay is the

Information Scientist of the central Library.

The automation of the central library is in progress and it is

about to be completed soon. In order to augment the library resources

under the programme of INFLIBNET Project of UGC computerization

of the whole collection of books, journals and doctoral dissertations is

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being done and a database of 1,49,000 documents have been built up

which has been already sent to INFLIBNET centre of UGC so that the

data could be included to the total database of the all university

libraries of the country. About 96000 unique title of books and 3600

doctoral dissertations has already been included in union database of

the INFLIBNET. The SOUL software is being used in the library to

facilitate library services to the users and library personnels . The

library arranges and manages personal assistance and guidance to the

readers on demand. In this service Bibliographic service (OPAC), Inter

library service etc are provided to readers on their demand.5

4.6 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AWADH UNIVERSITY,

FAIZABAD.

Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Awadh University, formerly Awadh

university, was established in 1975. In the beginning it was an

affiliating university. It took the shape of the residential university in

the year 1984 when the departments of History, Culture and

Archeology, Rural Economics, Mathematics, and Statistics and Solid

State Physics were established. Since then the university has been

increasingly growing. At present the university imparts education at

under graduate and post graduate levels and research in the disciplines

of Economics, Mathematics, Statistics, Bio-chemistry, Microbiology,

Environmental Science, Education and Rural Development, Mass

Communication and Journalism, MSW, Library Science, Bachelor of

Technology, Biotechnology, Msc in Computer Science, M.A/Msc in

Military Studies and BBA and BCA. The university leaves no stone

unturned in maintaining the standards of higher education. It caters to

the needs of the students of Districts of Eastern U.P. The successful

conduction of academic activities, continuous efforts in quality

152

improvement, commitment, toward perfection and excellence turn this

university into one of the leading universities of the state.

The Central Library of RML Awadh University was established

in 1998. IT is headed by Dr. R. K. Singh, Librarian. The Library is

equipped with text books, Research Journals and day to day

magazines. Internet facility is provided to students and faculty

members through Broad Band of BSNL and VSAT established by

ISRO. The following table presents the current collection in the central

library of RML Awadh University Faizabad. Table No .06 Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Awadh University, Faizabed.

S. No

List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 60,38002 Number of Titles 38,00003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 2,00004 Number of Indian Journals 15605 Number of Magazines 1806 Number of News Papers 1407 Number of Computers 2008 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 3,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 5,000

The Library is an institutional member of INFLIBNET AND

DELNET. The SOUL Software as recommended by UGC and

approved by the Central and State Govt is in stalled in the central

library of RML Awadh University, Faizabad. 6

4.7 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY LUCKNOW :

The central library of Lucknow University came into existence

with the establishment of Lucknow University in the year 1920.

Initially the library was located in the Old Benett Hall and rooms

between the Verandah on the south-wastern side of main Canning

College building, now known as Faculty of Arts, main building. In

153

1941 the library building was built. The central library of Lucknow

university is named as Tagore Library. Later on the present library

building was extended and the extended portion was inaugurated by

the then president of India Sri V.V.Giri on 9th march 1972.

Tagore library is the central research library of the university of

Lucknow. It is here that academic people can quench their thirst of

knowledge. Tagore Library is considered as one of the oldest, well

arranged and richest libraries of India. The Library houses not only

books, but also has a good collection of rare manuscripts, paintings, art

objects, ancient coins, theses and research journals. The following

table presents the records of the collection in the Tagore library. Table No. 07. Lucknow University of Lucknow

S.No List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 5,50,00002 Number of Titles 86,00003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 10,00004 Number of Indian Journals 14005 Number of Magazines 2606 Number of News Papers 1807 Number of Computers 3008 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 34,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 4,000

In 1929 a special section named as Bonerjee Library was added

to the library. It included the gift of books made by Mr. D.N. Bonerjee.

A special borrower’s card is issued to such students who apply for

membership of the Bonerjee Library. Expect under graduate and post

graduate students no other type of user is allowed to became the

member of Bonerjee Library.

The Library has fourteen section such as Acquisition Section,

English and modern European language processing Section ,Hindi and

154

Sanskrit Section, Manuscript Section, Binding ,Air Conditioning and

Electrical Section excluding office and Bonerjee library.

In the changing scenario Education in 20th century onwards it

was felt that to provide better facilities to the library users

computerization of Tagore library was essential. For the automation of

the library and for extending the state –of-art facilities of Information

Technology to the Users, initially a PC AT 486 was installed way back

in 1993 in the library. The library became User Node of SERNET

network of the INSDOC New Delhi and facility of free E-mail was

introduced in November 1993, which was at that time, was the first of

its kind in the city of Lucknow. Later on with the help of one time

grant from the U.G.C. for updating Library Facility, two Servers

Prosignla 300, One Multimedia Presario and 25 Deskpro Pentium PCs

were installed in the year 1997 and a LOCAL AREA NETWORK has

been setup in the Library. Thus the computer Centre of the library

consists of mainly three parts, one the computer Administration &

server Room, second, the Nodes or User Room and thirdly, the

computers available in different Section of the library. Data base of

Books, Journals and Theses were prepared in CDS/ISIS, and Dbase

software and data entry was started but since no specialised library

management Software was available the work of Library Automation

could not be completed. However, the Computer Centre of the library

extended INRERNET browsing, on –line Searching. E-mail facilities,

free of cost from its Nodes or User Room to the Faculty Member,

Research Scholars and Guests etc. On the spot help in searching has

also been provided to users.

All confide students, research scholar , faculty members, non –

teaching staff, retired teachers and registered graduates of the Lucknow

155

University are allowed to use the library facilities of the Tagore

Library. The Library provides to its user the book borrowing facility,

reading facility, Reference Service, Documentation, Searching

Services, Internet Browsing, e-mail facility, and reprographic facility.7

The complete automation of Tagore library is yet to be made, so

that the on line public access Catalogue, on line data base searching,

and connectivity with the national and international network of library

can be provided to the users.

4.8 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY, VARANASI :

Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth University is the immortal

sign of educational, cultural, and political dreams and visions of

Rashtra Ratna Babu Shiva Prasad Gupt who by the inspiration of

Father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi along with the holy brilliance of

Bharat Ratna Dr Bhagwan Das dreamt of establishing this institution.

His dreams came true and the university was inaugurated by Mahatma

Gandhi on the auspicious occasion of Basant Panchmi on Feb, 10,

1921. The early period of this institution breathed with national

freedom struggle. The teaching faculty of the university provided New

Vision and Horizon to the concept and movement of Indian Socialism.

The following table illustrates the collection of books and

journals in the Dr. Bhagwandas Central Library.Table No. 08 Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth University.

S.No List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 2,40,00002 Number of Titles 66,00003 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 3,00004 Number of Indian Journals 8005 Number of Magazines 3906 Number of News Papers 1907 Number of Computers 2508 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 24,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 8,080

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The central library of M.G. Kashi Vidyapeeth was established in

1921. Formerly it was known as Bhagwan Das Swadhypeeth but later

it was named as Dr.Bhagwan Das Central Library. Dr Bhagwan Das

was the first Vice-Chancellor of the university. Many stalwarts of the

national freedom movement including Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru,

Jamunalal Bajaj, Acharya J.B.Kriplani, Rajarshi Purushottam Das

Tondon. Rafi Ahmad Kidwai, Dr Sampurnanand, Lal Bahadur Shastri,

Pt Kamalapati Tripathi ete were closely associated with this library.

Dr BhagwanDas central library is presently headed by Shri. Shiv

Ram Verma, Librarian assisted by four assistant librarian My Vijay

Kumar Bharti, Mr Vijay Prakash Singh, Mr Gautam Soni and Ms

Amrita Majumdar. The central library is an essential compoment of the

outstanding mission of the founders of the university. The central

library is the most lively place on the campus providing comfortable

and friendly atmosphere that suits the learners in having an

advancements of knowledge in promoting research and higher

academic pursuit. The library facilitates creation of new knowledge

through acquisition, organization, and dissemination of study resource

and providing other required services.8

The central library of M.G. Kashi Vidyapeeth has rich collection

of books in Humanities, Social Sciences and Sciences. At present it has

total collection of 2,40.000 documents. It is divided into Text book

section, research and Reference Section, Manuscipt Section,

Documentation Section, Publication Section, Maintenance Section and

Major Services Section.

4.9 M.J.P. ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY.

Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly come on

to being in 1975. As the Rohilkhand region had a lower literacy rate in

157

comparison to the national average the was a dire need to establish a

separate university in order to cultivate and develop the higher

education in regin.

The university impoarts non central, professional and technical

education through its present there are 21 university departments, 17

Government College, 29 Government Aided affiliated College and 108

self-finance affiliated College. The university run 36 Post Graduate, 15

Undergraduate, 09 Diploma, 20 Post graduate Diploma, 02 M.Phil and

34 Doctoral Programmes .

The University has a central library which is located at the

middle part of the university camps and is a accessible from all

departments on foot. The library has a collection of about 4.5 lakes

which includes books, periodicals, serials, and noon books material.

The collection is housed subject wise under three major streams-

Humanities, Science and Social Sciences.

The Central Library of M J P Rohilkhand University is presently

being headed by Dr. Subhashchand, M.Lib., Ph.d, Assistant Library,

who has made a noteworthy contribution in running the library and

providing a regular friendly atmosphere in the library. The collection

of the library is housed on each floor such as Periodicals of Humanities

and Social Sciences and Text Books and Reference Books on Ground

Floor on the Ist floor Govt documents, campus, UN documents,

documents of other international Agencies etc over house. Science

collection is also housed on 8th floor. New Periodicals, Theses,

Reference Books and bound volumes of periodicals from 19858 on

wards are displayed on the IInd floor. European languages and

literature, Afro-Asian language and literature, Russian language and

literature , Engraining Books, Pharrnay Books, Press clippings etc are

158

also housed in the library. The following table illustrates the collection

of Books this library. Table No. 09. Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University, Bareilly.

S.No List of Study Material & Others Total Number

01 Number of Volumes 70,17202 Number of Titles 42,02903 Number of the Thesis & Dissertations 3,00004 Number of Indian Journals 13005 Number of Magazines 2006 Number of News Papers 1707 Number of Computers 1208 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals / Periodicals 3,00009 Number of the U.G.C. Infonet On Line E-Journals 5,000

The library has only 04 computers in Use. The automation of

library is in progress. But the library provides Internet facility to its

readers. It has became the institutional member of INFLIBNET and

SOUL Software will be used for the automation of the library.9

159

REFERENCE :

1. www.bujhansi.org/?library, html 25/02/2014, 12.47 am

2. http://www.ccsuniversity.ac.in/new/Library.htm l 28/03/2014,

11.17 am

3. http://www.kanpuruniversity.org/central_library.html

26/01/2014, 3.40 pm.

4. http://www.ddugu.edu.in/department.php?tag=Library-

Information-Science, 03/02/2014, 10.50 am.

5. http://www.dbrau.ac.in/library.html 03/02/2014, 10;56 am

6. http://www.rmlau.ac.in/centreal_facilities.aspx, 13/04/2014,

3.10 pm.

7. http://tagorelibrary.tripod.com/ 18/04/2014, 2.11 pm.

8. http://mgkvp.ac.in/CL%20Website/20/04/2014, 8.15 pm.

9. http://www.mjpru.ac.in/facility/FcenterLibrary.aspx 23/04/2014,

10.40 am

*******

160

CHAPTER-5

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LIBRARY SOFTWARE

5.0 INTRODUCATION.

Design and development activity of library software packages in

India started during mid-eighties with the introduction of CDS/ISIS

software package of UNESCO in Indian libraries by the National

Information System on Science and Technology (NISSAT), New

Delhi. NlSSAT organised a number of short term training courses on

applications of CDS/ISIS on library and information activities to make

senior professionals aware of the benefits of computerisation in

libraries, to train library staff to make it operational in the libraries and

to develop computer culture among the librarians and information

scientists. From the experience of use of CDS/ ISIS, MINISIS, etc.

Some of the libraries and information centres got developed their own

software, such as DESIDOC developed Defence Library Management

System (DELMS) during 1988 in COBOL language under multiuser

Unix environment and implemented it at Defence Science Library

(DSL) in DESIDOC. Also Catman was developed by the Indian

National Scientific Documentation Centre (INSDOC), New Delhi and

implemented at National Science Library (NSL) in INSDOC. Sanjay

package was developed for small libraries by DESIDOC under

NISSAT project to popularise COS/ISIS and to develop a model

automated library by implementing it at Technology Bhawan Library

in DST, New Delhi, etc. Now, libraries are fully aware about the needs

of computerisation and many software packages are available for their

161

use depending upon the needs. However, selection of suitable software

for library is a problem because of lack of good, and up to date

comparative studies on software packages. Thus an attempts has been

made here to evaluate some of the software packages used in Indian

libraries and information centres based on published literature,

demonstration in conferences, practical experience, personal

discussions, e:c This study may help other libraries in selecting the

software for their automation. (Sehgal 1998)1

In the case of libraries, application software is used to automate

housekeeping operations such as acquisition technical processing,

circulation, Serials control etc. Today quite a number of library

software packages are available for librarian for housekeeping

operations and information storage and retrieval purposes. For

developing in house software to solve complex problem, the

requirements become severe and unmanageable. Because o f these

limitations, practicing librarians or information scientists should be

exposed to some commercially available software packages'

The different activities of a library can be grouped as follows.

Information Resources Building (IRB) Acquisitions of

monographs, serial control including check in claiming,

budgeting and subscription control; accounting and report

preparation cost modelling etc.

Classification and cataloguing.

Circulation control

Information Retrieval

Current awareness services

Selective Dissemination of information

Indexing and abstraction etc.

162

On-line search assistance

Training models for libraries and information users

Word processing application

Communication Network

E-mail and Network (Sinha 1992) 2

5.1 FUNCTIONS OF LIBRARY AUTOMATION SOFTWARE

PACKAGES.

The objective of any library software package is to computerize

all the activities of the library. It makes mainly the repetitive and

tedious jobs of the library easy, save considerable time of the librarian

and makes him more responsible to his duties. The major functions of

the library software package can be divided according to the area/

sections/department of the libraries where computerization is required.

The major areas/sections are;

• Cataloguing

• Circulation control

• Serial control

• Reference and Information retrieval,

• Acquisition related functions.

Besides the major areas as mentioned, above the library

software package is expected to perform in other

specific areas such as;

• Abstracting functions,

• Indexing functions

• Union catalogue related functions;

• OPAC searching;

• Database related function,

• User profiles, mailing list and other uses related functions;

163

• Stock verification related function;

• Barcode generation;

• Access and searching o f Internet;

• Multimedia capabilities,

• Online acquisition, storage and retrieval capabilities

• Access to electronic information.

The Software is also categorized based on their function such as.

• Basic software for data entry validation etc.

• Word processing software to manipulate text storage;

• Data base management system for management of Database;

• Text Retrieval package for storage and retrieval of non

documeric records;

• Software associated with searching on-line retrieval system and

CD-Rom databases.

• Library House keeping software.

5.2 TYPES OF LIBRARY SOFTWARE PACKAGE.

Library automation software packages developed by outside

agencies for commercial purposes can be grouped under the following

categories based on the types of function they fulfil in the over all

automation activities. Database and information retrieval functions

help in database design maintenance, searching generation of

personalized SDI, Indexes, bibliographies etc. Library management

functions Carry out house- keeping operations likes acquisition,

cataloguing circulation and serial control. Management support

facilities. Help to the library management by providing MIS.

Accounting and budgeting control. (Leach and Bull 1966). 3

164

5.3 LIBRARY AUTOMATION SOFTWARE PACKAGE.

A list of few individual Library software packages is given

below for the comparative study of automation package. There are

hundreds of library automation software packages available at the

global level; It is difficult to list those all. Therefore the given list is

only a sample of the available packages designed and developed for the

libraries in India. (Khurshid 2012) 4

Table No. 5.1 Some popular library software packages and the development agencies.S.No. Name of Software Development Agency.

1. Cybrarian CR 2 Technologies Ltd, Ahemedabad.2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS UNESCO,( distributed by NISSA, New Delhi 3. Delsis DELNET Society , New Delhi4. E-Granthalaya INSDOC, New Delhi.5. Evergreen GNU GPL6. Granthalaya INSDOC, New Delhi7. Greenstone UNESCO8. Koha Harowhenua Library Trust New Zealand9. Librarian Mudra Electronic New Delhi

10. Lib.Man Datapro Consuiitancy Service, Pune.11. Library Management Software Raychan Sysmatics, Bangalore. 12. Library soft ETST Corp, New Delhi13. Library Sys. Lib Sys Corporation, New Delhi14. Maitreyi CALIBNET ( CMC Ltd) Calcutta15. SaaS Microsoft.16. Sanjay DESIDOC, Delhi, ( For NISSAT New Delhi17. Soul INFLIBNET, Ahemedabad.18. Slim++ Algorhythms ConsuHants ( Pvt), Pune19. TLMS TRANCE, GERMANY.20. Tulip Tata Unisys, Bombay21. Virtua VLTS Software P Ltd, Nodia (U.P.)

Table No. 5.2 Some popular library software packages, their operating

systems and minimum hardware requirements. S.No. Name of Software Operating System Minimum hardware

requirements1. Cybrarian WIN XP P3,RAM 128 MB2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS WINXP UNIX P3,RAM 128 MB3. Delsis Visual Basis P4,Client, 4MB RAM, 8

MB Recommended.4. E-Granthalaya WINDOWS 265 MB5. Evergreen LINUX6. Granthalaya 1. MS DOS 6.0 &

Above PC-AT 486RAM 128 MB

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2. SCO UNIX VER 5.3.2. 3. Ingres VER 6.2 or above4. Oracle VER 6.2 or above

HD 540 MB

7. Greenstone WIN / LINUX P3,RAM 128 MB8. Koha LINUX P4,RAM 256 MB9. Librarian XENIX PC-AT 368 MB

10. Lib.Man WIN/ LINUX P4 RAM 256 MB11. Library Management

Software WINDOWS P3, P4 256MB

12. Library soft13. Library Sys. MSDOS 6.0 & Above Intel 368/468 based 14. Maitreyi UNIX 3.2 PC-AT 36815. SaaS WIN/ LINUX RAM 256 MB 16. Sanjay MS DOS VER 3.2. or

Above ( developed by augmenting CDS/ISIS(2.3)

PC-AT PC –AT 128 MB RAM & 40 MB HD

17. Soul WINDOWS P4, 512 MB RAM

18. Slim++ WINDOWS P4 256 MB RAM, 10GB HOD

19. TLMS WINDOWS P4 128 MB RAM 20. Tulip WIN/MAC/LINUX RAM 512 MB21. Virtua LINUX RAM 256 MB

5.3.1 CYBRARIAN

Asia’s First SaaS based Integrated Library Automation Solution

allows Librarians to manage their library online. All resources based

on security are well indexed in reputed search engine like Google,

Yahoo, live and more. This enables eiders to locate the library based

resource from across the globe. Now every Librarian has access to

advanced features like MARC21, Z3950. Live web OPAC, RFID

Acquisition, Cataloguing, Report Generation and many more without

spending much on procurement of expensive hardware and software.

Further Cybrarian provides peace of mind to librarians as their

database is completely secured, untouched, untampered, unaltered

and constantly backed up time to time. All these without any human

166

intervention. RSS module enables libraries to share their data across

various blogs, social networks, official sites and more. All features

support multilingual using UNICODE. Publisher’s now have an

additional tool to market their publication and reach the targeted

audience. Catalogue module allows publishers: Well presented easily

searchable catalogue, to send e-catalogue of their publications to the

targeted libraries to generate MARC compatible records of the

publication enabling Librarian to download the record and use it any

standard Library Management Software.

Readers can access their Library on the move, from any where in

the world. Readers are constantly updated about, New arrivals,

Resources of Internet, Due Status, Readers can query the database and

make necessary reservations for the required resources. They can

create their own virtual shelf and share them with their colleagues/

friends.

Search results can be published on Readers Blog or website

using RSS feeds. Readers Can Search local language book using

phonetic keyboard. Advanced Search enables Readers to find the

targeted resource accurately and quickly. Most searched keywords are

indexed in TAGs which facilitates Readers to execute a quick search.

Read and Search 1200 digital newspapers from across the globe can be

searched and send online. 5

5.3.2 CDS/ ISIS, WINISIS.

NISSAT/DSIR acts as the nodal agency The acronym CDS/ ISIS

stands for computerized documentation system Integrated set of

Information system. It is a menu driven generalized information

storage and retrieval system designed specifically for computerized

management of database it has been designed and developed by

167

UNESCO’S Division of Software Development Application office o f

information programs and services. NISSAT is the national distributor

of this package in India. Although not a true library automation

software package it helps to develop automation software packages

based on it. It consists o f a set of computer programs that perform a

variety of functions related to information storage and retrieval.

5.3.2.1 IMPORTANT FEAUTES OF CDS/ISIS/ WINISIS

• The package allows its users to create non Onumerical database.

• The database can contain over one-core fifty lakh records.

• The maximum size of display format is of 4000 characters.

• The handling of variable of variable length records, fields and

sub fields thus saving disk space and making it possible to store

greater amounts of bibliographic information.6

5.3.3 DELSIS.

Delsis, the networking software is an integrated modular

package developed on Basis plus by DELNET to undertake complex

cataloguing and union cataloguing functions in the libraries, library

networks and information centres. Some of its special features include:

Enquiries through OPAC by author/ title/ subject/ call no./

series/ keyword etc.

Boolean enquiries and full Text search retrieval.

Display records in AACR II format and Data import/ export.

Input format: Common Communication Format (CCF)

development by UNESCO, Automatic index generation.

Duplicate checking of records and Interface to CDS/ISIS.

Creation of bibliographic records in Indian language for 13

languages (using GIST cards).

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All DELNET databases and online inter-library loan facility, etc are

functioning on this software presently. 7

5.3.4 E.GRANTHALAYA

e-Granthalaya was started as an in-house project at 'Karnataka

State Centre of NIC, Bangalore' and first version of the software was

designed for the Public Libraries in the State. Later, NIC HQs 'Library

and Information Services Division' took over the designing of the

software where library professionals were involved in the designing

process and, thus, improved the software with enhanced user interface

and simplify the work-flow of library functions so that it can suit all

kinds of libraries.

e-Granthalaya is a library automation software from National

Informatics Centre, Department of Electronics & Information

Technology, Ministry of Communications and Information

Technology, Government of India. The software has been designed by

a team of experts from software as well as Library and Information

Science discipline. Using this software the libraries can automate in-

house activities as well as user services. The software can be

implemented either in stand-alone or in client-server mode where

database and Web OPAC are installed on the server PC while the data

entry program is installed on client PCs. The software provides

LAN/Web based data entry solutions for a cluster of libraries where a

centralized/Common database can be created with Union Catalogue

output. The software provides Web OPAC interface to publish the

library catalogue over Internet/Intranet. The software runs on Windows

platform Only, UNICODE Compliant, thus, supports data entry in

local language.

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The e-Granthalaya is provided at zero cost to the Indian

Libraries along with the training and support provided by the District

and State Centres of NIC. National Information Centre (NIC) was

established in 1976, and has since emerged as a prime builder of e-

Government /e-Governance applications up to the grassroots level as

well as a promoter of digital opportunities for sustainable development.

NIC, through its ICT Network, “NICNET”, has institutional linkages

with all the Ministries/ Departments of the Central Government, 45

State Government / Union Territories, and about 625 District

administrations of India. NIC has been instrumental in steering e-

Government /e-Governance applications in government ministries/

department at the Centre, States, Districts and Blocks, facilitating

improvement in government service, wider transparency, promoting

decentralized planning and management, resulting in better efficiency

and accountability to the people of India.

5.3.4.1 SOFTWARE COMPONENTS.

e-Granthalaya contains following components, some of these are

installed in the Server PC while rest of these are installed in the client

PCs.

1. Database ( MS SQL Server 2005/2008) on Server PC ( Windows

2003/2008).

2. Web OPAC- on Server PC.

3. Data entry program- on client PCs. The software is provided at

zero cost to the Ministries/Departments/Public/ Academic/

Universities/Colleges and school libraries. Besides, libraries

setup in Public/Private sectors may also approach to the NIC for

free copy of the software. The support, training, Data Entry,

Maintenance, Migration, etc are provided on Payment basis by

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the NIC/NICSI Empanelment Agency. Government Libraries

Hosting may also be done FREE in NIC Server. The e-

Granthalaya software can be get from any District/State Centres

of NIC or from NIC Hqs, New Delhi by sending one official

letter on letter head duly signed by Authority along with duly

filled request form. 8

5.3.5 EVERGREEN.

Evergreen is open source library management software, freely

licensed under the GNU GPL. It was first launched in September, 2006

in Georgia's PINES consortium. It is highly-scalable software for

libraries that helps library patrons find library materials, and helps the

libraries to manage, catalogue, and circulate the materials, no matter

how large or complex the libraries are. Evergreen has an active

community that participates in its coding, documentation, and direction

of the project. Website : http://www.open-ils.org/9

5.3.6 GRANTHALAYA

It is a complete library automation package designed and

developed in Foxpro by the Indian National Scientific Documentation

Centre (INSDOC), New Delhi. This package is available in MS-DOS.

Salient features of the package are as follows: D Modularitp The

package comprises seven modules (Data administration, query,

circulation, acquisition, serials control, technical processing and library

administration) designed to handle all functions of a library and

information centre. Since the package has different modules, the

library can implement complete package or acquire stand-alone

module(s) depending upon the needs of library to implement, and

remaining modules can be implemented and integrated with the

existing module(s) as and when need arises. Object Oriented Design-

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The package has been developed based on object-oriented design

which offers qualitatively superior end product. CCf Compatibility-

The package adopts common communication format (CCF). It

incorporates all mandatory fields of CCF which facility. Facilities-The

package is provided with sophisticated tools for retrieval of

information by different search parameters. Search can he conducted

by using Boolean logic operators. Search terms can be typed or

selected through dictionaries. Ease of use-The package is easy to learn

and use. 10

5.3.7 GREEN STONE.

Greenstone Digital Library Software from the New Zealand

Digital library project a versatile open source multilingual digital

library environment with over a decade of pedigree—has a user base

hailing from over 70 countries, is downloaded 4,500 times a month,

runs on all popular operating systems (even the iPod!), and has a

readers interface in over 40 languages.

Greenstone won the 2004 IFIP Namur award, which recognizes

recipients for raising awareness internationally of the social

implications of information and communication technologies; and was

a finalist for the 2006 Stockholm Challenge, the world’s leading ICT

Prize for entrepreneurs who use ICT to improve living conditions and

increase economic growth. Greenstone is promoted by UNESCO

(Paris) under its Information for All programme. It is distributed with

the FAO’s (Rome) Information Management Resource Kit (2005),

along with tutorial information on its use.

It provides a new way of organizing information and making it

available over the Internet. Collections of information comprise large

numbers of documents (typically several thousand to several million),

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and a uniform interface is provided to them. Libraries include many

collections, individually organized -- though bearing a strong family

resemblance. The structure of a collection is determined by a

configuration file. Existing collections range from newspaper articles

to technical documents, from educational journals to oral history, from

visual art to videos, from MIDI pop music collections to ethnic

folksongs.

Making information available using Greenstone is far more than

just "putting it on the Web." The information becomes searchable,

brows able, and maintainable. Each collection, prior to presentation,

undergoes a "building" process that, once established, is fully

automatic. This creates all the structures used for access at run-time.

Searching utilizes various indexes of text and/or metadata, while

browsing utilizes metadata such as title and author. When new material

appears, it is incorporated into the collection by rebuilding.

To address the broad demands of digital libraries, the system is

public and extensible. Issued under the Gnu public license, users are

invited to contribute modifications and enhancements. Widely used

internationally, Greenstone supports collections in many different

languages. Greenstone CD-ROMs have been published by the United

Nations and other humanitarian agencies for distribution in developing

countries. 11

5.3.8 KOHA

Koha is the first Open Source library management system and it

was initially developed by Harowhenua Library Trust, New Zealand in

2000. Now the project has grown as one of the popular Open Source

Library management system by large group of volunteers from various

parts of the world. According to lib-web-cats 1519 libraries are using

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Koha world wide. Following are the key features which place Koha

first in priority list of library professionals

● Full-featured ILS

● Library standards compliant

● Web based interfaces

● Free software (Licensed under GNU General Public License)

● No Vendor Lock in

● Active development process

● Community decides what they want

● Frequent software releases.

More than ten open source library management systems

available, but very few of them popular in library automation market.

Koha project started as a non-profit initiative and it strictly follows the

principles of Open Source philosophy.

Open source Integrated Library Systems (ILS) are a new

phenomenon in library automation industry. The main barrier between

library professionals and Open Source software are lack of proper

awareness and training. Library professionals’ organizations and

library science schools in India are not taking this as a serious concern.

Librarians are getting only few opportunities to take part in awareness

and training programmes in Open Source software. As the result, usage

of Open Source software are very low in libraries. Implementation of

Open Source ILS is difficulty for library professionals because of its

complex installation procedure. Most of the Open Source softwares

suitable for libraries work only with Linux operating system.

Installation of Open Source Library Management System in Linux

operating system is not easy as like the installation of a user friendly

Windows based softwares. Installation of Koha in libraries need either

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the help of an expert or the library professionals should acquire

expertise in Linux operating system.

Koha live CD’s contain Linux operating system and installed

instance of Koha library management system. Koha package is pre

installed in the CD and ready to use after the installation of live CD. It

allows library professionals to test the software before taking decision

on Koha implementation. Koha Live CD projects: 12

5.3.8.1 LIB LIVE CD

It is developed by Dr. A.R.D. Prasad, DRTC, Bangalore. This

CD contain Koha, Dspace, PKP Harvester and many other tools useful

for libraries. LibliveCD build on Ubuntu Linux. Home page:

http://sourceforge.net/projects/liblivecd/.

KOHA GSDL Integrated.

LIVE CD is a customized Ubuntu LIVE CD having KOHA

ILS, Greenstone Digital Library Software.

KOHA VIRTUAL APPLIANCE

Is available as a VMDK image that is compatible with VMware

products, Virtual Box, and other virtualization software. The project

started by Kyle Hall leader of Mill Run Technology solutions from

Unites State.

OSS LAB

One of the prominent Koha premium service provide from India,

They build Koha Live CD based on Open Suse Linux.

BENEFITS.

Koha Live CD is useful for both learning purpose and

implementation in a real library environment. Following are the

benefits of Koha Live CD.

Bundled with Linux operating system,

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Suitable for trial without install inside the hard disk of the

computer,

User friendly installation,

No need of high end Linux expertise for maintenance,

Customised version of Koha is ready to use,

Availability of third party applications ( e,g, email client database

backup utility). Suitable for offline installation and no need of Internet connection for Install koha in

their library. 12

5.3.9 LIBRARIAN.

Librarian software is a complete Library Management software

capable to manage dissemination of information at the right time to the

right people. Suitable for small to big libraries, college, school,

university, corporate house, charitable trust and other academy. Library

Software can also be used by the Music / Movies Librarian and

associations to collections.

5.3.9.1 SALIENT FEATURES.

Web OPAC for online search of information, Web Interface:

Access to free e-journals and e-books through the software are

importance features. Librarian has user interactive for search called

Boolean. It contains more then 20 fields for search, Link Menu facility.

Librarian Software links with other application like MS- WORD

circulation Module with member/ borrower profile and lending rules,

Budget Management Module handles total library budgeting

cataloguing as per AACR –II formats on Author, Title, Subject,

Series object-integration like Audio/ Video Cassette, CD, Flip Charts.

Posters can be entered and in-build RFID BARCODE software and

printing, Around 50 types of reports available, which covers all the

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reporting part of a library administration. LIBRARIAN’S incredibly

flexible circulation system enables library staff to create as many

borrower many loan periods as are necessary and different circulation

rules for different categories. It also offers an Event scheduler, where

automatic letters and recalls can be emailed to respective users.

BORROWERS.

Detailed borrower information can be held in LIBRARIAN to

assist library staff in both the generation and production of reports and

statistics. It is sometimes useful for library staff to be able to check the

identities of potential users before doing this is to issue cards with

photographs pasted onto it. The other alternative is to hold photographs

of borrowers on the database which can be viewed.

FINES.

This feature enables library staff to automatically charge for

overdue and lost items. Different fine rates can set for different types

of borrowers and / or items and it is possible categories from fine

altogether if necessary.

RESERVATION .

Using this feature, user can book a particular item for a period of

certain days.

INTER LIBRARY LOAN

Books and other items can be borrowed from & issued to other

librarian and all the details of inter-Library Loan reports can be

handled and operated by the software.

BARCODES

The LIBRARIAN’S circulation system is designed to operate

with barcodes identifying complete details of the accessed material.

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The most common form of barcode reader is the key wedge device

which does not require any additional operating software.

5.3.10 LIB MAN

This is a fully integrated, Multi User package for the complete

automation (computerization) of in house operations of the

Library. The present client base is 95. It is powerful and easy to use

system. No previous knowledge of computers is required to use LIB-

MAN. The software is developed after the consultation with at least

100 senior Librarians & Library Staff. Highest consideration is given

to accuracy and convenience to user. This supports local language

fonts. So you can enter titles in Marathi, Hindi, English or any other

local language.

The system is having following modules:

1. Acquisition & Cataloguing.

2. Circulation

3. OPAC On-line Public Access Catalogue.

4. Serial Controls.

5. MIS Analysis & Reports .

6. RFID

5.3.10.1 SALIENT FEATURES OF LIB-MAN

Best Training at Library site starting with A. B, C of

computers - No Previous knowledge of Computer is required, Fully

documented User Manual about how to operate Lib-Man, 100 %

accuracy and security of data & Operations, Windows Environment,

Extensive Backup utilities & Recover Utility Minimum Data Entry

work, Bar Code Support for Member (borrower) and Documents

(Library material), Multi Script / Multi Font, Interface with MSWord,

Word pad , Ms Excel etc System Requirement Desired System At least

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a P3 / P4 computer with one 132 col printer. Preferable is 3 computers

in network. It is The Master's Software started in 1996 by a leading

computer professional. Mr. S.V. Somani who was also the Head of the

Computer Centre of Nagpur University, Nagpur. 14

5.3.11 LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE

Library Management System has been designed to automate

manage and look after the over-all processing of even very large-scale

libraries. This software is capable to managing Books Issue, Returns,

Magazine/ Newspaper Subscription, Calculating/ Managing Fine and

Balances of payments due from Member, generating various Reports

for Records-keeping and Review purpose, according to end user

requirements.

Library Management Software is capable to manage all the

functionalities of a library. It is suitable for small to big libraries viz,

college, school, university, medical libraries, legal libraries, corporate

housed, charitable trust and others. Library Software is capable to

manage CDs,

This software is fully compatible with Bar Codes. Use of Bar

Codes for Library Management eases the everyday tasks of big

Libraries, where the No. of transactions exceed several thousands in

number. Moreover, the software can work even without Bar Codes

seamlessly. The Bar-Code generation and printing process is a Built-In

feature of this Software. 15

Key features of the Software are listed below.

Book and Member Record management with the help of Bar-

Codes.

Customizable Fine settings for various categories of members

(Fine per day/ Book return Period etc.

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Customizable grouping of members under various Categories and

classes.

Membership subscription Period management.

Powerful Search Facility for Book and Member Search based.

5.3.12 LIB SOFT

Lib soft is an integrated, multi - user, user- friendly Librarian

Management Software Package. It has been excellent performance in

various School, College, Universities, Special and Public Librarian.

The Most versatile Library automation Software has achieved the lead

with largest number of installation. All library routines and high level

documentation service are possible in a user friendly manner therefore;

Users can use it with confidence even without special training. It is

developed with the help of advice and intellectual input from experts in

library profession. Therefore database management and rendering

services using it is very user friendly. The options for searching and

sorting under any field are the versatility of the program. Also we

claim that some of the feature like selection of fields for data output,

indexing and automatic classification are unique. It covers all the

housekeeping operations of all type of libraries in the area of

Accession, Classification, Cataloguing, Circulation Journal Indexing

and On-line searching.

5.3.12.1 FEATURES

Fully Flexible-Local variations possible, Supports more then 10

lakh of Records, Data conversion from CDS/ISIS. Reduced Rate. Fully

Integrated, High Data Security, Exhaustive Information Retrieval Tool.

More User –friendly, Printouts in Desired formats, Various reports

Generation, Simple& Boolean Search & Advanced Search, Search

result can sort with all fields, Mulit-user facility, Network

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Implementation, Software Consistency, Barcode Facility.RFID

Facility. LIBSOFT Web OPAC, LIBSOFT DIGITAL Library

Software. LIBSOFT Gate Register Software, LIBSOFT Online

Repositories. 16

5.3.13 LIBRARY SYS

Developed and marketed by Libsys corporation New Delhi Libsys

is completed menu driven in all of its functions menus are used to

prompt the operation through the options available in each stage in the

process. I t is the most comprehensive and popular library software

package available in a India. It is a full-integrated multi user system

operating on UNIX/VMS/ LAN platforms and supports all activities

relating to Computerization of library operations Important Features of

Libsys are a multi user system, choice in any module, and computer

menu driven.

Libsys is the most popular library software in India having more

than 1000 installations in different types of libraries. It has a contract

with the British Council Divisions of South Asia, to provide

automation and related services for its libraries. Libsys is an integrated

library management software developed in C and C++. Although the

software is based on its own bibliographic database, it is available for

systems using ORACLE and SQL Server as back-end RDBMS. Libsys

provides full graphic user interface front end for the Windows client. It

runs on a wide spectrum of hardware and operating systems, including

UNIX, Linux, and Windows NT Operating System on the server side

and having any version of Windows at the client side. Thus in

choosing operating platform, users find greater flexibility in

comparison to other software. Libsys is built around its own

centralized bibliographic database based on MARC format supporting

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various types of materials in print as well as non-print form. The

cataloguing data entry also accepts data in standard machine readable

formats such as USMARC, OCL Cetc., thus facilitating import and

export of bibliographic data in both MARC and non-MARC formats.

Catalogue maintenance utility allows changes in any bibliographic data

including data removal facility. Moreover, Libsys software also

provides title entry for retrospective conversion following simple

procure. The various modules of Libsys are as follows.(a) Acquisition

(b) Cataloguing ( c) Circulation (d) Serial control (e)Article Indexing

(f) Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC) (g) Cataloguing of

documents in Libsys Cataloguing module of Libsys has many unique

features such as- maintenance of ‘in-process title’; production of

catalogue by importing bibliographic data from elsewhere; facilitating

the cataloguing of various user defined types of materials; updating of

cataloguing details for the titles entered in ‘Acquisition

module’ ,thereby avoiding the re-entering of the bibliographic

information; allowing modifications of bibliographic data as and when

required; enabling resource sharing in networked environment through

Z.39.50 protocol; maintenance of authority files; holding updates;

generation of holding summary with regard to the titles and accession

number to assess strength and weakness of the collection; generation of

catalogue cards as per AACR-II and Classified Catalogue Code

(CCC).In contrast to AfW, Libsys can generate a list of recent arrivals,

special bibliographies for the purpose of providing current awareness

service (CAS) and selective dissemination of information (SDI).

Another feature of Libsys is its ability to construct an inbuilt thesaurus

for the benefit of users as well as library staff. 17

5.3.14 MAITREYI

182

This software has been developed by CMC (Computer

Maintenance Corporation of India) for CALIBNET ( Calcutta Libraries

Network). This provides facilities for all jobs relating to housekeeping

and services. Librarian desirous of using this software may buy it from

CMC, Calcutta. 18

5.3.15 SAAS

Software as a Service is a concept for delivery of application

software through internet instead of installing & running the same on a

use’s computer. The software is running remotely on a web server

somewhere and the user access the application using only a web

browser.

The application software is running remotely on a server

somewhere and the users access the software using a web browser.

This reduces the up-front cost of purchasing the software, hardware,

storage, networking components etc.

The SaaS price are based on a monthly/ yearly fee instead of

paying for the licensed software packages including their upgrades &

updates. SaaS removes the hurdle of providing services like

installation, deployment, support, maintenance, upkeep, virus control,

regular back up & security etc. Cost of all such service, through

unseen, forms amajor part of the operational cost. Since the software &

data are not stored on user’s computer, he does not require large data

storage facilities.

SaaS provides 24 × 7 ×365 services. The user can access the

application from anywhere at any time provided he has an internet

access. SaaS has brought a new revolution in the IT world for use of

software and leading organization across the globe are switching over

to SaaS model from the traditional model for use of software. 19

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5.3.16 SANJAY.

SANJAY:-DESIDOC, Metcalf House, New Delhi A library

automation package based on CDS/ISIS, capable o f interlinings two or

more databases for a single application, handling numerical

calculations and earring out library housekeeping operation.

7CDS/ISIS is generalized information storage and retrieval software

for the management of structured non-numerical database. It cannot be

used straight to way for the management of housekeeping operations.

Hence NISSAT, the distributing agency in India for CDS/ISIS package

has become interested in getting the modules for library housekeeping

operations developed indigenously so NISSAT has awarded p project

to DESIDOC for the development of these additional modules in

PASCAL. Accordingly DESIDOC has developed the additional

modules for the library housekeeping application on CDS/ISIS. This

package is called SANJAY.

The SANJAY is low priced library management software that

runs

on the personal computer and can support textual information in India

scripts. The SANJAY performs the library management function such

as acquisition control on line catalogue management circulation control

etc. Important features of SANJAY • To make the software user-

friendly.• The package is capable of handling numerical operations like

calculation of budgeting allocation and expenditure.• It provides

linking of two or more Databases for a single application. It provides

linking an acquisition system with the on line catalogue and circulation

system.• On line queiy search on “Books” database on fields link title

author publisher class number accession number, keyword, corporate

body etc.• Printing of No due Certificates.• Printing of accession list

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subject index, Author index Catalogue card as per AACR-2 online help

to the user of the system etc.

• It has a set of 70 Pascal programmers and 25 special menus.

• Faster response time.• Backup of the database at regular intervals.

This software package may be referred to as extended and

modified from of CDS/ISIS,. It has been developed by DESIDOC as a

project of NISSAT. CDS/ISIS, as discussed earlier is a very useful and

powerful package for documentation work, but it lacks programmes for

housekeeping activities such as circulation, serial control etc.

Programme for each of these activities can be created in it and

integrated by Pascal Programme which is a difficult job for a librarian

who is not skilled in programming with Pascal language. In order to

overcome this limitation of CDS/ISIS, in SANJAY through 25 Pascal

programmes facilities for library housekeeping jobs have been provide

in integrated manner. Details of this software can be had from NISSAT

as NISSAT is yet to release it.

NISSAT by augmenting CDS/ISIS (ver 2.3) to cater to the need

of library management special features of the package are as following

1. User- friendly for library house-keeping operations.

2. Has a set of 70 Pascal Programe and 25 special menus.

3. Faster response time- 1 minute for a query on 12,000 documents.

4. Effective Interlinking of database

5. Modified CDS/ISIS augmented to cover several additional

applications. .

The Package is marketed by NISSAT, New Delhi, at a

nominal price. The package has already been implemented at 15

libraries including Technology Bhawan library and Indian Oil

Corporation (R&D) Library New Delhi. 20

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5.3.17 SOUL

Software for University Libraries (SOUL) is an state-of-the-art

integrated library management software designed and developed by the

INFLIBNET Centre based on requirements of college and university

libraries. It is a user-friendly software developed to work under client-

server environment. The software is compliant to international

standards for bibliographic formats, networking and circulation

protocols. After a comprehensive study, discussions and deliberations

with the senior professionals of the country, the software was designed

to automate all house keeping operations in library. The software is

Software for University Libraries (SOUL) is an state-of-the-art

integrated library management software designed and developed by the

INFLIBNET Centre based on requirements of college and university

libraries. It is a user-friendly software developed to work under client-

server environment. The software is compliant to international

standards for bibliographic formats, networking and circulation

protocols. After a comprehensive study, discussions and deliberations

with the senior professionals of the country, the software was designed

to automate all house keeping operations in library. The software is

suitable not only for the academic libraries, but also for all types and

sizes of libraries, even school libraries. The first version of software

i.e. SOUL 1.0 was released during CALIBER 2000.

The latest version of the software i.e. SOUL 2.0 was released in

January 2009. The database for new version of SOUL is designed for

latest versions of MS-SQL and My SQL (or any other popular

RDBMS). SOUL 2.0 is compliant to international standards such as

MARC 21 bibliographic format, Unicode based Universal Character

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Sets for multilingual bibliographic records and NCIP 2.0 and SIP 2

based protocols for electronic surveillance and control.

5.3.17.1 MAJOR FEATURES OF SOUL

UNICODE based multilingual support for Indian and foreign

languages;

Compliant to International Standards such as MARC21, AACR-

2, MARCXML;

Compliant to NCIP 2.0 protocol for RFID and other related

applications especially for electronic surveillance and self

check-out & check-in;

Client-server based architecture, user-friendly interface that does

not require extensive training;

Supports multi-platform for bibliographic database such as My

SQL, MS-SQL or any other RDBMS;

Supports cataloguing of electronic resources such as e-journals,

e-books, virtually any type of material;

Supports requirements of digital library and facilitate link to

full-text articles and other digital objects;

Support online copy cataloguing from MARC21 supported

bibliographic database;

Provides default templates for data entry of different type of

documents. User can also customize their own data entry

templates for different type of documents;

Provides freedom to users for generating reports of their choice

and format along with template and query parameters;

Supports ground-level practical requirements of the libraries

such as stock verification, book bank, vigorous maintenance

functions, transaction level enhanced security, etc.;

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Provides facility to send reports through e-mail, allows users to

save the reports in various formats such as Word, PDF, Excel,

MARCXML, etc.;

Highly versatile and user-friendly OPAC with simple and

advanced search. OPAC users can export their search results in

to PDF, MS Excel, and MARCXML format;

Supports authority files of personal name, corporate body,

subject headings and series name;

Supports data exchange through ISO-2709 standard;

Provides simple budgeting system and single window operation

for all major circulation functions;

Strong region-wise support for maintenance through regional

coordinators. Strong online and offline support by e-mail, chat

and through dedicated telephone line during office hours; and

available at an affordable cost with strong institutional support.

The INFLIBNET Library plays a vital role in the collection

development and dissemination of scientific and technical

information to meet the present and future needs of the Centre.

The INFLIBNET Centre has a small, specialized library

consisting of 2000 documents on computer, communication,

information and library science. The library is fully

computerized using SOUL integrated library management

software. The collection of the library is available online through

the web OPAC facility of the SOUL.

The INFLIBNET Library plays a vital role in the collection

development and dissemination of scientific and technical information

to meet the present and future needs of the Centre. The Library

maintains databases of participants who attended various training

188

programmes at INFLIBNET Centre; SOUL installations; and

universities and its contact details including e-mail and website

addresses. These databases are accessible through the library website at

http://www.inflibnet.ac.in/ universitydirectory/

5.3.17.2 (SOUL 2.0): IT IS THE LATEST VERSION OF SOUL.1.

The database for new version of SOUL is designed for latest

versions of MS-SQL and My SQL (or any other popular RDBMS).

SOUL 2.0 is compliant to international standards such as MARC 21

bibliographic format, Unicode based Universal Character Sets for

multilingual bibliographic records and NCIP 2.0 based protocols for

electronic surveillance and control. Major Features and Functionalities

Following are the strong features of SOUL 2.0:

• UNICODE based multilingual support for Indian and foreign

languages;

• Compliant to International Standards such as MARC21, AACR-

2, MARCXML;

• Compliant to NCIP 2.0 protocol for RFID and other related

applications especially for electronic surveillance and self

check-out & check-in;

• Client-server based architecture, user-friendly interface that does

not require extensive training;

• Supports multi-platform for bibliographic database such as My

SQL, MS-SQL or any other RDBMS;

• Supports cataloguing of electronic resources such as e-journals,

e-books, virtually any type of material;

• Supports requirements of digital library and facilitate link to

full-text articles and other digital objects;

189

• Support online copy cataloguing from MARC21 supported

bibliographic database;

• Provides default templates for data entry of different type of

documents. User can also customize their own data entry

templates for different type of documents;

• Provides freedom to users for generating reports of their choice

and format along with template and query parameters;

• Supports ground-level practical requirements of the libraries

such as stock verification, book bank, vigorous maintenance

functions, transaction level enhanced security, etc.;

• Provides facility to send reports through e-mail, allows users to

save the reports in various formats such as Word, PDF, Excel,

MARCXML, etc.;

• Highly versatile and user-friendly OPAC with simple and

advanced search. OPAC users can export their search results in

to PDF, MS Excel, and MARCXML format;

• Supports authority files of personal name, corporate body,

subject headings and series name;

• Supports data exchange through ISO-2709 standard;

• Provides simple budgeting system and single window operation

for all major circulation.functions;

• Strong region-wise support for maintenance through regional

coordinators. Strong online and offline support by e-mail, chat

and through dedicated telephone line during office hours; and

• Available at an affordable cost with strong institutional support.

MODULES

190

The SOUL 2.0 consists of the following modules. Each module

has further been divided into sub modules to cater to its functional

requirements:

5.3.17.3 ACQUISITOPN

The module enables library staff to handle all the major

functions, such as

• Suggestions management,

• Order processing, cancellation and reminders,

• Receipt, Payment and budgetary control,

• Master files such as currency, vendors, publishers etc.; and ;

Reports.

5.3.17.4 CATALOGUE

Catalogue module is used for retrospective conversion of library

resources. It also facilitates library staff to process of the newly

acquired library resources. The strong features of catalogue module

allows cataloguer to create their own templates for data entry of

different library resources different templates for leaders and fixed

fields of MARC21;

It allows user-generated customized reports and facilitates

authority database of person name, corporate body, subject headings

and series name;

It supports copy cataloguing in MARC21 format by using ISO-

2709 standard master database of publishers and multi-lingual

database by using Unicode Character set; and supports full MARC 21

bibliographic format.

Full MARC Record Displayed in one of the Report of Catalogue

Module.

5.3.17.5 CIRCULATION

191

This module takes care of all possible functions of circulation.

Sufficient care has been taken in designing this module starting from

membership management, maintenance and status of library items,

transaction, ILL, overdue charges, renewals & reminders, search status

and report generation according to the status of the items. The

circulation module is fully compliant with the NISO Circulation and

Interchange Protocol (NCIP) version 2.0 for electronic surveillance and

RFID based transaction of the items. Major functions of the circulation

module are Membership, Transaction, Inter-library loan, Over due

charges, Reminder, Search status, Maintenance of the items such as

binding, lost, replace, missing, withdrawal, etc.; and Report generation

based on the various requirements.

5.3.17.6 ON-LINE PUBLIC ACCESS CATALOGUE (OPAC)

One of the major attraction of SOUL is its robust On-line Public

Access Catalogue (OPAC). The OPAC has simple and advanced

search facility with the minimum information of the item by using

author, title, corporate body, conference name, subject headings,

keywords, class number, series name, accession number or

combination of any of two or more information regarding the item.

Major functions provided in the module are:

Simple Search, Boolean Search, Advanced Boolean Search,

Displaying and downloading of records in MS Excel, PDF or

MARCXML and Search support for the items that are in the acquition

process in the library.21

5.3.18 SLIM++

SLIM++ is an integrated, multi-user, multi-tasking library

information software for the Windows environment. SLIM++ helps

192

you catalogue books, films, sound recordings, drawings, clippings,

articles, reports, letters, pamphlets, serials publications... all those

things that contain information so vital to your organization. SLIM++

cataloguing adheres to popular international standards. This means you

can exchange data with the world. Retrieval of the data is simple, fast

and efficient. Even a catchy phrase in the description of the catalogued

item can be used for searching. SLIM++ is designed and developed in

modules to take care of complete functionality required for automating

libraries. You can configure SLIM++ software for your library by

selecting one or more of these standard and add-on modules. These

modules exhibit features that make SLIM++ a top class software.

SLIM++ modules work on the same data from different nodes of

a network. They can be installed independent of each other on different

desktops. SLIM++ works just as well on a stand-alone machine as it

does in a network of Computers. Moreover, your library can be

browsed through the Internet / intranet with SLIM++. The greatest

advantage of SLIM++ is that you can make data entries in any

language you want since it supports Unicode.

5.3.19 TLMS ( Total Library Management service)

TLMS (Total Library Management Service) is developed in

Germany by TRANCE [14] group and marketed and distributed in

India by OPAC Infosys Pvt. Ltd., Pune. It is SQL based client-server

system with fully integrated library management systems. It supports

CCF, USMARC and Indian UNIMARC (as recommended by Central

Secretariat Library, New Delhi) and Z39.50. The package also

provides various additional facilities like member card generation,

email reports, virtual library, audio, video and scam management

193

within the database and use of digital camera. The features of TLMS

[15] include following supports –

Printing of accession register; AACR II card generation; Article

scan management; Authority files creation; Auto cataloguing from

web sites; Auto export & import; Auto keyword generation;

Automatic barcode generation; Letter head creation; Dropdown

matching etc.

Barcode based issue & return and serial control; Auto status

generation for progress of processing of documents; Bulletin

board facility; Kardex generation for serial control; Complete

Intranet support; Automatic claim generation for overdue &

missing journal issues

RTF, Dial-up networking, E mail and Printing of gatepass; GIST

card facility; ID card generation; Arrival list generation; Multi-

lingual support, Web access of OPAC; Power search facility; Fine

calculation and receipt generation; Reservation of books;

Retrospective data conversion; SDI service; Search refining;

Security enhancement; Statistics & graphs; Stock verification.

UNIMARC input sheet generation; UNIMARC cataloguing;

Virtual library creation; Z39.50 client & server; UNICODE

support etc.

5.3.20 TULIP

Tulip is a software system for the area of the Information

visualization. It is becoming more and more useful for the correct

analysis of existing data sets. This need results from progress in data

acquisition methods, and from the huge effort made to build computer

access to the human knowledge. As an example, for the human genome

database, the raw data acquisition phase seems to be completed;

194

however, to reach the ultimate goal of providing new medical

treatment, it is necessary to understand these data. In such an

application, the information visualization views of the data in order to

explore and extend knowledge.

Here we focus on data that can be represented by a graph. In

most of cases a graph structure can be extracted from existing data sets.

The most well-known is the World Wide Web where links between

pages can be considered as edges and pages as nodes. Another one is

the human metabolism data-set where chemical reactions can be

embedded in a Petri net, literature co-citations are modeled as edges

between nodes of this network, and metabolic pathway are considered

as clusters of the resulting graph. Systems to visualize graphs have

come to the fore during the last ten years. To our knowledge, no one

provides the following capabilities simultaneously:

Visualization and navigation in 2 or 3 dimensions

Support of huge graphs

Support of graph modifications

Management of clusters

Management of unbounded number of shared properties between

graphs

A mechanism for evaluating internal properties

Extension and reuse without recompilation of the software

Free of use and open source To experiment with tools to handle

graphs of the size of those induced by the human genome data set, one

needs a software solution with all these capabilities. That’s why we

decided to build our own graph visualization software that meets these

requirements. Tulip has been developed in C++, and uses two well-

known libraries, OpenGL and Qt. The final program enables

195

visualization, clustering and automatic drawing of graphs with up to

1.000.000 elements on personal computer. This manual is an help

necessary for the developers of an application using Tulip libraries and

for the developers of the Tulip Team. It explains how to compile the

libraries and the software, it does a presentation of the main methods

available on the libraries. Chapters relate the programming and

documentation guidelines. 22

5.3.21 VIRTUA LIBRARY SOFTWARE

Package is a Windows based Client/Server application. The

Virtua software is based on six key technologies: Relational

Database149 Management Systems, Rapid Development Tools, Three

tier Client/Server Architecture, Database War housing, Unicode

support and ATM Network optimized applications. These technologies

facilitate handling data management, software development and

network Delivery Support of Unicode, Multilingual dialogue, access to

external tools such as OCLC, RLIN, unique data entry templates,

adherence to a variety of international MARC Formats are special

features of the cataloguing module of Virtua.

The various modules of Virtua are as follows: (a)Acquisitions

and fund accounting (B) Cataloguing (C) Circulation (D) Serials

control OPAC Statistics and reporting Chameleon Gateway

Cataloguing of documents in Virtua Cataloguing module of Virtua is

equipped with seam less access to tools and resources from a unified

set of Screens. Cataloguers can directly access external copy

cataloguing data from within the Virtua software. Interfaces are

available for a variety of sources such as Online bibliographic utilities

and CD ROMs including Bibliophile, OCLC, RLIN etc. Moreover,

electronic versions of cataloguing rules and authorities such as Library

196

of Congress (LC)’s Cataloguers Desktop can be searched directly

without coming out from the software. Virtua supports all formats,

character sets, and classification scheme. The system can

accommodate all MARC21 bibliographic formats for Serials, Music

Maps, Mixed materials, books, electronic files etc. Furthermore, Virtua

accommodates different versions of the MARC standard such as

USMARC, UKMARC, CANMARC, SWEMARC etc. The software is

compatible to the MARC21 formats for authority Data, Community

Information and Holdings Data. 23

Table No.5.3. Some popular library software packages, their programming language and RDBMS data storage systems.

S.No. Software Packages Programming Language

Data Storage System

1. Cybrarian NET SQL2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS NET XML3. Delsis NET/ COBOL GIST CARD4. E-Granthalaya ASP,NET MY SQL5. Evergreen NET MY SQL6. Granthalaya FOXPRO SQL SERVER7. Greenstone CMS XML8. Koha PHP XML9. Librarian CLIPPER FOXBASE

10. Lib.Man d BASE III CMS 8.0 MY SQL11. Library Management

SoftwareNET SQL

12. Library soft CLIPPER FOXBASE13. Library Sys. C Inverted file and B tree14. Maitreyi CMS / INGRES SQL15. SaaS CMS MY SQL16. Sanjay CDS/ISIS,PASCAL Inverted file17. Soul NET SLQ SERVER18. Slim++ FOXPRO, CLIPPER SQL19. TLMS FOXPRO, CLIPPER SQL20. Tulip PYTHAN SQL21. Virtua VLTS INC ORACLE

Table No. 5.4 Popular library Software Packages and the services provided according to these Modules.

Sr.No.

Name of Software Acqui-sition

Catal -oguing

Circulation Late Fine Bare codegenerate

RFID OPAC

1. Cybrarian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

197

2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No

3. Delsis No Yes No Yes No No Yes4. E-Granthalaya Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes5. Evergreen Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes6. Granthalaya Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No7. Greenstone Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes8. Koha Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes9. Librarian Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes10. Lib.Man Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes11. Library Management

SoftwareYes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

12. Library soft Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes13. Library Sys. Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

14. Maitreyi Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No15. SaaS Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No16. Sanjay Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes17. SOUL Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes18. Slim++ Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes19. TLMS Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes20. Tulip Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No21. Virtua Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes

198

REFERENCE1. Sehgal, B.L. (1998). Hand Book of Library Software

Packages. New Delhi: Ess Ess Publications. (pp267-280).

2. Sinha, A.K. (1992)," Information Management in 21st century".

Annals of Library Science and Documentation, (39), 106-12.

3. Leach, K., Arundale, J., & Bull, G. (1996).The use of

Information Networking for Continuing Professional

Development. (Yorkshire: British Library. Research and

Development Department.) p.56

4. Khurshid, Z. (2012). "The impact of information technology on

job requirements and qualifications for cataloguers" .

Information Technology and Libraries , 22 (1),18-21.

5. Cybrarian, Library on the movi.www.cybrarian.in/ Default.aspx.

6. CDS/ISIS/WINISIS. www.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIK/CDS_ISIS.

7. DELMS

8. E-Granthalaya. www. E.Granthalaya.nic.in 18/08/2013, 11 am

9. Evergreen. www.open-ils.org. http://sfconservancy.org/camp,

22/08/2013, 10 am

10. GRANTHALAYA. www.granthalaya.org., 01/09/2013 12 pm

11 Greenstone. www. Greenstone.org, 23/09/2013 6 pm

12. Koha.www. Koha-Community.org. 30/09/2013 6 pm

13 Librarian. www.librariansoftware.in 04/10/2013 5 pm

14 Libman www. libman.co.in/iitms.co.in 27/11/2013 8 pm

15. Librarygold www.Cadomel.Com/ Com/about-us.html.

12/12/2013, 9 pm

16. Library soft www.softlinkint.com, 28/12/2013 11 pm

17. Libsys. www. Libsys.co.in, 30/12/2013 6pm

199

18. Maitreyi. www. & gws_rd=cr#g=Maitreyi+library+software,

31/12/2013 6 pm

19. SaaS www.Msdm.microsoft.com, 31/12/2013 7 pm

20. Sanjay. www.emeraldinsight.com/journals.htm, 01/01/2014 1

pm

21. Soul.www. inflibnet.ac.in/Soul/Modules.php, 02/02/2014, 2.10

pm

22. Tulip. http://tulip.labri.fr/Documentation/3_5/developer

Handbook/devHandbook.pdf., 06/02/2014, 10.48 am

23. Virtua. vtls.com/content/virtua-pdf, 16/02/2014, 11.10 am

24. “About Koha Library Software Community.” Koha Library

Software Community, N.p.n.d.web,10 jan,2012 http://koha-

community.org/about/, 18/02/2014 8.10 am

*******

200

CHAPTER-6

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

INTRODUCTION

In order to find out the specific result in an area of study taken for

investigation the analysis and interpretation of data plays a very

significant role. It not only examines the facts observed and collected

during the course of study but also provides a new light in the area of

knowledge which can widen the horizon of a particular branch of the

subject. It also suggests the new methods of practical implementation of

new tools and techniques as well as of existing system which might be

helpful in application of new facilities.

In the area of LIS (Library and Information Science) the analysis

and interpretation of data provides the three dimensional practical help-

to the organization, the library personnels and the library users. The

automation of libraries has provided a better and smooth functioning of

library-systems which can be very helpful in the development of the

human resource of the country by procuring rare and latest study

materials.

The present study makes an extensive survey of the automation

of library in Nine universities of Uttar Pradesh funded and governed by

the State Government. In the libraries of the universities the

automation status can be explained through the following tables which

provide the current data of study material available in the stacks:

201

Table No. 6.1. Number of Volumes, Titles, Thesis & Dissertation

S.NoName of the University No. of

VolumesNo. ofTitles

No. ofThesis &

Dissertation01. BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI. 1,08,925 66,250 2,053

02 CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

1,35,625 54,342 9,575

03 CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY, KANPUR.

1,40,000 60,000 8,000

04 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY UNIVERSITY, GORAKHPUR.

4,000,00 89,000 5,000

05 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA.

1,40,000 66,000 5,000

06 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AWADH UNIVERSITY, FAIZABED.

60,380 38,000 2,000

07 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW. 5,50,000 86,000 10,000

08 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY.

2,40,000 66,000 3,000

09 MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE ROHILKHAND, UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY.

70,172 42,029 3,000

The above table-6.1 shows that highest No. of volumes are in

Lucknow University having 5,50,000 articles while least of volumes are in

RML Awadh University, Faizabad and IInd place is of D.D.U University

Gorakhpur. As far as No. of titles are concerned first place has been

occupied by Gorakhpur University while second place is of Lucknow

University and last place is of Faizabad University. In case of thesis and

dissertation highest number is with Kashi Vidyapeeth University and lowest

no is in Jhansi University but remarkable thing is that Lucknow University

and lowest number is in RML Awadh University, Faizabad.

202

Table No. 6.2 Number of Indian Journals.

S.No Name of the University

No. of

The Indian Journals.

01. BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI. 198

02 CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH,

UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

196

03 CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ

UNIVERSITY, KANPUR.

120

04 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY UNIVERSITY,

GORAKHPUR.

100

05 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY,

AGRA.

20

06 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AWADH

UNIVERSITY, FAIZABED.

156

07 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW. 140

08 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI VIDYAPEETH

UNIVERSITY.

80

09 MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE

ROHILKHAND, UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY.

130

The above table-6.2 is concerned with Indian Journals in

different libraries. This table exhibits that maximum number of

Journals are in Bundelkhand University, Jhansi and lowest place is of

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra i.e. only twenty. The second

place is of Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut simultaneously

the position of Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth University and

Agra University is also not satisfactory at all where No. of Journals are

below 200. But Jhansi University can be said to be at the good level in

subscribing academic Journals.

203

Table No. 6.3 Number of Magazines & News Papers.

S.N

o

Name of the University

No. of the

Magazines.

No of the

New papers

01. BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY,

JHANSI.

49 19

02 CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH,

UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

32 17

03 CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI

MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY,

KANPUR.

50 16

04 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY

UNIVERSITY, GORAKHPUR.

832 18

05 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR

UNIVERSITY, AGRA.

35 16

06 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA

AWADH UNIVERSITY,

FAIZABED.

170 21

07 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY,

LUCKNOW.

35 18

08 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI

VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY.

39 19

09 MAHATMA ROHILKHAND,

UNIVERSITY, BARELLY.

20 17

The above table-6.3 relates to magazine and newspapers which

clearly indicates that numbers of magazine is 39 in Mahatma Gandhi

Kashi Vidyapeet University, the highest one in the table. The last place

is C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur which subscribes only 09 magazines.

The second number is of Chaudhary Charan Singh University having

32 magazines while all other universities are up to 26 only in numbers.

As far as newspapers are concerned highest number is at Mahatma

204

Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeeth University and position of all other

universities is also up to the mark i.e. satisfactory level.

Table No. 6.4 Number of Computers

S.No Name of the University No. ofThe Indian Journals.

01. BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI. 95

02 CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH

UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

60

03 CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ

UNIVERSITY, KANPUR.

100

04 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY UNIVERSITY,

GORAKHPUR.

25

05 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR

UNIVERSITY, AGRA.

08

06 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AWADH

UNIVERSITY, FAIZABED.

20

07 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW. 30

08 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI

VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY.

25

09 MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE

ROHILKHAND, UNIVERSITY,

BAREILLY.

12

The table-6.4 reveals the data of number of computers in

different University Libraries. In this table CSJM University, Kanpur is

at top place while Dr. B. R. Ambedkar University, Agra is at bottom

place having only eight computers. The second place has been

occupied by Bundelkhand University, Jhansi and Lucknow University,

are also not for behind in computerization of library having 60 and 30

computers showing sincerity towards automation of their libraries.

205

Simultaneously Gorakhpur and Faizabad Universities are also running

in right direction by using 25 and 20 computers in their libraries.

Table No. 6.5 Number of the Bound Volumes of the Journals/Periodicals.

S.No Name of the UniversityNo. of

The Journals/periodicals

01. BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY, JHANSI. 1,000

02 CHAUDHARY CHARAN SINGH,

UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

26,262

03 CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ

UNIVERSITY, KANPUR.

7,000

04 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY UNIVERSITY,

GORAKHPUR.

100

05 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY,

AGRA.

10,000

06 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AWADH

UNIVERSITY, FAIZABED.

3,000

07 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW. 34,000

08 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI VIDYAPEETH

UNIVERSITY.

24,000

09 MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE

ROHILKHAND UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY.

3,000

The above table-6.5 is concerned with bound volumes of

Journals/Periodicals. In this table Lucknow University is at first place

having 34,000 numbers, while lowest numbers is 100 D.D.U.

University, Gorakhpur. The second place has been occupied by

Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut having 26,262

Computers.

206

Table No. 6.6 U.G.C. Info Net On Line E-Journals.

S.NoName of the University No. of the U.G.C. Info net

on line E-Journals

01 BUNDELKHAND,UNIVERSITY, JHANSI. 1,600

02 CHAUDHARY,CHARAN,SINGH, UNIVERSITY, MEERUT.

8,000

03 CHHATRAPATI SHAHU JI MAHARAJ UNIVERSITY, KANPUR.

8,848

04 DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY UNIVERSITY, GORAKHPUR.

NIL

05 DR. BHIM RAO AMBEDKAR UNIVERSITY, AGRA.

6,000

06 DR. RAM MANOHAR LOHIA AWADH UNIVERSITY, FAIZABED.

5,000

07 LUCKNOW UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW. 4,000

08 MAHATMA GANDHI KASHI VIDYAPEETH UNIVERSITY.

8,080

09 MAHATMA JYOTIBA PHULE ROHILKHAND, UNIVERSITY, BAREILLY.

5,000

Table-6.6 reflects the status of UGC INFONET online e-journals. In this table number is highest in C.S.J.M. University, Kanpur i.e. 8,848. Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapeet University is having 8,080 and Meerut University is having 8000 e-journals. The least number of e-journals of is 1,600 at Bundelkhand University, Jhansi. The remarkable fact is that Deendayal Upadhyay University, Gorakhpur does not have this facility till but the Central Library of the Deendayal Upadhyay University has submitted the (Library Automation Project) to the U.G.C.

As automation of library has become the need of the day. The automation softwares perform the significant role in this process. Most of the university libraries, taken in the present study, are using the software recommended by UGC as these universities are funded by the Government. For a better understanding of the softwares in order to

207

examine and explicate the topic a comparative analysis of the various components and functioning of popular library softwares has been made as following :

Table No. 6.7. On Line, Off Line Softwares.S.No. Name of the Software ON- LINE

SOFTWAREOFF-LINE

SOFTWARE1. Cybrarian Yes No2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS No Yes3. Delsis No Yes4. E-Granthalaya Yes No5. Evergreen No Yes6. Granthalaya No Yes7. Greenstone Yes No8. Koha Yes No9. Librarian Yes No10. Lib.Man No Yes11. Library Management

SoftwareYes No

12. Library soft No Yes13. Library Sys. Yes No14. Maitreyi No Yes

15. SaaS No Yes16. Sanjay Yes No17. Soul Yes No18. Slim++ Yes No19. TLMS Yes No20. Tulip No Yes21. Virtua No Yes

Table-6.7 points out the categories of online and offline

softwares, cyberian, e-granthalaya, Green-Stone, Koha, Librarian,

Library Management Software, Libsys, Sanjay, SOUL, Slim++, TLMS

are online softwares. CDS/ISIS/WINSIS, Delsis, Evergreen,

Granthalaya, LibMan, Libsoft, Maitreyee, SAAS, Tulip and Virtua are

208

offline softwares. There is no such software which can be used online

and offline in both ways.

Table No. 6.8. Bar Code Facility.

S.No. Name of the Software BAR CODEFacilityYES/NO

1. Cybrarian Yes2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS No3. Delsis No4. E-Granthalaya Yes5. Evergreen No6. Granthalaya No7. Greenstone Yes8. Koha Yes9. Librarian Yes10. Lib.Man Yes11. Library Management Software Yes12. Library soft Yes13. Library Sys. No14. Maitreyi No15. SaaS No16. Sanjay Yes17. Soul Yes18. Slim++ Yes19. TLMS Yes20. Tulip No21. Virtua No

Table-6.8 examines the barcode facility available in operation of

softwares. A barcode is an optical machine-readable representation of

data relating to the object to which it is attached. Bar codes were

originally scanned by special optical scanners called bar-code readers.

Later scanners and interpretive software became available on devices

including desktop printers and smart phones. In the above table

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Cybrarian, E-granthalaya, Greenstone, Koha, Libman, Lib

Management Software, Libsoft, Sanjay, SOUL, Slim++, TLMS have

bar-code facility where as other softwares have no bar-code facility.

Table No. 6.9. OPAC Facility.

S.No. Name of the SoftwareOPACFacilityYES/NO

1. Cybrarian Yes2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS No3. Delsis Yes4. E-Granthalaya Yes5. Evergreen Yes6. Granthalaya No7. Greenstone Yes8. Koha Yes9. Librarian Yes10. Lib.Man Yes11. Library Management Software Yes12. Library soft Yes13. Library Sys. Yes14. Maitreyi No15. SaaS No16. Sanjay Yes17. Soul Yes18. Slim++ Yes19. TLMS Yes20. Tulip No21. Virtua Yes

Table-6.9 highlights the OPAC facility available in popular library softwares. Cybrarian, Delis, E-granthalaya, Evergreen, Greenstone, Koha, Librarian, Libman, Library Management Software, Libsoft, Library sys, Sanjay, SOUL, Slim++, TLMS, Virtua, have OPAC facility where as other library softwares do not have this specific quality in their operation system. Cybrarian, Delis, E-granthalaya, Evergreen, Greenstone, Koha, Librarian, Libman, Library

210

Management Software, Libsoft, Library sys, Sanjay, SOUL, Slim++, TLMS, Virtua. Online Public Access Catalogue system but because of the recommendations of UGC and funding by the Government the university libraries taken in this study use SOUL software.

Table No. 6.10 RFID Facility.

S.No. Name of the Software RFIDFacilityYES/NO

1. Cybrarian Yes2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS No3. Delsis No4. E-Granthalaya No5. Evergreen No6. Granthalaya No7. Greenstone No8. Koha No9. Librarian Yes10. Lib.Man Yes11. Library Management Software Yes12. Library soft No13. Library Sys. Yes14. Maitreyi No15. SaaS No16. Sanjay Yes17. Soul No18. Slim++ Yes19. TLMS Yes20. Tulip No21. Virtua No

Table-6.10 deals with Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

facility in various library softwares. RFID is the wireless non-contact

use of radio frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data, for the

purpose of automatically identifying and tracking tags attached to

objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. The table

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shows that only library softwares have RFID facility and other

softwares do not have this operation system.

Table No. 6.11 S Q L Facility.

S.No. Name of the Software S Q L Facility YES/NO

1. Cybrarian Yes2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS No3. Delsis No4. E-Granthalaya Yes5. Evergreen Yes6. Granthalaya No7. Greenstone Yes8. Koha Yes9. Librarian No10. Lib.Man No11. Library Management Software Yes12. Library soft No13. Library Sys. Yes14. Maitreyi No15. SaaS No16. Sanjay No17. Soul Yes18. Slim++ Yes19. TLMS Yes20. Tulip Yes21. Virtua No

Table-6.11 illustrates the SQL facility available in popular library softwares. The structured Query Language(SQL) is the set of instructions used to interact with a relational database. It fact, SQL is the only language that most databases actually understand, whenever we interest with such a database, the software translate the command into SQL statement that the database knows how to interpret. SQL has

212

three major components: The data manipulation language (DML) and data definition language (DDL) and the data control language (DCL). In the above table Cyberian, E-Granthalaya, Evergreen, Greenstone, Koha, Libman software, Libsys, SOUL, Slim++, TLMS, and Tulip have SQL facility and others do not have this facility.

Table No. 6.12 X M L Facility.

S.No. Name of the Software XML Facility YES/NO

1. Cybrarian No2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS No3. Delsis No4. E-Granthalaya No5. Evergreen No6. Granthalaya No7. Greenstone Yes8. Koha Yes9. Librarian No10. Lib.Man No11. Library Management Software No12. Library soft No13. Library Sys. No14. Maitreyi No15. SaaS No16. Sanjay No17. Soul No18. Slim++ No19. TLMS No20. Tulip No21. Virtua No

Table-6.12. Presents the extensible markup language(XML) facility. XML is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human readable and machine readable. The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality and usability over the internet. It is a textual data format with support via Unicode for the language of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents. It is widely used for the

213

representation of arbitrary data structures. The above table shows that Greenstone and Koha have XML facility while other softwares have no such facility.

Table No. 6.13. Other Facility.S.No. Name of the Software Other Facility

1. Cybrarian -

2. CDS/ISIS/ WINSIS -

3. Delsis GIST

4. E-Granthalaya -

5. Evergreen -

6. Granthalaya -

7. Greenstone -

8. Koha -

9. Librarian FOXBASE

10. Lib.Man -

11. Library Management Software -

12. Library soft -

13. Library Sys. INVERTED FILE

14. Maitreyi -

15. SaaS -

16. Sanjay INVERTED FILE

17. Soul -

18. Slim++ -

19. TLMS -

20. Tulip -

21. Virtua ORACLE`

Table No.6.13 present Delsis having GIST facility. GIST

technology become standards for Indian languages application in

information technology. The underlying architecture of all the GIST

products uses the Indian Script Code for information interchange.

214

GIST allows the use of Indian and some foreign language scripts with

English in all test based application like database. GIST supports the

scripts such as – Devnagari ( for Hindi, Sanskrit and Nepali), Bengali,

Assamese, Oriya, Gurumukhi, Gujrati, Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and

Malayalam. In other Indian scripts belonging to the Perso- Arabic

family such as Arabic, Persion, Urdu, Kashmiri and Sindhi are also

supported. The other software Librarian has FoxBASE facility which

can run the same code fairly easily and with little work in all versions

of the software. As a matter of fact cod written in FoxBASE, being

pure Xbase is much more friendly than programmes written in Foxpro.

Libsys and Sanjay have facility of Inverted file which is the sorted list

of keyboards (attributes), with each keyword having links to

documents containing that keyword. This is the kind of index found in

most commercial library system. The use of an inverted file improves

search efficiency by several orders of magnitude, a necessity for very

large text files. Virtua contains the facility of Oracle which is an

object –relational database management system. It is identified by an

alpha-numeric identifier which comprises at least one instance of the

application along with data storage.

The above analyses of the dated related to automation in the nine

state university libraries and data related to popular library softwares

presents an investigation of various components of automation. It

explores the scope and value of the library automation and establishes

its significance.

Thus it can be said that the libraries of Uttar Pradesh as well as

of Indian Universities need a LMS with all the third generation features

of library software at affordable cost backed by strong customer

support services. The present study finds out that the SOUL developed

215

by the INFLIBNET has most of the features of the third generation. It

is flexible enough to be used for automating any type or size of library.

CHAPTER-7

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONSThe study conducted in the preceeding chapters concludes that

in the changing scenario of the 21st Century social and academic needs,

because of the rapid advancement in the information technology, the

role of University libraries has become very vital and significant. It has

also become essential for the libraries to have inter-connected

relationships with the major libraries of the world in order to facilitate

their readers with the study material required for their specific

purposes. Automation and Computerization of the libraries have

become an essential tool for achieving the objectives of the readers of

the present as well as readers of the forthcoming generations.

As it is a well known fact that almost till the end of the first half

the twentieth century most of the libraries were operated manually

which consumed a lot of time of the library users in procuring their

study materials. From having a search in the stack cards to visiting the

library stack and ransacking the titles was a tedious job for the users

and library personnels both. Though library personels because of their

regular service and practice provided services to the readers but it

involved the time and energy which could be used in some other ways.

The advent of Information and Communication technology has

changed the needs, requirements and entire perspectives of academic

pursuits. It has been found in the present study that in the decades of

1980’s the libraries of advanced scientific and technological

institutions, Govt. funded research institutes, as well as libraries of

216

corporate organization took initiative steps towards the automation of

their respective libraries. Various softwares were developed as

automation tools. Studies related to use of library software have been

made by scholars in India and abroad. Their findings and suggestions

helped the authorities and policy makers of library operations to cope

up with the emerging problems in library services. The adoption of

new information technology by the libraries of the countries across the

Atlantic and Pacific ocean and the better output in library services

observed by them made our policy makers of India to implement the

installation of computers and library softwares. In chapter II an

overview of library software has been elaborated in detail which

clearly presents the impact of library softwares in the libraries of India.

Most of studies were conducted with the identical tool i.e. the

questionnaire format completed by the respondents. These comparative

studies related to use and utility of library software established the

importance of library automation.

On account of increase in number of printed books and journals,

massive growth in number of readers and library users and

advancement in various fields of learning in the post-Independence

period in India the need for sharing information became the need of the

time. The library operation works such as acquisition, classification,

cataloguing, circulation, charges, return and renewal of the issued

study material which were earlier done by manual operations became

the part of computer operated software system.

The origin and development of library automation in the second

half of the 20th century in the United States of America along with the

development of Internet brought a radical revaluation in the field of

library services. Since 1990 for the purpose of storage, organization,

217

dissemination, resource sharing, the process of library automation got

speed in India and the library jobs which consumed lot of time were

turned to computers in order to facilitate the library personnels as well

as library users. The computerized library system maintained in House

DTP system and published regular indexes, abstracts, providing SDI

services to library users. The computerization of the library made the

administration and maintenance of library effective and efficient.

As far as library softwares and their utility in the University

libraries of Uttar Pradesh is concerned, it has been found out in the

present study as per subjective responses of the library authorities of

the nine Universities taken in the study that almost all the librarians

favoured much the automation of libraries and pleaded for the speedy

automation in order to enhance the library services.

The central library of Bundelkhand University Jhansi was found

well equipped with computers having institutional membership of

INFLIBNET and DELNET along with the recourse sharing facilities

with at least ten international libraries. The library provides 5000 e-

Journals (Table-1, Chap- IV) to its readers. Soul software is being

used by the central library of Bundelkhand University Jhansi.

Raja Mahendra Pratap Singh Central library of Chaudhary

Charan Singh University Meerut is also a member of UGC

INFLIBNET, DELNET and Greenstone Digital library. The library

incharge Shri Jamal Ahmad Siddiqui, Deputy Librarian is a staunch

supporter of automation of library. His tireless efforts have enriched

the library resources (Table-2, Chap-IV). It shows that on account of

the use of library software the services of library became more user

friendly than ever before. The library of this University is connected

with national and international networks of the libraries. The utility of

218

library software and automation of Chaudhary Charan Singh

University Meerut is praise worthy. The library also uses RFID

technology for document security.

As per records made available by Dr. Ashish Srivastava library

Incharge of C.S.J.M.University Kanpur it has been pointed out that as

per recommendations of the U.G.C. the SOUL software is being used

in the library and almost 80% of the automation of library has been

completed. (Table-3, Chap-IV). The library has its own computer sub-

net system well connected with Campus LAN using fibre Network.

Having membership of INFLIBNET, DELNET and U.G.C. INFONET

consortium the library also provides OPAC facility to its students,

teachers and research scholars. 67 computers are being used in the

library of CSJM University Kanpur.

Deen Dayal Upadhayay University, Gorakhpur is not yet

automated. The process of automation is going on. The University

library has submitted the proposal to UGC for sanctioning the grant for

automation (Copy enclosed-Chapter IV). Dr. B.R.Ambedkar

University Agra library situated in Paliwal Campus is going to

complete the automation very soon. It is in progress. The SOUL

software as recommended by UGC is installed in the Agra University

library. The library provides on line public access Catalogues to its

readers in order to facilitate the bibliographic services. (Table-

05,Chap-IV).

The SOUL software as recommended by UGC and approved of

the Central Govt. and the State Govt. of U.P. is installed in the Central

library of R.M.L. Awadh University Faizabad. The responses of

librarian Dr. R.K.Singh (Table-6, Chap-IV) were positive and on the

basis of them it has been pointed out that library maintains the

219

memberships of INFLIBNET and DELNET and provides internet

facility to students teachers and research scholars through BSNL Broad

Band and VSAT established by ISRO.

Tagore library (Table-7,Chap-IV) of Lucknow University is

partially automated. The complete automation of the library is yet to be

made. Even then the Tagore library is the user Node of SERNET

network of INSODOC and provides required library services to its

students, faculty members and research scholars. Dr. Bhagwan Das

Central library of M.G. Kashividyapeeth Varanasi (Table-8,Chap-IV)

presently headed by Mr. Shivram verma and the central library of MJP

Rohilkhand University, Bareilly (Table-09,Chap-IV) headed by Dr.

Subhash Chandra, are yet to be automated. But the approach, vision

and attitudes of the librarians of these two Universities are very

positive. They are leaving no stone unturned in getting the libraries

automated. The SOUL software will be installed in these libraries as it

is recommended by UGC and the Union Govt. of India.

In order to find out utility of the softwares to be used in the

libraries an analysis, and comparative study of various softwares

available for use in libraries have been made and it has been brought

into light that various softwares were developed in this field by

different agencies. Table-1 (Chapter-V) illustrates the names of

softwares and their developing agencies. Various components of the

respective softwares have been thoroughly examined and analysed.

Library Softwares are developed by various agencies for

commercial purposes but these softwares serve the academic purposes

also as they are used in the libraries of educational institutions. As it

would have been a very lengthy and in appropriate to take into account

all the library softwares of the world, therefore, some important and

220

popular softwares available have been taken in this study and their

specific qualities and components are analyses and compared with in

an alphabetical order.

It has been found that the most of the library softwares cover the

library operations in their features. Various library jobs and services

such as acquisition, cataloguing report-generation circulation, storage

and retrieval of information, documentation, formation and sharing of

database, serials control, technical processing of library administration,

vendor system, on line public access system, management of e-journals

and e-books etc are almost common to most of the library software but

with a little difference in capacity of functioning, some of the

softwares contain almost all the required facilities for the successful

automation and operation of the libraries of the Indian universities.

Table-2 and Table-3 (chapter-V) explain the various software

packages, their operating systems, minimum hardware requirements,

programming languages and their data storage systems. Table-4 in the

same chapter provides the website addresses of library softwares taken

in this study, along with the comparative analysis of the library

softwares other useful websites related to library science and library

functionings and other web-recourses, found out during this study,

have also been brought into light.

Findings and SuggestionsThe Study made in the foregoing chapters establishes the

importance of library software and their utility in the libraries of Indian

universities specially in the nine university libraries of Uttar Pradesh.

The university libraries taken in this study were operated manually

catering to the needs of teachers, students and research scholars. But

221

with the advancement of tools of information technology and

development of computers softwares the libraries started constalling

computers and softwares for the speedy operation of library services.

Only a few universities have not yet started automation of libraries

because of Govt. official proceedings and process but they will be

automated soon in near future. Those libraries which have been

automated are providing better facilities to the library users along with

increasing the effeincency and effectiveness of the library staff.

Thus, on the basis of the above conclusions and findings it can

be suggested that in rapidly changing needs and demands of students

and teachers in the present age of globalization installation of

computers and softwares in the libraries have become on important

need of the day to compete with the international standards of

education. The govt of India and its official bodies on higher education

like UGC considering over this issue seriously recommended the

SOUL software to be installed in the university and college libraries as

it has been found that this software was appropriate and suitable for the

need of the day. It is also suggested that students teachers and library

staff should also be properly trained so that they might successfully

utilize the digital state of the libraries. Therefore, it can be suggested

with great emphasis and insistence that the university and college

libraries must be fully automated to meet out the challenges in the field

of education in modern times.

222

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239

APPENDIX-IQUESTIONNAIRE FOR LIBRARIAN/INFORMATION

OFFICERED /DOCUMENTATION OFFICERS.Topic : “ Utility of Library Software of University Libraries in

Uttar Pradesh : A Critical Study”

Dear Sir/ MadamI am Ph.D. scholar enrolled in the SOS in Library & Information

Science, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, (M.P). The Topic of my research is “Utility of Library Software of University Libraries in Uttar Pradesh : A Critical Study” under the supervisor of Dr B.K.Sharma, Retd, Head Dept of Library & Information Sc. Dr B.R.Ambedkar University, Agra and Co-Supervisor of Dr HEMANT SHARMA, Head, School of studies in Library & Information Sc, Jiwaji University, Gwalior. As a part of my research. I am required to collect data for which a questionnaire has been designed.

I request you to kindly spare your valuable time and furnish the requisite information in the enclosed questionnaire. I shall be extremely grateful work.

The questionnaire, duly filled up may please be returned on the following address at the earliest so as enable me to complete my research work.

I undertake that information provide by you will remain confidential and will be used for research purpose only.

Looking forward for your co-operation and thanking you in anticipation.

Yours faithfully,Dinesh Kumar Saxena,

240

Research ScholarsSOS IN Library & Information Sc,Jiwaji University, Gwalior ( M.P.)

I. General:

a. Name of the University:

b. University established in the year:

c. Name of the Central Library:

d. Central Library established in the year:

e. Name and mobile no of the Librarian/Person in charge of the

University Library:

f. Designation:

g. Qualification of the Librarian / Library in charge:

h. Is the Library computerised: Yes/No/ On-going

i. Are the internet facilities provided to the readers:

II. Library Collection:

S. No Document Number

1. Books

2. Journals

3. Indian Journals

4. Foreign Journals

5. Bound Journals

6. Theses

7. Dissertations

8. Audio Cassettes

9. Video Cassettes

10. CD-ROM Databases

11. DVDs

241

12. Computer

III. Details of software Used:

S. No. Software Product Name

1. Network operating System

2. Library management software

3. Digital library software

4. Antivirus software

5. Database management system

IV. Details of Library Automation:

S. No Details Please( √)

mark

1. Library automation started in ( year)

2. Acquisition

3. Cataloguing

4. Circulation

5. Serials Control

6. OPAC

7. Barcode generation

8. Reference service

9. Stock verification

10. Security check gate

11. Loan facilities

12 Late fine

13. News paper clipping

V. Networking facilities:

242

Library Networking

1. Do you have a Local area network in Your library: Yes/No

2. Do you have a campus LAN in your University: Yes/No

3. Do you have link with any regional, national or international

network : Yes/No

a) If yes, Please specify the names of the network you participate,

INFLIBNET ( ) DELNET ( ) OTHER ( PLEASE SPECIFY):

............................................................................

VI ICT based Library service:

Please (√ ) mark the type of service provided by your library using

Information and communication technology.

S. No Type of service Please (√ )

mark

1. Current awareness service

2. SDI service

3. CD/DVD based service

4 E journals

5. E books

6. Library website

7. Internet service

*******

243