DO NOW!DO NOW!1. Who were the Crusades between?1. Who were the Crusades between?2. Who wrote the letter that started the 2. Who wrote the letter that started the

crusades? What Empire was he from?crusades? What Empire was he from?3. Who called for the Crusades?3. Who called for the Crusades?4. Name 2 of the 5 causes for the 4. Name 2 of the 5 causes for the

CrusadesCrusades..

The CrusadesThe Crusades

East Meets WestEast Meets WestEast Meets WestEast Meets West

The Crusades After Muslims(Seljuk Turks) were threatening the Byzantine Empire (Christians), Pope Urban II

calls for Christians from Western Europe to protect the Byzantine Empire and to capture the

Holy Land from its Muslim inhabitants

Asia Minor

Pope Urban II calls the first

Crusade.

1095-1291

GOD WILLS IT!!

" Jerusalem is now held captive by the enemies of Christ,

those who do not know God, the heathen (non Christians).

Jerusalem wants to be free and begs you to come help!

Who will take up this work, who will right these wrongs

who will recover this territory, if you won't ?"

What the Pope Said:

Great SchismGreat Schism10641064

Great SchismGreat Schism10641064

Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings

10661066

Battle of Battle of HastingsHastings

10661066

Battle of Battle of Manzikert Manzikert

10711071

Battle of Battle of Manzikert Manzikert

10711071

Christianization of Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, the Vikings, Slavs,

and Magyarsand Magyarsc. 1000c. 1000

Christianization of Christianization of the Vikings, Slavs, the Vikings, Slavs,

and Magyarsand Magyarsc. 1000c. 1000

Capture of Capture of Toledo from Toledo from

Muslims Muslims 10871087

Capture of Capture of Toledo from Toledo from

Muslims Muslims 10871087

Cluniac Cluniac ReformReformc. 1024c. 1024

Cluniac Cluniac ReformReformc. 1024c. 1024

Capture of Capture of Sicily from Sicily from

MuslimsMuslims10991099

Capture of Capture of Sicily from Sicily from

MuslimsMuslims10991099

ConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinopleConstantinopleRomeRomeRomeRome

ExpansionismExpansionismExpansionismExpansionism

Papal PoliticsPapal PoliticsPapal PoliticsPapal Politics

AdventureAdventureAdventureAdventure

Religious PietyReligious PietyReligious PietyReligious Piety

PilgrimagesPilgrimagesPilgrimagesPilgrimages

Muslim AdvancesMuslim Advances

EuropeEurope 1000-11001000-1100

InvestitureInvestitureControversyControversy

1075+1075+

InvestitureInvestitureControversyControversy

1075+1075+

Call for a CrusadeCall for a Crusade Pope Urban II called for Pope Urban II called for

a Crusade in 1095 a Crusade in 1095 ObjectivesObjectives

Drive Turks from Anatolia Drive Turks from Anatolia

Obligate the Byzantines Obligate the Byzantines

Provide occasion for healing Provide occasion for healing Great Schism on Rome's terms Great Schism on Rome's terms

CaptureCapture Holy Land Holy Land

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades First Crusade 1097-1098 First Crusade 1097-1098

Achieved all major objectivesAchieved all major objectivesin Holy Landin Holy Land

Turkish threat hurt, thoughTurkish threat hurt, thoughnot eliminatednot eliminated

Area not strategic to Muslims, Area not strategic to Muslims, could have been held could have been held indefinitely with a little skill. indefinitely with a little skill.

Crusaders attempted to Crusaders attempted to destabilize neighborsdestabilize neighbors

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades

Second Crusade, 1147-1148Second Crusade, 1147-1148 Military failure, discredits Military failure, discredits

Crusaders as military Crusaders as military threatthreat

Third Crusade, 1189-1191Third Crusade, 1189-1191 Well-known in literature Well-known in literature

(Robin Hood)(Robin Hood)

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204Fourth Crusade, 1199-1204

Western-Greek relations always Western-Greek relations always strained, mutual contempt. strained, mutual contempt.

To finance crusade, Crusaders To finance crusade, Crusaders worked for Venetiansworked for Venetians

Crusaders sacked Constantinople, Crusaders sacked Constantinople, 1204 1204

Chance to heal Great Schism utterly Chance to heal Great Schism utterly lost. lost.

In 1453, when attacked by Turks, In 1453, when attacked by Turks, Byzantines preferred surrender to Byzantines preferred surrender to asking Rome for aid.asking Rome for aid.

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219Fifth Crusade, 1218-1219

Captured Damietta, swapped for JerusalemCaptured Damietta, swapped for Jerusalem Moslems agreedMoslems agreed Crusaders tried to conquer EgyptCrusaders tried to conquer Egypt

Sixth Crusade, 1229Sixth Crusade, 1229 Frederick II of Germany did little Frederick II of Germany did little

fighting and a lot of negotiationfighting and a lot of negotiation Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem Treaty gave the Crusaders Jerusalem

and all the other holy cities and a and all the other holy cities and a truce of ten years truce of ten years

He was widely condemned for conducting the He was widely condemned for conducting the Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting. Crusade by negotiating rather than fighting.

Major Events of CrusadesMajor Events of Crusades Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254Seventh Crusade, 1248-1254

Led by Louis IX of FranceLed by Louis IX of France Nearly an exact repeat of the Fifth CrusadeNearly an exact repeat of the Fifth Crusade

Eighth Crusade, 1270Eighth Crusade, 1270 Led by Louis IX of FranceLed by Louis IX of France Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of Louis’ brother, Charles of Anjou, king of

Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and Sicily, had strategic plans of his own and diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where diverted the expedition to Tunisia, where Louis died. Louis died.

The last Crusader cities on the mainland of The last Crusader cities on the mainland of Palestine fell in 1291 Palestine fell in 1291

One small island stronghold lasted until 1303. One small island stronghold lasted until 1303.

The Crusades Died OutThe Crusades Died Out

Lack of interest, rising Lack of interest, rising European prosperity European prosperity

Repeated military Repeated military defeatsdefeats

Discredited by Discredited by "crusades" against "crusades" against Christians (e.g., Christians (e.g., Albigensians) Albigensians)

Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades Fatal weakening of Byzantine Fatal weakening of Byzantine

Empire Empire Vast increase in cultural horizons Vast increase in cultural horizons

for many Europeans. for many Europeans. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Stimulated Mediterranean trade. Need to transfer large sums of Need to transfer large sums of

money for troops and supplies led to money for troops and supplies led to development of banking techniques. development of banking techniques.

Romantic and imaginative Romantic and imaginative literature. literature.

More Effects of CrusadesMore Effects of Crusades

Knowledge introduced to Knowledge introduced to EuropeEurope

Weakening of nobility, rise of Weakening of nobility, rise of merchant classes merchant classes

Enrichment was primarily Enrichment was primarily from East to West--Europe from East to West--Europe had little to give in return.had little to give in return.