Doc-A.15-Automation of Electrical Appliances

8/10/2019 Doc-A.15-Automation of Electrical Appliances

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 MICROCONTROLLER

A microcontroller(sometimes abbreviated C, uCor MCU) is a small computer on a single

integrated circuitcontaining a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output

peripherals. Program memory in the form ofNOR flashor OTP ROMis also often included on

chip, as well as a typically small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded

applications, in contrast to the microprocessorsused inpersonal computersor other general

purpose applications.Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices,

such as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office

machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design

that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it

economical to digitally control even more devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers

are common, integrating analog components needed to control non-digital electronic

systems.Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock ratefrequencies as

low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (milliwatts or microwatts). They will generally have

the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a button press or other

interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just

nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting battery applications. Other

microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they may need to act more like a

digital signal processor(DSP), with higher clock speeds and power consumption.Amicrocontroller is a programmable device that can read inputs from external devices, analyze the

input, and then output control signals to external devices. There is a whole range of both analog

and digital devices that serve a wide variety of purposes. Simple devices like pushbuttons,

switches, keypads, temperature and humidity sensors, lights, buzzers, speakers, LCD displays,

servo motors and stepper motors. More complex devices include motion sensors, accelerometers,

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NEC V850(32-bit)

PIC(8-bit PIC16, PIC18, 16-bit dsPIC33 / PIC24)

PowerPCISE

PSoC (Programmable System-on-Chip)

Rabbit 2000(8-bit)

Texas Instruments MicrocontrollersMSP430(16-bit), C2000 (32-bit), and Stellaris (32-

bit)

Toshiba TLCS-870(8-bit/16-bit)

XMOSXCore XS1(32-bit)

Zilog eZ8(16-bit), eZ80(8-bit)

1.3 FEATURES

The Intel 8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller which means that most available operations are limited

to 8 bits. There are 3 basic "sizes" of the 8051: Short, Standard, and Extended. The Short and

Standard chips are often available in DIP (dual in-line package) form, but the Extended 8051

models often have a different form factor, and are not "drop-in compatible". All these things are

called 8051 because they can all be programmed using 8051 assembly language, and they all

share certain features (although the different models all have their own special features).

Some of the features that have made the 8051 popular are:

64 KB on chip program memory.

128 bytes on chip data memory(RAM).

4 reg banks.

128 user defined software flags.

8-bit data bus

16-bit address bus

32 general purpose registers each of 8 bits

16 bit timers (usually 2, but may have more, or less).

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V850http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments#Microcontrollershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP430http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_TLCShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCore_XS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EZ80http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XCore_XS1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMOShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiba_TLCShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TI_MSP430http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments#Microcontrollershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbit_2000http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSoChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PIC_microcontrollerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V850


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3 internal and 2 external interrupts.

Bit as well as byte addressable RAM area of 16 bytes.

Four 8-bit ports, (short models have two 8-bit ports).

16-bit program counter and data pointer.

1 Microsecond instruction cycle with 12 MHz Crystal.

8051 models may also have a number of special, model-specific features, such as UARTs, ADC,

OpAmps, etc

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CHAPTER 2

MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

2.1 MICROCONTROLLER AT89C51

Fig 2.1 Diagram showing microcontroller AT89c51

The AT89C51is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of

Flashprogrammable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured

using Atmels high-denity nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-

standard MCS-51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flashallows the program memory to

be reprogrammed in-system or by a conven- tional nonvolatile memory programmer. By

combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flashon a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C51is apowerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many

embedded control applications.

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2.2 COMPARISION BETWEEN MICROCONTROLLER 8051

AND AT89C51

The main difference between them lies in the following points:

Pin function: Pins almost identical changes were, in the AT89S51 in P1.5, P1.6, P1.7 have a

second function, that is, the second 3-pin serial ISP function formed programming interface.

Programmability: AT89C51 only supports parallel programming, But AT89S51 supports both

parallel programming and ISP programming.

Voltage in the programming area, AT89C51 in addition to normal programming voltage of 5V,

another 12v is needed for Vpp. But AT89S51 just need to be 4-5V.

Endurance: AT89C51 flash memory can be programmed upto 1000 times while the AT89S51

can be programmed from 1000-10000 times, so that the learner repeated the beginning of a more

favorable programmer, reducing learning costs.

Frequency: AT89C51 limits the operating frequency is 24MHZ, and AT89S51 maximum

operating frequency is 33MHZ, (AT89S51 chip in two models, to support the maximum

operating frequency of 24MHZ and 33MHZ) in order to have a faster computing speed.

Power Supply: AT89S51 operating voltage range is up to 4-5.5V, while the AT89C51 at the end

of the 4.8V and 5.3V.

Anti-jamming more: AT89S51 has integrated watchdog timer (Watchdog Timer), and

AT89C51 needs an external watchdog timer circuit, or single-chip software constitute the

internal watchdog timer to achieve anti-jamming software.

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CHAPTER 3

FEATURES OF MICROCONTROLLER

3.1 BASIC FEATURES OF AT89C51

4K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash Memory.

RAM is 128 bytes.

2.7V to 6V Operating Range.

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz.

Two-level Program Memory Lock.

128 x 8-bit Internal RAM.

32 Programmable I/O Lines.

Two 16-bit Timer/Counters.

Six Interrupt Sources.

Programmable Serial UART Channel.

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CHAPTER 4

PIN CONFIGURATION

4.1 PIN DESCRIPTION OF AT89C51

The AT89C51 is a low-voltage, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of

Flash programmable memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density

nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51

instruction set. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel

AT89C51 is a powerful microcomputer, which provides a highly flexible and cost-effective

solution to many embedded control applications.In addition, the AT89C51 is designed with static

logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving

modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and

interrupt system to continue functioning. The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but

freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

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4.1.1Pin Diagram

Fig 4.1 pin digram of AT89c51

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4.2.1. Pin Description

Vcc

Pin 40 provides supply voltage to the chip. The voltage source is +5V.

GND

Pin 20 is the ground.

XTAL1 and XTAL2

XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that

can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 11. Either a quartz crystal

or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2

should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in the below figure. There are no

requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal

clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high

and low timespecifications must be observed

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Fig 4.2 Oscillator Connections

C1, C2 = 30 pF 10 pF for Crystals

= 40 pF 10 pF for Ceramic Resonators

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Fig 4.3External Clock Drive Configuration

RESET

Pin9 is the reset pin. It is an input and is active high. Upon applying a high pulse to this pin, the

microcontroller will reset and terminate all the activities. This is often referred to as a power-on

reset.

EA (External access)

Pin 31 is EA. It is an active low signal. It is an input pin and must be connected to either Vcc or

GND but it cannot be left unconnected. The 8051 family members all come with on-chip ROM

to store programs. In such cases, the EA pin is connected to Vcc. If the code is stored on an

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external ROM, the EA pin must be connected to GND to indicate that the code is stored

externally.

PSEN (Program store enable)

This is an output pin.

ALE (Address latch enable)

This is an output pin and is active high.

Ports 0, 1, 2 and 3

The four ports P0, P1, P2 and P3 each use 8 pins, making them 8-bit ports. All the ports upon

RESET are configured as input, since P0-P3 have value FFH on them.

Port 0(P0)

Port 0 is also designated as AD0-AD7, allowing it to be used for both address and data. ALE

indicates if P0 has address or data. When ALE=0, it provides data D0-D7, but when ALE=1, it

has address A0-A7. Therefore, ALE is used for demultiplexing address and data with the help of

an internal latch.

When there is no external memory connection, the pins of P0 must be connected to a 10K-ohm

pull-up resistor. This is due to the fact that P0 is an open drain. With external pull-up resistors

connected to P0, it can be used as a simple I/O, just like P1 and P2. But the ports P1, P2 and P3

do not need any pull-up resistors since they already have pull-up resistors internally. Upon reset,

ports P1, P2 and P3 are configured as input ports.

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Machine cycle for the 8051

The CPU takes a certain number of clock cycles to execute an instruction. In the 8051

family, these clock cycles are referred to as machine cycles. The length of the machine cycle

depends on the frequency of the crystal oscillator. The crystal oscillator, along with on-chip

circuitry, provides the clock source for the 8051 CPU. The frequency can vary from 4 MHz to 30

MHz, depending upon the chip rating and manufacturer. But the exact frequency of 11.0592

MHz crystal oscillator is used to make the 8051 based system compatible with the serial port of

the IBM PC.In the original version of 8051, one machine cycle lasts 12 oscillator periods.

Therefore, to calculate the machine cycle for the 8051, the calculation is made as 1/12 of the

crystal frequency and its inverse is taken.The assembly language program is written and this

program has to be dumped into the microcontroller for the hardware kit to function according to

the software. The program dumped in the microcontroller is stored in the Flash memory in the

microcontroller. Before that, this Flash memory has to be programmed .

CHAPTER 5

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APPLICATIONS

5.1 APPLICATIONS

Microcontrollers may be classified into those for control applications and those for

embedded applications. A microcontroller is used inside a system, such as an

automobile, PC, air conditioner, video recorder, mobile telephone, TV, or electronic rice

cooker (in other words, it is used embedded into a system). Practically the only people

who carefully look at microcontrollers are those who actually make them and hobbyists.

Microcontrollers for control or embedded applications have functions reinforced for

embedded applications or are especially designed to be easy to use with such

applications.Microcomputers can be classified into microprocessors called MPU or CPU

and microcontrollers called MCU.

Data is input into a computer that processes (calculates) the data and outputs the result.

A microprocessor isintended to process the data and therefore consists mainly of CPU

functions. Examples of functions that constitute a computer are shown below. Recent

microprocessors integrate not only CPU functions but also functions gathered at the

center and surrounded by a dark cream color. Some have even functions surrounded by a

light cream color, such as ports, and A/D and D/A converters. Many microprocessors,

however, require the connection of an external ROM that stores instructions.

A microcontroller (MCU) has an internal ROM, so it can operate even with a single LSI

by writing instructions to this internal ROM, thus allowing a more compact system to be

organized.

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Information of a switch is usually 1 bit. This means that a microcontroller for a control

application must be able to process 1-bit information efficiently. Because physical

quantities in the natural world are analog variables, the output signals of a sensor are

analog signals. An A/D converter is necessary to use these signals. Some of the output

signals of a microcontroller for control applications are 1-bit to perform an ON/OFF

control action such as to illuminate or extinguish a light, some are analog signals that

control brightness, issue sounds, or control DC motor, while the others are signals that

drive an actuator such as a motor or, in some cases, a display unit such as an LCD or

fluorescent indicator panel. Microcontrollers are therefore required to have output

functions for supporting these signals.

To use a microcontroller in a mobile system, it is necessary that the system be organized

to be compact. In addition, low-voltage operations and low power consumption are

important factors.

Microcontrollers for control or embedded applications therefore have functions suitable

for various purposes, by providing particular features.

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CHAPTER 6

SIMULATION

6.1 SOFTWARE USEDWe have used two softwares,namelyproteus and keiluvision .In order to get the

simulation

Proteus* is a software technology that allows creating clinical executable decision support

guidelines with little effort.Proteusis software for microprocessorsimulation, schematic

capture, andprinted circuit board(PCB) design. It is developed by

LabcenterElectronics.TheXGameStationMicro Edition was designed using Labcenter's Proteus

schematic entryand PCB layout tools.[

KEIL COMPILER:Keil compiler is a software used where the machine language code is

written and compiled. After compilation, the machine source code is converted into hex code

which is to be dumped into the microcontroller for further processing. Keil compiler also

supports C language code.

PROLOAD:Proload is a software which accepts only hex files. Once the machine code is

converted into hex code, that hex code has to be dumped into the microcontroller and this is done

by the Proload. Proload is a programmer which itself contains a microcontroller in it other than

the one which is to be programmed. This microcontroller has a program in it written in such a

way that it accepts the hex file from the keil compiler and dumps this hex file into the

microcontroller which is to be programmed. As the proload programmer kit requires power

supply to be operated, this power supply is given from the power supply circuit designed above.

It should be noted that this programmer kit contains a power supply section in the board itself but

in order to switch on that power supply, a source is required. Thus this is accomplished from the

power supply board with an output of 12volts.Keil C51 is the industry-standard toolchain for all

8051-compatible devices, it supports classic 8051, Dallas 390, NXP MX, extended 8051variants.

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6.2 PROGRAM DEVELOPED IN KEIL UVISION

#include

#include

void delay();

void main()

{

unsigned char mybyte;

P1=0x00;

TMOD=0x20;

TH1=0xFd;

TR1=1;

SCON=0x52;

printf("\n\tchoose any number \n 1:>-light \n 2:>-Fan \n 3:>light & Fan \n 4:>music sytem \n

5:>Music system & light \n 6:>musicsystem&fan \n 7:>All three");

printf("\n 0:>Off all applns");

while(1)

{

SCON=0x51;

while(RI==0);

mybyte=SBUF-0x30;

P1=mybyte;

RI=0;

}

}

void delay()

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6.3 WORKING PROCEDURE

The project mainly focuses on taking the respective commands and thus displaying the required

output .here, we use microcontroller at89c51 to do all the commands.the program is built in

software kiel using the preload operation profram is dumped into the microcontroller thus

using that microcontroller ,we can input the options and get the desired outputs respectively

.here,we use basic electrical appliances like light (using leds) ,fan (opto coupler) etc.The inbuilt

program helps us in getting the respective results

6.4 SIMULATION CIRCUIT

Fig 6.1 simulation circuit

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CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND SCOPE FOR FUTURE

ENHANCEMENTS

7.1 CONCLUSION

AUTOMATION OF ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES is made apt by getting the output

,wherein the inputs are being controlled by the microcontroller AT89C51.The software and

hardware circuits have been designed and desired outputs have been obtained.

7.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

The microcontroller can be further developed by using developed version of atmel AT89c51 and

the interfacing of the devices can be done by using more number of devices .In addition to the

microcontroller ,another component can be further be used to develop the project. The present

invention relates to a method for improving the precision and reliability of the heating control for

an anesthetic machine circuit, which is applicable for the heating control of devices involved in

medical diagnosis, and more particularly for the temperature monitoring and control on the

circuit heating part in an anesthetic machine or ventilator.

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REFERENCES

WEBSITES:

www.robots.com

www.zbasic.net

www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.p

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller

www.atmel.com/atmel/acrobat/doc0265.pdf

www.parallax.com/dl/docs/article/siuapplicationmicros.pdf

www.icpartno.com/ic_2011-2-21/AT89C51-20JC/

www.alldatasheet.com/view.jsp?Searchword=AT89C51

BOOKS:

NEWEasy Step'n, David Benson

Parallel Port Complete, Jan Axelson

PIC'n up the PACE, PIC Microcontroller Applications Guide, David Benson.

PIC'n Techniques, PIC Microcontroller Applications Guide, David Benson.

Serial PIC'n, PIC Microcontroller Serial Communications, Roger L. Stevens

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http://www.robots.com/http://www.zbasic.net/http://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.phttp://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.phttp://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.phttp://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.phttp://www.atmel.com/atmel/acrobat/doc0265.pdfhttp://www.icpartno.com/ic_2011-2-21/AT89C51-20JC/http://www.icpartno.com/ic_2011-2-21/AT89C51-20JC/http://www.icpartno.com/ic_2011-2-21/AT89C51-20JC/http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#stepnhttp://www.rentron.com/books.htm#parallelhttp://www.rentron.com/books.htm#book4http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#book5http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#book6http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#book6http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#book5http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#book4http://www.rentron.com/books.htm#parallelhttp://www.rentron.com/books.htm#stepnhttp://www.icpartno.com/ic_2011-2-21/AT89C51-20JC/http://www.atmel.com/atmel/acrobat/doc0265.pdfhttp://www.zntu.edu.ua/base/lection/rpf/lib/zhzh03/8051_tutorial.phttp://www.zbasic.net/http://www.robots.com/


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APPENDIX

INTEGRATED

INTEGRATED

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Doc-A.15-Automation of Electrical Appliances