Đồ án Hóa Công (quá trình thiết bị) - Chưng cất hỗn hơp Ethanol - nước

8/9/2019 n Ha Cng (qu trnh thit b) - Chng ct hn hp Ethanol - nc

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AMH Qua Trnh va Thiet B GVHD : Le Xuan Hai

MUC LUC

trangLI M AU

CHNG I : TONG QUAN.......................................I . LY THUYET VE CHNG CAT1 . Phng phap chng cat2 .Thiet b chng cat:

II . GII THIEU S BO NGUYEN LIEU1 . Etanol2 . Nc3 . Hon hp Etanol Nc

III . CONG NGHE CHNG CAT HE ETANOL NC

CHNG II : CAN BANG VAT CHATI . CAC THONG SO BAN AUII . XAC NH SUAT LNG SAN PHAM NH VASAN PHAM AY

III . XAC NH T SO HOAN LU THCH HP1 .T so hoan lu toi thieu2 .T so hoan lu thch hp

IV . PHNG TRNH NG LAM VIEC SO MAMLY THUYET1 . Phng trnh ng nong o lam viec cua oan

cat2 . Phng trnh ng nong o lam viec cua oan

chng3 . So mam ly thuyet

V . XAC NH SO MAM THC TECHNG III :TNH TOAN THIET KE THAP CHNG

CAT

I . NG KNH THAP1 . ng knh oan cat2 . ng knh oan chng

II . MAM LO TR LC CUA MAM1 . Cau tao mam lo2 . o giam ap cua pha kh qua mot mam

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3 . Kiem tra ngap lut khi thap hoat ong :III .TNH TOAN C KH CUA THAP1 . Be day than thap :2 . ay va nap thiet b :

3 . Bch ghep than, ay va nap :4 . ng knh cac ong dan Bch ghep cac ongdan :

5 . Tai treo va chan :CHNG IV : TNH TOAN THIET B TRUYEN

NHIET- THIET B PHUI . CAC THIET B TRUYEN NHIET1 . Thiet b ngng tu san pham nh2 . Thiet b lam nguoi san pham nh

3 . Noi un gia nhiet san pham ay4 . Thiet b trao oi nhiet gia nhap lieu va san

pham ay5 . Thiet gia nhiet nhap lieu

II .TNH TOAN BM NHAP LIEU1 . Tnh chieu cao bon cao v2 . Chon bm

CHNG V : GIA THANH THIET BI .TNH S BO GIA THANH CUA THIET BII . KET LUAN

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

LI M AU

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Mot trong nhng nganh co s ong gop to ln ennganh cong nghiep nc ta noi rieng va the gii noichung, o la nganh cong nghiep hoa hoc. ac biet langanh hoa chat c ban.

Hien nay, trong nhieu nganh san suat hoa hoc cung nh

s dung san pham hoa hoc, nhu cau s dung nguyen lieuhoac san pham co o tinh khiet cao phai phu hp vi quytrnh san suat hoac nhu cau s dung.

Ngay nay, cac phng phap c s dung e nang cao otinh khiet: trch ly, chng cat, co ac, hap thu Tuy theo actnh yeu cau cua san pham ma ta co s la chon phngphap thch hp. oi vi he Etanol - Nc la 2 cau t tanlan hoan toan, ta phai dung phng phap chng cat enang cao o tinh khiet cho Etanol.

o an mon hoc Qua trnh va Thiet b la mot mon hoc

mang tnh tong hp trong qua trnh hoc tap cua cac ky shoa- th c pham tng lai. Mon hoc giup sinh vien giaiquyet nhiem vu tnh toan cu the ve: yeu cau cong nghe,ket cau, gia thanh cua mot thiet b trong san xuat hoachat - thc pham. ay la bc au tien e sinh vien vandung nhng kien thc a hoc cua nhieu mon hoc vao giaiquyet nhng van e ky thuat thc te mot cach tonghp.

Nhiem vu cua AMH la thiet ke thap chng cat he Etanol- Nc hoat ong lien tuc vi nang suat nhap lieu : 1500

kg/h co nong o 15% mol etanol ,thu c san pham nhco nong o 85% mol etanol vi o thu hoi etanol la 99%.Em chan thanh cam n cac qu thay co bo mon May &

Thiet B, cac ban sinh vien a giup em hoan thanh o annay. Tuy nhien, trong qua trnh hoan thanh o an khongthe khong co sai sot, em rat mong qu thay co gop y, chdan.

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CHNG I : TONG QUAN.

I . LY THUYET VE CHNG CAT:1 . Phng phap chng cat :Chng cat la qua trnh phan tach hon hp long (hoac

kh long) thanh cac cau t rieng biet da vao s khacnhau ve o bay hi cua chung (hay nhiet o soi khac nhau cung ap suat), bang cach lap i lap lai nhieu lan quatrnh bay hi - ngng tu, trong o vat chat i t pha long vaopha hi hoac ngc lai. Khac vi co ac, chng cat la quatrnh trong o ca dung moi va chat tan eu bay hi, con coac la qua trnh trong o ch co dung moi bay hi.

Khi chng cat ta thu c nhieu cau t va thng th baonhieu cau t se thu c bay nhieu san pham. Neu xethe n gian ch co 2 he cau t th ta thu c 2 sanpham: san pham nh chu yeu gom gom cau t co obay hi ln (nhiet o soi nho ), san pham ay chu yeugom cau t co o bay hi be(nhiet o soi ln) .oi vihe Etanol - Nc san pham nh chu yeu gom etanol vamot t nc , ngc lai san pham ay chu yeu gom ncva mot t etanol.

Cac phng phap chng cat: c phan loai theo:

Ap suat lam viec : chng cat ap suat thap, ap suatthng va ap suat cao. Nguyen tac cua phng phapnay la da vao nhiet o soi cua cac cau t, neunhiet o soi cua cac cau t qua cao th ta giam apsuat lam viec e giam nhiet o soi cua cac caut.

Nguyen ly lam viec: lien tuc, gian oan(chng ngian) va lien tuc.* Chng cat n gian(gian oan): phng phap nay

uc s dung trong cac trng hp sau:

+ Khi nhiet o

soi cua cac cau t khac xa nhau.+ Khong oi hoi san pham co o tinh khiet cao.+ Tach hon hp long ra khoi tap chat khong bay

hi.+ Tach s bo hon hp nhieu cau t.

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* Chng cat hon hp hai cau t (dung thiet b hoatong lien tuc) la qua trnh c thc hien lien tuc,nghch dong, nheu oan. Phng phap cat nhiet ay thap: cap nhiet trctiep bang hi nc: thng c ap dung trng hp

chat c tach khong tan trong nc .Vay: oi vi he Etanol Nc, ta chon phng phap

chng cat lien tuc cap nhiet gian tiep bang noi un ap suat thng.

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2 . Thiet b chng cat:Trong san xuat thng s dung rat nhieu loai thap

nhng chung eu co mot yeu cau c ban la dien tch bemat tiep xuc pha phai ln ,ieu nay phu thuoc vao ophan tan cua lu chat nay vao lu chat kia .

Thap chng cat rat phong phu ve kch c va ngdung ,cac thap ln nhat thng c ng dung trong congnghiep loc hoa dau. Kch thc cua thap : ng knh thapva chieu cao thap tuy thuoc suat lng pha long, pha khcua thap va o tinh khiet cua san pham. Ta khao sat 2loai thap chng cat thng dung la thap mam va thapchem.

Thap mam: than thap hnh tru, thang ng pha trongco gan cac mam co cau tao khac nhau e chia thanthap thanh nhng oan bang nhau, tren mam pha long

va pha hi c cho tiep xuc vi nhau. Tuy theo cau taocua a, ta co:

* Thap mam chop : tren mam bo tr co chepdang:tron ,xu bap ,ch s

* Thap mam xuyen lo: tren mam bo tr cac lo cong knh (3-12) mm. Thap chem(thap em): thap hnh tru, gom nhieuoan noi vi nhau bang mat bch hay han. Vat chemc cho vao thap theo mot trong hai phng phap: xepngau nhien hay xep th t.

* So sanh u va nhc iem cua cac loai thap :

Thap

chem.Thap mam

xuyen lo.Thap mamchop.

u iem: - n gian.- Hieu suat tngoi cao. - Hieu suat cao.

- Tr lcthap.

- Hoat ong khaon nh.

- Hoat ong onnh.

- Lam viec vichat long ban.

Nhciem:

- Hieu suatthap. - Tr lc kha cao.

- Cau tao phctap.

- o on nhkem.

- Yeu cau lapat khat khe ->lap a thatphang. - Tr lc ln.

- Thiet bnang.

- Khong lamviec vi chat

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* Phan ng tren nhom hydroxyl:+ Tac dung vi HX: CH3-CH2-OH + HX CH3-CH2-

X + H2O+ Tac dung vi Triclo Phot pho:

CH3-CH2-OH + PCl3 CH3-CH2-Cl + POCl + HCl

+ Tac dung vi NH3: CH3-CH2-OH + NH3 C2H5-NH2 + H2O

+ Phan ng tao eter va tach loai nc:

2CH3-CH2-OH (CH3-CH2)2O + H2O

CH3-CH2-OH CH2=CH2 + H2O

* Phan ng hydro va oxy hoa:

CH3-CH2-OH CH3-CHO + H2

ng dung: etanol co nhieu ng dung hn metanol, noong mot vai tro quan trong trong nen kinh te quocdan. No la nguyen lieu dung e san suat hn 150mat hang khac nhau va c ng dung rong rai trongcac nganh: cong nghiep nang, y te va dc, quocphong, giao thong van tai, det, che bien go va nongnghiep.

8

Al2O

3

to

H2SO

4

>150o

CH2SO

4

>150o

C

Cu200-300oC

+ Thuoc sung khongkhoi.

+ ong lc.+ Thuoc trsau.

+ Sn.+Vecni.

+ o nha.+ Keo dan.+ Hnglieu.

+ Sat trung.+ Pha chethuoc.

+ Thuocnhuom.+ T nhantao.

+ Rumui.+ Dam.

+ Dung moi huc:pha sn..+ Nguyen lieu.

+ Cong nghiep cao sutong hp+ ong lc.

Nhienlieu.

Etanol


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S o tom tat v tr cua etanol trong cac nganhcong nghiep.

Phng phap ieu che: co nhieu phng phap ieuche etanol: hydrat hoa etylen vi xuc tac H2SO4; thuyphan dan xuat halogen va ester cua etanol khi un nong

vi nc xuc tac dung dch baz; hydro hoa aldyhytacetic; t cac hp chat c kimTrong cong nghiep, ieu che etanol bang phng phap

len men t nguon tinh bot va r ng. Nhng namgan ay, nc ta cong nghe san suat etanol chuyeu la s dung chung nam men Saccharomysescerevisiae e len men tinh bot:

C6H6O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + 28 Kcal

Trong o: 95% nguyen lieu chuyen thanh etanol va

CO2.5% nguyen lieu chuyen thanh san pham

phu: glyxerin, acid sucxinic, dau fusel, metylic vacac acid hu c(lactic, butylic).

2 . Nc:Trong ieu kien bnh thng: nc la chat long khong

mau, khong mui, khong v nhng khoi nc day se comau xanh nhat.

Khi hoa ran no co the ton tai dang 5 dang tinh thekhac nhau:

Khoi lng phan t : 18 g / molKhoi lng rieng d40 c : 1 g / mlNhiet o nong chay : 00CNhiet o soi : 1000 C

Nc la hp chat chiem phan ln tren trai at (3/4dien tch trai at la nc bien) va rat can thiet cho ssong.

Nc la dung moi phan cc manh, co kha nang hoa tannhieu chat va la dung moi rat quan trong trong ky thuathoa hoc.

3 . Hon hp Etanol Nc:Ta co bang thanh phan long (x) hi (y) va nhiet o

soi cua hon hp Etanol - Nc 760 mmHg:

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NammenZymaza


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HeEtanol -Nc

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

x(%mol)

y(%mol)

10

x(%phanmol) 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

y(%phanmol) 0 33,2 44,2 53,1 57,6 61,4 65,4 69,9 75,3 81,8 89,8 100

t(oC) 100 90,5 86,5 83,2 81,7 80,8 80 79,4 79 78,6 78,4 78,4


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III. CONG NGHE CHNG CAT HE ETANOL NC:

Etanol la mot chat long tan vo han trong H2O, nhiet osoi la 78,30C 760mmHg, nhiet o soi cua nc la 100oC 760mmHg : hi cach biet kha xa nen phng phap hieuqua e thu etanol co o tinh khiet cao la phng phapchng cat.

Trong trng hp nay, ta khong the s dung phng phapco ac v cac cau t eu co kha nang bay hi, va khongs dung phng phap trch ly cung nh phng phap hap thudo phai a vao mot khoa mi e tach, co the lam choqua trnh phc tap hn hay qua trnh tach khong c hoantoan.

* S o qui trnh cong nghe chng cat he Etanol nc:

Chu thch cac k hieu trong qui trnh:1 . Bon cha nguyen lieu.2 . Bm.3 . Bon cao v.4 . Lu lng ke.5 . Thiet b trao oi nhiet vi san pham ay.6 . Thiet b gia nhiet nhap lieu.7 . Bay hi.8 . Thap chng cat.9 . Nhiet ke.

10 . Ap ke.11 . Thiet b ngng tu san pham nh.12 . Noi un.13 . Thiet b lam nguoi san pham nh.14 . Bon cha san pham nh.15 . Bon cha san pham ay.16 . Bo phan phan dong.

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* Thuyet minh qui trnh cong nghe:Hon hp etanol nc co nong o etanol 15% ( theo phan

mol), nhiet o khoang 280C tai bnh cha nguyen lieu (1)c bm (2) bm len bon cao v (3). T o c a en

thiet b trao oi nhiet (5) ( trao oi nhiet vi san phamay ). Sau o, hon hp c un soi en nhiet o soitrong thiet b gia nhiet(6), hon hp c a vao thapchng cat (8) a nhap lieu.

Tren a nhap lieu, chat long c tron vi phan longt oan cat cua thap chay xuong. Trong thap hi, i tdi len gap chat long t tren xuong. ay, co stiep xuc va trao oi gia hai pha vi nhau. Pha long chuyenong trong phan chng cang xuong di cang giam nongo cac cau t de bay hi v a b pha hi tao nen t noi

un (12) loi cuon cau t de bay hi.Nhiet o cang lentren cang thap, nen khi hi i qua cac a t di len thcau t co nhiet o soi cao la nc se ngng tu lai, cuoicung tren nh thap ta thu c hon hp co cau t etanolchiem nhieu nhat (co nong o 85% phan mol). Hi nay ivao thiet b ngng tu (11) va c ngng tu hoan toan. Motphan chat long ngng tu i qua thiet b lam nguoi sanpham nh (13), c lam nguoi en 350C , roi c a quabon cha san pham nh (14). Phan con lai cua chatlong ngng tu c hoan lu ve thap a tren cung vi

t so hoan lu toi u. Mot phan cau t co nhiet o soithap c boc hi, con lai cau t co nhiet o soi caotrong chat long ngay cang tang. Cuoi cung, ay thapta thu c hon hp long hau het la cac cau t kho bayhi ( nc). Hon hp long ay co nong o etanol la 0,19% phan mol, con lai la nc. Dung dch long ay i ra khoithap vao noi un (12). Trong noi un dung dch long motphan se boc hi cung cap lai cho thap e tiep tuc lamviec, phan con lai ra khoi noi un c trao oi nhiet vidong nhap lieu trong thiet b (5) (sau khi qua bon cao v).

He thong lam viec lien tuc cho ra san pham nh laetanol, san pham ay sau khi trao oi nhiet vi nhap lieuco nhiet o la 600C c thai bo.

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CHNG II : CAN BANG VATCHAT .

I . CAC THONG SO BAN AU : Nang suat nhap lieu : GF = 1500 (Kg/h) .

Nong o nhap lieu : xF = 15%mol etanol. Nong o san pham nh : xD = 85%mol etanol .Ty le thu hoi etanol : = 99%. Khoi lng phan t cua ru va nc : MR =46 , MN

=18 . Chon :

+ Nhiet o nhap lieu : tF =28oC .+ Nhiet o san pham nh sau khi lam nguoi : tD

=35oC .+ Nhiet o san pham ay sau khi trao oi nhiet : tW =

60oC .+Trang thai nhap lieu la trang thai long soi .

Cac k hieu :+ GF , F : suat lng nhap lieu tnh theo Kg/h , Kmol/h .+ GD , D : suat lng san pham nh tnh theo Kg/h ,

Kmol/h .+ GW ,W : suat lng san pham ay tnh theo Kg/h ,

Kmol/h .+ xi , ix : phan mol , phan khoi lng cua cau t i .

II . XAC NH SUAT LNG SAN PHAM NH

VA SAN PHAM AY: Can bang vat chat cho toan thap : F = D + W(II.1)

Can bang cau t etanol (cau t nhe) : F.xF = D.xD + W.xW (II.2) Ty le thu hoi (= 99%) : F.xF . = D.xD (II.3)

Vi : * Phan mol nhap lieu : xF = 0,15 (phan mol etanol ).

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18).1(.46

x.46

FF

FF

xxx

+= =31.08%(theo khoi lng ) .

Khoi lng phan t trung bnh dong nhap lieu :MF = 18).1(.46 FF xx + = 22.2(Kg/Kmol).

F = FF

M

G

= 8.201000

=67.567 (Kmol/h)*Phan mol san pham nh : xD =0,85 (phan mol

etanol) .Khoi lng phan t trung bnh dong san pham

nh :MD = 18).1(.46 DD xx + =41,8 (Kg/Kmol).

Giai 3 phng trnh (II.1),(II.2),(II.3),ta co :D = 11.8 (Kmol/h)W = 55.767 (Kmol/h)

xW = 0,0019 (phan mol etanol )Suy ra , khoi lng phan t trung bnh dong san phamay :

MW = 18).1(.46 WW xx + = 18,053 (Kg/Kmol).III . XAC NH T SO HOAN LU THCH HP :1 . T so hoan lu toi thieu:

T so hoan lu toi thieu la che o lam viec ma taio ng vi so mam ly thuyet la vo cc .Do o ,chi phco nh la vo cc nhng chi ph ieu hanh (nhien lieu,nc va bm) la toi thieu .

Do o th can bang cua he Etanol-Nc co iem uon,nen xac nh t so hoan lu toi thieu bang cach :+Tren o th can bang y-x ,t iem (0,85;0,85) ta ke

mot ng thang tiep tuyen vi ng can bang taiiem uon , cat truc Oy tai iem co yo = 0,26 .

+Theo phng trnh ng lam viec oan cat , khi xo =0 th

yo =1min +R

xD =0,26

Vay : t so hoan lu toi thieu : Rmin = 2,2692. T so hoan lu thch hp:

Khi R tang, so mam se giam nhng ng knh thap,thiet b ngng tu ,noi un va cong e bm cung tangtheo.Chi ph co nh se giam dan en cc tieu roi tangen vo cc khi hoan lu toan phan ,lng nhiet va lngnc s dung cung tang theo t so hoan lu .

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Tong chi ph bao gom : chi ph co nh va chi ph ieuhanh . T so hoan lu thch hp ng vi tong chi ph la cctieu .

Tuy nhien ,oi khi cac chi ph ieu hanh rat phc tap,kho kiem soat nen ngi ta co the tnh t so hoan lu

thch hp t ieu kien thap nho nhat .e tnh c t sohoan lu thch hp theo ieu kien thap nho nhat (khongtnh en chi ph ieu hanh),ta can lap moi quan he gia tso hoan lu va the tch thap ,t o chon Rth ng vi thetch thap la nho nhat.

Nhan thay ,tiet dien thap t le vi lng hi i trongthap ,ma lng hi lai t le vi lng long hoi lu trongthap ,do trong ieu kien lam viec nhat nh th GD sekhong oi nen lng long hoi lu se t le vi (R+1) ,doo , tiet dien thap se t le vi (R+1). Ngoai ra ,chieu cao

thap t le vi so n v chuyen khoi mox hay so mam lythuyet Nlt .Cho nen ,the tch lam viec cua thap t le vitch so mox*(R+1) .Nh vay, ta co the thiet lap quan hegia R va Vthap theo quan he R va mox*(R+1) .T o th cuaquan he nay ,ta xac nh c iem cc tieu cua mox*(R+1)ng vi t so hoan lu thch hp R .

R mox mox*(R+1)

2.496 47.818 167.173

2.723 37.733 140.480

2.9497 32.801 130.320

3.023 33.545 134.952

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120

130

140

150

160

170

2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

R

R*(mox+1)

Vay : T so hoan lu thch hp la R= 2,9497 .IV . PHNG TRNH NG LAM VIECSO MAMLY THUYET:1 . Phng trnh ng nong o lam viec cua

oan cat :

y =1

.1

.

++

+ Rx

xR

R D =19497,2

85,0.

19497,2

9497,2

++

+x

=0.747 .x + 0.215

2 . Phng trnh ng nong o lam viec cuaoan chng :

y = WxR

fx

R

fR.

1

1.

1 +

+++

= 0019,0.19497,2

1724,5.

19497,2

724,59497,2

+

++

+x

= 2,196 .x 0.0023

Vi : f =99,0.15,0

85,0

.==

F

D

x

x

D

F= 5,724 : ch so nhap

lieu .3 . So mam ly thuyet :

o th xac nh so mam ly thuyet :(Xem hnh trangsau ).

T o th ,ta co : 26 mam bao gom : 20 mam cat1 mam nhap lieu5 mam chng(4 mam chng+1

noi un)Tom lai ,so mam ly thuyet la Nlt = 25 mam .

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V . XAC NH SO MAM THC TE:So mam thc te tnh theo hieu suat trung bnh :

tb

lt

tt

NN =

trong o: tb : hieu suat trung bnh cua a, la mot hamso cua o bay hi tng oi va o nht cua hon hplong : = f( , ).

Ntt : so mam thc te.

Nlt : so mam ly thuyet.

Xac nh hieu suat trung bnh cua thap tb :+ o bay tng oi cua cau t de bay hi :

x

x1

y1

y*

*

=

Vi : x :phan mol cua ru trong pha long .y* : phan mol cua ru trong pha hi can bang vipha long.

* Tai v tr nhap lieu :xF = 0,15 ta tra o th can bang cua he : y*F = 0,5

tF = 84,85 oC

+15,0

15,01.

5,01

5,0

x

x1

y1

y

F

F

*

*

F

=

=

F

F

= 5,667

+ T %08.31=Fx va tF = 84,85 oC ,tra tai lieu tham khao[4(tap 1) trang 107] : F =45.10-6.9,81 = 0,441.10-3

(N.s/m2)= 0,441 (cP)

Suy ra : F . F = 5,667.0,441 =2.499Tra tai lieu tham khao [4(tap 2) trang 171] : F = 0,4

* Tai v tr mam ay :xW = 0,0019 ta tra o th can bang cua he : y*W = 0,02

tW = 100 oC

+0019,0

0019,01.

02,01

02,0

x

x1

y1

y

W

W

*

*

W

=

=

W

W

= 10,72

+ T %48,018).1(.46

.46 =+

=WW

W

Wxx

xx va tW = 100 oC ,tra tai

lieu tham khao [4(tap 1) trang 107] : W =27.10-6.9,81= 0,265.10-3 (N.s/m2)

= 0,265 (cP)

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Suy ra : W . W = 10,72.0,265 = 2,999Tra tai lieu tham khao [4(tap 2) trang 171] : W =

0,37*Tai v tr mam nh :

xD = 0,85 ta tra o th can bang cua he : y*D = 0,856tD = 78,5 oC

+85,0

85,01.

856,01

856,0

x

x1

y1

y

D

D

*

*

D

=

=

D

D= 1,049

+ T %5,9318).1(.46

.46=

+=

DD

D

Dxx

xx va tD = 78,5 oC ,tra tai

lieu tham khao [4(tap 1) trang 107] : D =51.10-6.9,81= 0,500.10-3 (N.s/m2)

= 0,500 (cP)Suy ra : D . D = 1,049.0,500 = 0,525

Tra tai lieu tham khao [4(tap 2) trang 171] : D =0,600

Suy ra: hieu suat trung bnh cua thap :

tb = 47,03

600,037,0441,0

3=

++=

++DWF

So mam thc te cua thap Ntt :

47,0

25=ttN =53,19 mam

Vay chon Ntt = 53 mam , gom : 42 mam cat1 mam nhap lieu

10 mam chng

CHNG III :TNH TOAN THIET KETHAP CHNG CAT .

I . NG KNH THAP :(Dt)

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tbyy

tbg

).(0188,0

.3600.

4VD

tb

tbt

== (m)

Vtb :lng hi trung bnh i trong thap (m3/h). tb :toc o hi trung bnh i trong thap (m/s).

gtb : lng hi trung bnh i trong thap (Kg/h).Lng hi trung bnh i trong oan chng va oan catkhac nhau.Do o, ng knh oan chng va oan catcung khac nhau .

1. ng knh oan cat :a . Lng hi trung bnh i trong thap :

2

1gg

g dtb

+= (Kg/h)

gd : lng hi ra khoi a tren cung cua thap (Kg/h).g1 : lng hi i vao a di cung cua oan cat

(Kg/h). Xac nh gd : gd = D.(R+1) =11,8.(2,9497+1) = 46,606(Kmol/h)

= 1948.13(Kg/h)(V MthD =46.yD+(1-yD).18 = 41,968 Kg/Kmol).

Xac nh g1 :T he phng trnh :

=

+=

+=

dd

D

rgrg

xDxGyg

DGg

..

...

11

1111

11

(III.1)

Vi : G1 : lng long a th nhat cua oan cat .r1 : an nhiet hoa hi cua hon hp hi i vao a

th nhat cua oan catrd : an nhiet hoa hi cua hon hp hi i ra nh

thap .* Tnh r1 : t1 = tF = 84,85oC , tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap

1)] ta co :An nhiet hoa hi cua nc : rN1 = 41346 (KJ/kmol) .

An nhiet hoa hi cua ru : rR1 = 37490 (KJ/kmol) .Suy ra : r1 = rR1.y1 + (1-y1).rN1 = 41346 3856.y1 (KJ/kmol)* Tnh rd : tD = 78,5oC , tra tai lieu tham khao IV (tap 1) ta

co :An nhiet hoa hi cua nc : rNd = 41628 (KJ/kmol) .An nhiet hoa hi cua ru : rRd = 37988 (KJ/kmol) .

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Suy ra : rd = rRd.yD + (1-yD).rNd =37988.0,856 + (1-0,856).41628

= 38512,16 (KJ/kmol)* x1 = xF = 0,15Giai he (III.1) , ta c : G1 = 33 (Kmol/h)

y1 = 0,337 (phan mol etanol) _ M1=27,436

g1 = 44.8 (Kmol/h) = 1229,1328(Kg/h)

Vay : gtb = 63,15882

133,122996,1955=

+(Kg/h)

b . Toc o hi trung bnh i trong thap :Toc o gii han cua hi i trong thap vi mam xuyen

lo co ong chay chuyen :

Vi : xtb : khoi lng rieng trung bnh cuapha long (Kg/m3) . ytb : khoi lng rieng trung bnh cua pha hi (Kg/m3) .

Xac nh ytb :( )[ ]( )273.4,22

273.18.146.

++

=tb

tbtbytb

t

yy

Vi: + Nong o phan mol trung bnh : ytb =2

1 Dyy + =

2

856,0337,0 +=0,5965

+ Nhiet o trung bnh oan cat : ttb =2

DF tt + =2

5,7885,84 +

=81,675oCSuy ra : ytb =1,197 (Kg/m3).

Xac nh xtb :Nong o phan mol trung bnh : xtb =

2

DF xx + =2

85,015,0 += 0,5

Suy ra :18).1(.46

.46

tbtb

tb

tbxx

xx

+= =71,9% .

ttb = 81,675o

C , tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)-trang 9], taco : xtb = 821,25 (Kg/m3)

Suy ra :197,1

25,821.05,0=gh =1,309 (m/s)

20

ytb

xtbgh

.05,0=


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e tranh tao bot ta chon toc o hi trung bnh i trongthap :

309,1.8,0.8,0 == ghh = 1,042 (m/s)Vay :ng knh oan cat :

Dcat = 042,1.197,163.1588

.0188,0

= 0,67 (m).2. ng knh oan chng :

a . Lng hi trung bnh i trong thap :

2

1,,

, gggn

tb

+= (Kg/h)

gn : lng hi ra khoi oan chng (Kg/h).g1 : lng hi i vao oan chng (Kg/h).

Xac nh gn : gn = g1 = 1229,1328 (Kg/h) Xac nh g1 :T he phng trnh :

==

+=+=

1111

1'

11'

1'1'

.'.''.'

..'.

rgrgrg

xWygxG

WgG

nn

WW(III.2)

Vi : G1 : lng long a th nhat cua oan chng .r1 : an nhiet hoa hi cua hon hp hi i vao a th

nhat cua oan chng.* Tnh r1 : xW =0,0019 tra o th can bang cua he ta co :

yW =0,02Suy ra :Mtbg =46.yW +(1-yW).18=18,56(Kg/kmol)t1 = tW = 100oC , tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta

co :An nhiet hoa hi cua nc : rN1 = 40680

(KJ/kmol) .An nhiet hoa hi cua ru : rR1 = 36394,3

(KJ/kmol) .Suy ra : r1 = rR1.yW + (1-yW).rN1 = 40543,9 (KJ/kmol)

* Tnh r1: r1 = 41346 3856.y1 =413463856.0,337 = 40007,97

(KJ/kmol)* W = 55,767 (Kmol/h)Giai he (III.2) , ta c : x1 =0,0096(phan mol etanol) _

MtbG =18,268G1 = 96,998 (Kmol/h) =g1 = 41,322(Kmol/h) = 754,89 (Kg/h)

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Vay : gtb = 011,9922

89,7541328,1229=

+(Kg/h)

b . Toc o hi trung bnh i trong thap :Toc o gii han cua hi i trong thap vi mam xuyen

lo co ong chay chuyen :

ytb

xtbgh

'

'.05,0' =

Vi : 'xtb : khoi lng rieng trung bnh cua pha long(Kg/m3) .

'ytb : khoi lng rieng trung bnh cua pha hi (Kg/m3). Xac nh ytb :

( )[ ]( )273'.4,22

273.18.'146.''

++

=tb

tbtb

ytbt

yy

Vi: + Nong o phan mol trung bnh :ytb =

2

1 Wyy + =2

02,0337,0 +=0,1785

+ Nhiet o trung bnh oan chng : ttb =2

WF tt + =

2

10085,84 +=92,425oC

Suy ra : ytb =0,772 (Kg/m3). Xac nh xtb :

Nong o phan mol trung bnh : xtb = 2WF xx +

= 20019,015,0 +

=0,076

Suy ra :18).'1('.46

'.46'

tbtb

tbtb

xx

xx

+= =17,36% .

ttb = 92,425oC , tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)-trang9], ta co :

Khoi lng rieng cua nc : N = 963(Kg/m3)Khoi lng rieng cua ru : R = 720,365(Kg/m3)

Suy ra : xtb =1

'

'1

'

'

+

N

tb

R

tb xx

=953,52 (Kg/m3)

Suy ra :772,0

52,953.05,0' =gh =1,757 (m/s)

e tranh tao bot ta chon toc o hi trung bnh i trongthap :

757,1.8,0'.8,0' == ghh = 1,405 (m/s)

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Vay :ng knh oan cat :

Dchng=405,1.772,0

0114,992.0188,0 = 0,569 (m).

Ket luan : hai ng knh oan cat va oan chng khongchenh lech nhau qua ln nen ta chon ng knh cua toan

thap la : Dt = 0,700 (m).Khi o toc o lam viec thc :

+ Phan cat : lv = 957,0197,1.,063,1588.0188,0

.

.0188,02

2

2

2

==ytbt

tb

D

g

(m/s).

+ Phan chng : lv = 927,0772,0.7,00114,992.0188,0

'.

'.0188,02

2

2

2

==ytbt

tb

D

g

(m/s).

II . MAM LO TR LC CUA MAM :1 . Cau tao mam lo :

Chon : + ng knh lo : dl = 5 (mm).+ Tong dien tch lo bang 9% dien tch mam.+ Khoang cach gia hai tam lo bang 2,5 lan ng

knh lo (bo tr lo theo tam giac eu ).+ Ty le be day mam va ng knh lo la 6/10 .+ Dien tch danh cho ong chay chuyen la 20% dien

tch mam .So lo tren 1 mam :

N =lo

mm

S

%.9 S=

22

005,0

7,0.09,0.09,0

=

l

t

d

D~1764 lo.

2 . o giam ap cua pha kh qua mot mam :o giam ap tong cong cua pha kh (tnh bang mm.chat

long ) la tong cac o giam ap cua pha kh qua mamkho va cac o giam ap do pha long :

htl = hk + hl + hR (mm.chat long)Vi : + hk :o giam ap qua mam kho (mm.chat long).

+ hl : o giam ap do chieu cao lp chat longtren mam(mm.chat long).

+hR : o giam ap do sc cang be mat (mm.chatlong).

Trong thap mam xuyen lo ,gradien chieu cao mc chatlong tren mam la khong ang ke nen co the bo qua.a . o giam ap qua mam kho :

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o giam ap cua pha kh qua mam kho c tnh datren c s ton that ap suat do dong chay ot thu , otm va do ma sat khi pha kh chuyen ong qua lo.

L

G

o

o

L

G

o

ok

C

u

gC

vh

..0,51

..2

.2

2

2

2

=

= (mm.chat long)

Vi : + uo :van toc pha hi qua lo (m/s).+ G : khoi lng rieng cua pha hi (Kg/m3).+ L : khoi lng rieng cua pha long (Kg/m3).+ Co :he so orifice ,phu thuoc vao ty so tong

dien tch lo vi dien tch mam va ty so gia beday mam vi ng knh lo.

Ta co :mmS

Slo =0,09 val

mm

d

=0,6 .Tra tai lieu tham

khao [1 trang 111] : Co = 0,74 oi vi mam phan cat :

+ Van toc pha hi qua lo : uo =09,0

957,0

%9=lv

= 10,64 (m/s).

+ Khoi lng rieng cua pha hi : G = ytb = 1,197(Kg/m3).

+ Khoi lng rieng cua pha long : L = xtb = 821,25(Kg/m3).

Suy ra o giam ap qua mam kho phan cat :

25,821

197,1.

74,0

64,10.0,51

2

2

=kh =15,67 (mm.chat long).

oi vi mam phan chng :

+ Van toc pha hi qua lo : uo =09,0

927,0

%9

'=lv

=10,3 (m/s).

+ Khoi lng rieng cua pha hi : G = ytb = 0,772(Kg/m3).

+ Khoi lng rieng cua pha long : L = xtb = 953,52(Kg/m3).

Suy ra o giam ap qua mam kho phan chng :

52,953

772,0.74,0

3,10.0,51' 2

2

=kh = 8 (mm.chat long).

b . o giam ap do chieu cao mc chat long trenmam :Phng phap n gian e c tnh o giam ap cua pha

hi qua mam do lp chat long tren mam hl la t chieu

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cao g chay tran hw , chieu cao tnh toan cua lp chatlong tren g chay tran how va he so hieu chnh theo kinhnghiem :

hl = .( hw + how ) , (mm.chat long)Chon : + He so hieu chnh : = 0,6

+ Chieu cao g chay tran : hw = 50 (mm)Chieu cao tnh toan cua lp chat long tren g chay

tran c tnh t phng trnh Francis vi g chay tranphang :

32

.4,43

=

w

Low

L

qh , (mm.chat long)

Vi : + qL : lu lng cua chat long (m3/ph).+ Lw :chieu dai hieu dung cua g chay tran (m).

Xac nh Lw :

Dien tch danh cho ong chay chuyen la 20% dien tchmam , nen ta co phng trnh sau :

.2,0sin180

.= o

o

o

nn

Vi : no :goc tam chan bi chieu dai oan Lw .Dung phng phap lap ta c : no = 93o1222Suy ra : Lw = Dt . sin(no/2) = 436(mm) = 0,436 (m).

Xac nh qL :

* Phan cat :25,821.60

8.41.8,11.9497,2

.60

..==

xtb

D

L

MDRq

= 0,0295 (m3/ph).

Suy ra :32

436,0

0295,0.4,43

=owh = 7.211 (mm).

Vay :o giam ap do chieu cao mc chat long trenmam phan cat la:

hl = 0,6.(50+7.211) = 34,33 (mm.chat long).

* Phan chng :52,953.60

268,18.998,96

'.60

.' '

1'

==xtb

tbGL

MGq

= 0,031 (m3/ph).

Suy ra :3

2

436,0

031,0.4,43'

=owh = 7,444 (mm).

Vay :o giam ap do chieu cao mc chat long trenmam phan chng :

hl = 0,6.(50+7,444) = 34,466 (mm.chat long).c . o giam ap do sc cang be mat :

o giam ap do sc cang be mat c xac nh theobieu thc :

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lL

Rd

h.

.54,625

= , (mm.chat long)

Vi : + : sc cang be mat cua chat long (dyn/cm).+ L : khoi lng rieng cua pha long (Kg/m3).

Phan cat :* Khoi lng rieng cua pha long : L = xtb = 821,25

(Kg/m3).* ttb = 81,675oC ,tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta co :

+ Sc cang be mat cua nc : N = 62,138 (dyn/cm).+ Sc cang be mat cua ru : R = 17,075 (dyn/cm).

Suy ra :Sc cang be mat cua chat long phan cat :

RN

RN

+=

.= 13,394 (dyn/cm).

Vay : o giam ap do sc cang be mat phan cat

la :005,0.25,821

394,13.54,625=Rh = 2,039 (mm.chat long).

Phan chng :* Khoi lng rieng cua pha long : L = xtb = 953,52

(Kg/m3).* ttb = 92,425oC ,tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta

co :+ Sc cang be mat cua nc : N = 60,149 (dyn/cm).+ Sc cang be mat cua ru : R = 16,108 (dyn/cm).

Suy ra :Sc cang be mat cua chat long phanchng :

RN

RN

''

'.''

+= = 12,705 (dyn/cm).

Vay : o giam ap do sc cang be mat phanchng la :

005,0.52,953

705,12.54,625' =Rh = 1,667 (mm.chat long).

Tom lai : o giam ap tong cong cua pha kh qua motmam :

+ Phan cat : htl = 15,67+34,33+2,039 = 52,039 (mm.chatlong).hay htl = 52,039.10-3 . 9,81 . 821,25 = 419,25 (N/m2).

+ Phan chng : htl = 8+34,466+1,667 = 44,133 (mm.chatlong).

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hay htl = 44,133 .10-3 . 9,81 . 953,52 = 412,82(N/m2).

Suy ra :Tong tr lc cua toan thap hay o giam aptong cong cua toan thap la :(xem o giam ap tongcong cua pha kh qua mam nhap lieu bang o giam ap

tong cong cua pha kh qua mot mam phan chng )htl = 42. htl + 11. htl = 42 . 419,25+11 . 412,82 =

22149,52(N/m2).3 . Kiem tra ngap lut khi thap hoat ong :

Chon khoang cach gia hai mam la hmam =300 (mm).Bo qua s tao bot trong ong chay chuyen, chieu cao mc

chat long trong ong chay chuyen cua mam xuyen lo cxac nh theo bieu thc :

hd = hw + how + htl + hd , (mm.chat long)Vi : hd : ton that thuy lc do dong long chay t ong

chay chuyen vao mam, c xac nh theo bieu thcsau :

2

'.100

.128,0

=

d

Ld

S

Qh , (mm.chat long)

trong o : + QL : lu lng cua chat long (m3/h).+ Sd : tiet dien gia ong chay chuyen va mam,

khi o :Sd = 0,8 . Smam = 0,8 . .0,352 = 0,3079 (m2)

Phan cat : QL = 60.qL = 60 . 0,0295 = 1,77 (m3/h).

Suy ra :2

'3079,0.100

77,1.128,0

=dh = 0,00042 (mm.chat long).

Vay : chieu cao mc chat long trong ong chay chuyencua mam xuyen lo phan cat :

hd =50+7,211+52,039+0,00042 =109,25 (mm.chatlong).

Kiem tra : hd = 109,25 < 1502

300

2

mm ==h

(mm) : am bao khi

hoat ong cac mam phan cat se khong b ngap lut. Phan chng : QL = 60.qL = 60 . 0,031 = 1,86 (m3/h).

Suy ra :2

'3079,0.100

86,1.128,0'

=dh = 0,000467 (mm.chat long).

Vay : chieu cao mc chat long trong ong chay chuyencua mam xuyen lo phan chng :

hd =50+7,444+44,133+0,000467 = 101,57 (mm.chatlong).

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Kiem tra : hd = 101,57 < 1502

300

2

mm ==h

(mm) : am bao khi

hoat ong cac mam phan chng se khong b ngaplut.Vay : khi hoat ong am bao thap se khong b ngap

lut.Chieu cao cua than thap :Hthan =Ntt .(hmam+ mam ) + 0,8

=53.(0,30+0,003) +0,8 = 16,859(m).Chieu cao cua ay va nap : H = Hn =ht +hg

=0,175+0,04=0,2150(m).(Xem phan (III.2) : ay va Nap thiet b ).

Chieu cao cua thap : H = Hthan + H + Hn = 17,074(m).III . TNH TOAN C KH CUA THAP :1 . Be day than thap :

V thap chng cat hoat ong ap suat thng nen tathiet ke than hnh tru bang phng phap han giap moi(phng phap ho quang ). Than thap c ghep vi nhaubang cac moi ghep bch.

e am bao chat lng cua san pham va kha nangan mon cua etylic oi vi thiet b, ta chon vat lieu chetao than thap la thep khong g ma X18H10T. Ap suat tnh toan :

Thap lam viec ap suat kh quyen, nen ta chon apsuat tnh toan :

Ptt =Pcl + htl , (N/mm

2

)Vi : Pcl : ap suat thuy tnh do chat long ay(N/mm2).

Chon ap suat tnh toan sao cho thap hoat ong ieukien nguy hiem nhat ma van an toan nen :

Pcl = x .g.H =2

'xtbxtb + .g.H=2

52,95325,821 +. 9,81 . 17,071

=148607,269 (N/m2).Suy ra : Ptt = 148607,269 + 22149,52 = 170756,789(N/m2)

~0,171(N/mm2).

Nhiet o tnh toan :Chon nhiet o tnh toan : ttt = tay = 100oC .Tra tai lieu tham khao [5], ng suat tieu chuan oi vithep X18H10T :

[ ]* = 142 (N/mm2).oi vi ru he so hieu chnh : = 1

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Vay : ng suat cho phep : [ ] = .[ ]* = 142 (N/mm2). Xac nh be day than chu ap suat trong :

Ta chon phng phap che tao than la phng phap hanho quang ien bang tay nen he so ben moi han : h =0,9

Xet ty so :[ ]

9,0.171,0

142. =h

ttP

=747,37 > 25,do o, be day

tnh toan cua than c tnh theo cong thc sau :

[ ] 9,0.142.2

171,0.700

..2

.' ==

h

ttt

t

PDS

= 0,468 (mm).

Suy ra : be day thc cua than : St = St + C ,(mm).Trong o : C :he so bo sung be day, C = Ca + Cb + Cc +

CoVi : + Ca : he so bo sung do an mon hoa hoc, phu

thuoc vao toc o an mon cua chat long. Chontoc o an mon cua ru la 0,1 (mm/nam),thietb hoat ong trong 20 nam, do o Ca = 2 mm.

+Cb : he so bo sung do bao mon c hoc, chon Cb= 0.

+Cc : he so bo sung do sai lech khi che tao, chonCc = 0.

+Co : he so bo sung qui tron, chon Co =0,532 (mm).Suy ra : C = 2 + 0 + 0 + 0,532 = 2,532 (mm).

Vay : St = 0,468 + 2,532 = 3 (mm).

* Kiem tra cong thc tnh toan vi St = 3 (mm) :700

23=

t

at

D

CS= 0,001 < 0,1 : ung.

* Kiem tra ap suat tnh toan cho phep :

[ ] [ ] ( )( )

( )( )23700

23.9,0.142.2...2

+

=+

=att

ath

ttCSD

CSP

=0,3646 > Ptt :

ung.Vay : Be day thc cua than la St = 3 (mm).

2 . ay va nap thiet b :Chon ay va nap co dang la ellipise tieu chuan, co g

bang thep X18H10T.

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Nhan thay: cong thc tnh toan be day than, ay va napchu ap suat trong la nh nhau. Nen chon be day cua ay vanap la S = Sn = 3 (mm).

Cac kch thc cua ay va nap ellipise tieu chuan, cog(tai lieu tham khao [4(tap 2)]:+ ng knh trong: Dt = 700 (mm).+ ht =175 (mm).+ Chieu cao g: hg = h = 40 (mm).+Dien tch be mat trong: Say = 0,62m2).

3 . Bch ghep than, ay va nap :Mat bch la bo phan quan trong dung e noi cac phan

cua thiet b cung nh noi cac bo phan khac vi thiet b.Cac loai mat bch thng s dung:

+ Bch lien: la bo phan noi lien vi thiet b (han, ucva ren). Loai bch nay chu yeu dung thiet b lam viecvi ap suat thap va ap suat trung bnh.

+ Bch t do: chu yeu dung noi ong dan lam viec nhiet o cao, e noi cac bo bang kim loai mau va hpkim cua chung, ac biet la khi can lam mat bch bangvat lieu ben hn thiet b.

+ Bch ren: chu yeu dung cho thiet b lam viec apsuat cao.

Chon bch c ghep than, ay va nap lam bang thepX18H10T, cau tao cua bch la bch lien khong co.

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Theo tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 2)- trang 417], ng vi Dt=700(mm) va ap suat tnh toan Ptt = 0,171 (N/mm2) ta chonbch co cac thong so sau :

Dt D Db D1 h Bu long

db Z(mm)

(cai)

700 830 780 750 20 24 20Theo tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 2)- trang 170], chon so mam

gia hai mat bch la 4 mam.Vay, so bch ghep than-ay-napla (15.2) bch.

o kn cua moi ghep bch chu yeu do vat em quyet nh.em lam bang cac vat lieu mem hn so vi vat lieu bch. Khixiet bu long, em b bien dang va ien ay len cac cho goghe tren be mat cua bch. Vay, e am bao o kn cho thiet

b ta chon em la day amiang, co be day la 3(mm).4 . ng knh cac ong dan Bch ghep cac

ong dan :Bch c lam bang thep CT3 , cau tao cua bch la bch

lien khong co.

a . V tr nhap lieu :Suat lng nhap lieu: GF = 1500 (Kg/h).Khoi lng rieng cua chat long nhap lieu, tra tai lieu

tham khao [4 (tap 1)]

tF = 84,85oC va %08,31=Fx : F = 920 (Kg/m3).Lu lng chat long nhap lieu i vao thap:

F

FF

GQ

= =

1,63 (m3/h).Chon van toc chat long nhap lieu (t chay t bon cao

v vao mam nhap lieu): vF = 0,2 (m/s).

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ng knh ong nhap lieu: dF =

054,02,0..3600

63,1.4

..3600

.4==

F

F

v

Q(m).

Suy ra: chon ng knh ong nhap lieu: dF = 0,060 (m).Tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 2)], chon chieu dai oan ong

noi e ghep mat bch: lF = 100 (mm).Cac thong so cua bch ghep ong dan nhap lieu:

Dt Db Dn D D1 h Bu long

db Z

(mm)

(cai)

60 120 67 150 100 12 12 4

b . Ong hi nh thap:Suat lng hi nh thap: gd = 1948,13 (Kg/h).Khoi lng rieng cua hi nh thap c tnh theo

cong thc (xac nh tD = 78,5oC va yD = 0,856):

( )[ ]( )273.4,22

273.18.1.46

++

=D

DDh

t

yy = 1,453 (Kg/m3).

Lu lng hi ra khoi thap:h

d

gQh= = 1340,76 (m3/h).

Chon van toc hi nh thap: vh = 30 (m/s).

ng knh ong dan hi: dh = 126,030..3600

76,1340.4

..3600

.4==

h

h

v

Q

(m).Suy ra: chon ng knh ong dan hi: dh = 0,15 (m).

Tai lieu tham khao [4(tap 2)], chon chieu dai oan ongnoi e ghep mat bch: lh = 120 (mm).

Cac thong so cua bch ghep ong dan hi nhthap:Dt Db Dn D D1 h Bu long

db Z

(mm)(ca

i)

150 225 159 260 202 16 16 8c . Ong hoan lu:

Suat lng hoan lu: Ghl =D.MD.R=11,8 . 41,8 . 2,9497=1454,91 (Kg/h).Khoi lng rieng cua chat long hoan lu, tra tai lieu

tham khao [4 (tap 1)]

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tD = 86,5oC va %5,93=Dx : hl = 771,55 (Kg/m3).

Lu lng chat long hoan lu:hl

hl

hl

GQ

= = 1,886 (m3/h).

Chon van toc chat long hoan lu (t chay t bo phantach long ngng tu vao thap): vhl = 0,2 (m/s).

ng knh ong hoan lu: dhl = 058,02,0..3600

886,1.4

..3600

.4==

vhl

Qhl

(m).Suy ra: chon ng knh ong hoan lu: dhl = 0,060 (m).

Tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 2)], chon chieu dai oan ongnoi e ghep mat bch: lhl = 100 (mm).

Cac thong so cua bch ghep ong dan hoan lu:Dt Db Dn D D1 h Bu long

db Z

(mm) (cai)60 120 67 150 100 12 12 4

d . Ong dan chat long ay thap:Suat lng chat long vao noi un:

G1 = 96,998.MG= 96,998 .18,268 =1771,96 (Kg/h).Khoi lng rieng cua chat long chat long vao noi un,

tra tai lieu tham khao [4(tap 1)] tW = 100oC vax1=0,0096: L = 922 (Kg/m3).

Lu lng chat long vao noi un:L

L

GQ

1'

= = 1,92 (m3/h).

Chon van toc chat long vao noi un (chat long tchay vao noi un):

vL = 0,2 (m/s).

ng knh ong dan chat long: dL=2,0..3600

92,1.4

..3600

.4

=

L

L

v

Q

=0,058(m).Suy ra: chon ng knh ong dan: dL = 0,060 (m).

Tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 2)], chon chieu dai oan ongnoi e ghep mat bch: lL = 100 (mm).

Cac thong so cua bch ghep ong dan chat long ay thap:Dt Db Dn D D1 h Bu long

db Z

(mm)(ca

i)

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60 120 67 150 100 12 12 4

e. Ong dan chat long t noi un (san phamay):

Suat lng san pham ay: GW = W.MW = 55,767 . 18,053=1006,76(Kg/h).

Khoi lng rieng cua san pham ay, tra tai lieu thamkhao [4 (tap 1)]

tW= 100oC va xW=0,0019: W = 957,726 (Kg/m3).

Lu lng san pham ay:W

W

W

GQ

= = 1,051 (m3/h).

Chon van toc san pham ay (chat long t chay): vW =0,12 (m/s).

ng knh ong dan san pham ay: dW=

12,0..3600

051,1.4

..3600

.4

=

W

W

v

Q=0,056(m).

Suy ra: chon ng knh ong dan: dW = 0,060 (m).Tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 2)], chon chieu dai oan ong

noi e ghep mat bch: lW = 100 (mm).Cac thong so cua bch ghep ong dan san pham ay:

Dt Db Dn D D1 h Bu long

db Z

(mm)(ca

i)60 120 67 150 100 12 12 4

f. Tai treo va chan : Tnh trong lng cua toan thap:

Khoi lng cua mot bch ghep than: (thep X18H10T: X18H10T = 7900 (Kg/m3)).

m1 = ( ) ( ) 7900.02,07,083,0.4

...4

22

1018

22 =

THXt hDD =

18,144(Kg).Khoi lng cua mot mam: (thep X18H10T: X18H10T = 7900

(Kg/m3)).

m2 = THXmmtD 10182

.9,0.8,0...4

=4

.0,72.0,03.072.7900

=6,567 (Kg)Khoi lng cua than thap:

m3 =4

.(D2ng D2t).Hthan . X18H10T = ( ) 7900.071,17.7,0706,0.4

22

= 893,54 (Kg)Khoi lng cua ay (nap) thap:

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m4 = Say . ay . X18H10T = 0,62 0,003 . 7900 = 14,694 (Kg)Khoi lng cua toan thap: m =

30.m1+53.m2+m3+2.m4=1815.3 (Kg)Suy ra trong lng cua toan thap: P = m.g = 17808,05 (N)

Chan thap:

Chon chan : thap c tren bon chan. Tai trongcho phep tren mot chan: Gc =

4

05,17808

4=

P=

0,445.104 (N).e am bao o an toan cho thiet b, ta chon: Gc =

0,5.104 (N).

Truc

thiet

b

Theo aythiet b

Cac kch thc cua chan : (tnh bang mm)L B B1 B2 H H s l d

160 110 135 195 240 145 10 55 23

Tai treo:Chon tai treo: tai treo c gan tren than thap e gi

cho thap khoi b dao ong trong ieu kien ngoai canh. Tachon bon tai treo, tai trong cho phep tren mot tai treo la Gt= 0,445.104 (N).

e am bao o an toan cho thiet b, ta chon: Gt =0,5.104 (N).

Chon tam lot tai treo khi ghep vao than co kch thcsau:+ Chieu dai tam lot: H = 260 (mm).+ Chieu rong tam lot: B = 140 (mm).+Be day tam lot la 6 (mm).

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Cac kch thc cua tai treo: (tnh bang mm)L B B1 H S l a d

100 75 85 155 6 40 15 18

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CHNG IV: TNH TOAN THIET BTRUYEN NHIET- THIET B PHU.

I . CAC THIET B TRUYEN NHIET:Can bang nhiet lng cho toan thap chng cat:

QF + Q = QW + QD + Qnt + Qm (IV.1)Trong o:

Qnt: nhiet lng ngng tu do hi san pham nhngng tu thanh long. Chon hi san pham nh ngngtu hoan toan thanh long.

Qnt = D.(R+1).MD . rD , (KJ/h).Xac nh rD (an nhiet hoa hi cua san pham

nh):Tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], tD = 78,5oC taco:

An nhiet hoa hi cua nc: rN = 2346,253 (KJ/kg).An nhiet hoa hi cua ru: rR = 848,084 (KJ/kg).

Suy ra: rD = rR . Dx +(1- Dx ).rN = 848,084.0,935+(1-0,935).2346,253

= 945,465 (KJ/kg).Vay: Qnt =11,8 .(2,9497+1) .41,8 .945,465=1841890,133(KJ/h).

QF : nhiet lng do hon hp ru nhap lieu mangvao thap.

QF = GF .HF =GF .cF .(tF to ) ,(KJ/h).

Chon nhiet o chuan: to = 20oC.

425,522

2085,84

2=

+=

+ oF tt oC , tra tai lieu tham khao [4

(tap 1)], ta co nhiet dung rieng cua ru: cR =2882,25(J/kg.o).

Suy ra: cF = Fx .cR +(1- Fx ).4186=31,08%.2882,25+(1-31,08%).4186 =

3780,79(J/kg.o).Vay: QF = 1500.3780,79.(84,85-20) = 367776,35 (KJ/h).

QW : nhiet lng do san pham ay mang ra t noiun.

QW = GW .HW =W.MW.cW .(tW to ) ,(KJ/h).Chon nhiet o chuan: to = 20oC.Do san pham ay cha nhieu nc nen nhiet

dung rieng cua san pham ay co the tnh ganung theo cong thc sau:

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cW = (1- Wx ).4186=(1- 0,0048).4186= 4165,9(J/kg.o).Vay: QW = 55,767. 18,052 .4165,9 .(100-20)=335526,05(KJ/h).

QD : nhiet lng do san pham nh mang ra t bo

phan tach hoan lu.QD = GD .HD =D.MD .cD .(tD to ) ,(KJ/h).

Chon nhiet o chuan: to = 20oC.

25,492

205,78

2=

+=

+ oD tt oC , tra tai lieu tham khao [4

(tap 1)], ta co nhiet dung rieng cua ru: cR =2830,25(J/kg.o).

Suy ra: cD = Dx .cR +(1- Dx ).4186=0,935.2830,25+(1-0,935).4186 =

2918,373(J/kg.o).

Vay: T (IV.1), ta c:QF = 11,8 .41,8 .2918,373 .(78,5-20) =

84208,33(KJ/h). Qm : nhiet lng ton that ra moi trng xung quanh.

Chon: Qm = 0,05.QVay: nhiet lng can cung cap cho noi un ay

thap:

Q = 95,01

.(QW + QD + Qnt QF )

=95,0

1(335526,05+84208,33+1841890,133-

367776,35)= 1993524,382 (KJ/h) = 553,756 (KW).

Chon: + Nhiet o nguyen lieu ban au: tF = 28oC.+ Nhiet o san pham nh sau khi lam nguoi: tD =35oC.+ Nhiet o san pham ay sau khi trao oi nhiet

vi nguyen lieu ban au: tW = 60oC.1 . Thiet b ngng tu san pham nh:

Chon thiet b ngng tu vo ong loai TH at nam ngang.

Ong truyen nhiet c lam bang thep X18H10T, kchthc ong: 25x2, chieu dai ong la L = 1,5 (m).Chon nc lam lanh i trong ong vi nhiet o au: t1 =

28oC, nhiet o cuoi: t2 = 40oC.

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Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua nc lam lanh c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbN =

2

21 tt + =34oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cN = 4,181 (KJ/kg.o).

+ Khoi lng rieng: N = 994,4 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: N = 0,7371.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: N = 0,6242 (W/moK).

a . Suat lng nc can dung e ngng tu sanpham nh:

GN =)2840.(181.4.3600

133,1841890

).(.3600 12 =

ttcQ

N

nt = 10,189 (Kg/s).

b . Xac nh be mat truyen nhiet :Be mat truyen nhiet c xac nh theo phng trnh

truyen nhiet:Ftb =

log. tK

Qnt

,(m2) (IV.2).

Vi: + K : he so truyen nhiet.+ tlog : nhiet o trung bnh logarit.

Xac nh tlog :Chon kieu truyen nhiet ngc chieu, nen:

229.44

405,78

285,78

)405,78()285,78(log =

=

Ln

t(oK).

Xac nh he so truyen nhiet K:He so truyen nhiet K c tnh theo cong thc:

R

t

N

r

K

11

1

++=

,(W/m2.oK) (IV.3).

Vi: + N : he so cap nhiet cua nc trong ong(W/m2.oK).

+ R : he so cap nhiet cua hi ngng tu (W/m2.oK).+ rt : nhiet tr cua thanh ong va lp cau.

* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua nc trong ong:

Chon van toc nc i trong ong: vN = 0,75 (m/s).So ong trong mot ng nc:

39~75,0.021,0.

4.

4,994

189,10

..

4.

22

==NtrN

N

vd

Gn (ong).

Chuan so Reynolds :

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86,2124710.7371,0

4,994.021,0.75,0.Re

3

. === N

NtrNN

dv

> 104 : che o

chay roi, cong thc xac nh chuan so Nusselt codang:

25,043,08,0

)Pr

Pr

.(PrRe..021,0w

N

NNlNNu =Trong o:

+ l : he so hieu chnh phu thuoc vao ReN vaty le chieu dai ong vi ng knh

ong:ReN=21247,86va 50021,05,1

>=trd

L,nen l =1.

+ PrN : chuan so Prandlt cua nc 34oC, nen PrN= 5.

+ Prw : chuan so Prandlt cua nc nhiet o

trung bnh cua vach.Suy ra: 25,0

Pr

707,181

w

NNu =

He so cap nhiet cua nc trong ong:

N = 25,025,0Pr

024,5401

021,0.Pr

6242,0.707,181.

NNtr

NN

d

Nu==

Nhiet tai pha nc lam lanh:

)34(Pr

024,5401).( 225,02 == w

N

tbNwNN tttq (W/m2) (IV.4).

Vi tw2 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi nc(trong ong).* Nhiet tai qua thanh ong va lp cau:

t

ww

tr

ttq

= 21 , (W/m2).

Trong o:+ tw1 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi ru

(ngoai ong).

+ ct

t

t rr +=

Be day thanh ong: t = 2 (mm).He so dan nhiet cua thep khong g: t =

17,5 (W/moK).Nhiet tr trung bnh cua lp ban trong ong

vi nc sach:rc = 1/5000 (m2.oK/W).

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Suy ra: rt = 1/3181,818 (m2.oK/W).Vay: qt = 3181,818.(tw1-tw2) (IV.5)

* He so cap nhiet cua hi ngng tu:

25,0

1

4

1

23

)5,78()..(

...725,0

wngwDR

RRRR

t

A

dtt

r

=

=

at: A= 423

.

...725,0

ngR

RRR

d

r

vi [rR]=[J/kg].

An nhiet ngng tu: rR = rD = 945,465 (KJ/;kg).

Nhiet tai ngoai thanh ong:qR = R.(78,5-tw1) = A.(78,5-tw1)0,75 (IV.6).

T (IV.4), (IV.5), (IV.6) ta dung phng phap lap e xacnh tw1, tw2 :

Chon: tw1 = 53,7o

C :Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua ru ngng tu c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbD =

1,662

7,535,78

2

1 =+

=+ wD tt oC:

+ Khoi lng rieng: R = 767,68 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: R = 0,6018.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: R = 0,2073 (W/moK).

Khi o: A = 3090,099T (IV.6): qR = 3090,099.(78,5-53,7)0,75 = 34340,859 (W/m2).

Xem nhiet tai mat mat la khong ang ke: qt = qR=34340,859 (W/m2).

T (IV.5), ta co: tw2 = tw1-818,3181

tq =42,907oC

Suy ra: ttbw =2

21 ww tt + = 304,482

907,427,53=

+ oC

Tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], Prw = 3,672

T (IV.4): qN = 167,34752)34907,42.(672,3

024,540125,0

= (W/m2).

Kiem tra sai so:

=859,34340

859,34340167,34752 =R

RN

q

qq=1,2% < 5% : thoa.

Vay: tw1 = 53,7oC va tw2 = 42,907oC.

Khi o: 669,3901672,3

024,540125,0

==N

(W/m2.oC).

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712,1384)7,535,78(

099,309025,0

=

=R (W/m2.oC).

T (IV.3):540,773

712,1384

1

818,3181

1

669,3901

1

1=

++=K

(W/m2.oC).

T (IV.2), be mat truyen nhiet trung bnh:

229,44.540,773.3600

1000.133,1841890=tbF = 14,9545 (m2).

Suy ra chieu dai ong truyen nhiet :

L=3,5

2

021,0025,0.39.

9545,14=

+=

(m).

So vi L = 2 (m) th so ng nc la 3~2

3,5'=

L

L(ng

nc).Khi o so ong tang len 3 lan: n=39.3 =117 (ong)

* Kiem tra he so cap nhiet cua ru khi co ke ens anh hng cua s sap sep, bo tr ong. Chon cachxep ong thang hang, bo tr theo dang luc giac eu,vayvi 117 ong th ta sep c 9 hang.

So ong trung bnh trong 1 hang: 139

117= , tra tai lieu

tham khao II, ta co tb = 0,58.Vay : Thiet b ngng tu san pham nh la thiet b

truyen nhiet vo ong gom n=117(ong), dai L=2 (m).Ong c bo tr theo hnh luc giac eu. Nen ta co

so ong tren ng cheo hnh luc giac: b = 13(ong). Chonbc ngang gia hai ong: t = 1,4.dng = 1,4.0,025 = 0,035 (m).

ng knh vo thiet b: Dv = t.(b-1)+4.dng = 0,035(13-1)+4.0,025

= 0,52(m).2 . Thiet b lam nguoi san pham nh:

Chon thiet b lam nguoi san pham nh la thiet btruyen nhiet ong long ong. Ong truyen nhiet c lambang thep X18H10T, kch thc ong trong: 16x1,6 ; kch thcong ngoai: 25x2,5.

Chon: + Nc lam lanh i trong ong 16x1,6 (ong trong)vi nhiet o au: t1 = 28oC, nhiet o cuoi: t2 = 40oC.

+ San pham nh i trong ong 25x2,5 (ong ngoai)vi nhiet o au:tD = 78,5oC, nhiet o cuoi: tD = 35oC.

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Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua nc lam lanh c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbN =

2

21 tt + =34oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cN = 4,181 (KJ/kg.o).

+ Khoi lng rieng: N = 994,4 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: N = 0,7371.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: N = 0,6242 (W/moK).

Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua san pham nh c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbD =

75,562

355,78

2

'=

+=

+ DD tt oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cD= 3014,63 (J/kg.o).+ Khoi lng rieng: D = 775,95 (Kg/m3).

+ o nht ong lc: D = 0,6988.10

-3

(N.s/m

2

).+ He so dan nhiet: D = 0,2029 (W/moK).a . Suat lng nc can dung e lam mat san

pham nh:Suat lng san pham nh:

GD = D.MD = 11,8.41,8 = 493,24 (Kg/h) = 0,137 (Kg/s).Lng nhiet can tai:

Qt = GD.cD.(tD-tD) = 0,137.3014,63.(78,5-35) =17967 (J/s) =17,967 (KJ/s).

Suat lng nc can dung:

GN = )2840.(181.4967,17

).( 12 = ttcQ

N

D = 0,358 (Kg/s).


truyen nhiet:

Ftb =log. tK

Qt

,(m2) (IV.7).



478,18

2835

405,78

)2835()405,78(log =

=

Ln

t(oK).


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D

t

N

r

K

11

1

++=

,(W/m2.oK) (IV.8).

Vi: + N : he so cap nhiet cua nc trong ong(W/m2.oK).

+ D : he so cap nhiet cua san pham nh(W/m2.oK).

+ rt : nhiet tr cua thanh ong va lp cau.* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua san pham nh

ong ngoai:Van toc cua san pham nh i trong ong ngoai:

9722,1)016,002,0.(

4.

95,775

173,0

)..(

4.

2222=

=

=

ngtrD

DD

dD

Gv (m/s).

ng knh tng ng: dtd = Dtr dng = 0,02- 0,016 = 0,004

(m). Chuan so Reynolds :

75,875910.6988,0

95,775.004,0.9722,1.Re

3

. ===

D

DtdD

D

dv

> 2320 : che

o qua o, cong thc xac nh chuan so Nusselt codang:

25,0

1

43,0)

Pr

Pr.(Pr..

w

DDlD CNu =

Trong o:+ l : he so hieu chnh phu thuoc ty le chieu

dai ong vi ng knh ong1, chon l =1.+ C : he so phu thuoc vao chuan so Reynolds, ReD

= 8759,75 nenC = 7,252.

+ PrD : chuan so Prandlt cua san pham nh

56,75oC, nen2029,0

63,3014.10.6988,0.Pr

3

==D

DDD

c

= 10,383.

+ Prw1 : chuan so Prandlt cua san pham nh nhiet o trung bnh cua vach.

Suy ra: 25,01Pr

610,35

w

DNu =

He so cap nhiet cua san pham nh trong ongngoai:

D = 25,01

25,0

1 Pr

339,1806

004,0.Pr

2029,0.610,35.

wwtd

DD

d

Nu==

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Nhiet tai pha san pham nh:

)75,56(Pr

339,1806).(

125,0

1

1 w

w

wtbDDD tttq == (W/m2) (IV.9).

Vi tw1 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi sanpham nh (ngoai ong nho).

* Nhiet tai qua thanh ong va lp cau:

t

ww

tr

ttq

= 21 , (W/m2).

Trong o:+ tw2 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi nc (trong

ong nho).

+ 21 rrrt

t

t ++=

Be day thanh ong: t = 1,6 (mm).

He so dan nhiet cua thep khong g: t = 17,5(W/moK).Nhiet tr trung bnh cua lp ban trong ong vi

nc sach:r1 = 1/5000 (m2.oK/W).

Nhiet tr lp cau pha san pham nh: r2 =1/5000 (m2.oK/W).

Suy ra: rt = 1/2034,884 (m2.oK/W).Vay: qt = 2034,884.(tw1-tw2) (IV.10).

* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua nc trong ong nho:

Van toc nc i trong ong:797,2

0128,0.

4.

4,994

358,0

.

4.

22===

trN

NN

d

Gv (m/s).

Chuan so Reynolds :

6,6037310.7371,0

4,994.0128,0.797,2.Re

3

. ===

N

NtrN

N

dv

> 104 : che o


25,0

2

43,08,0)

Pr

Pr.(PrRe..021,0

w

NNNlNNu =

Trong o:+ l : he so hieu chnh phu thuoc vao ReN va ty

le chieu dai ong vi ng knh ong:ReN= 60373,6chon l =1.

45


46/70


+ PrN : chuan so Prandlt cua nc 34oC, nen PrN= 5.

+ Prw2 : chuan so Prandlt cua nc nhiet otrung bnh cua vach.

Suy ra: 25,02Pr204,193

wNNu =

He so cap nhiet cua nc trong ong:

N = 25,02

25,0

2Pr

714,9421

0128,0.Pr

6242,0.204,193.

wwtr

NN

d

Nu==

Nhiet tai pha nc lam lanh:

)34(Pr

714,9421).( 225,0

2

2 == ww

tbNwNN tttq (W/m2) (IV.11).

Chon: tw1 = 42,65oC :Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua san pham nh c tra

tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet otw1=42,65oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cR= 2841,64 (J/kg.o).+ o nht ong lc: R = 0,9049.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: R = 0,1966 (W/moK).

Khi o xem:Prw1 ~ 081,131966,0

64,2841.10.9049,0. 3==

R

RR c

T (IV.9): qD = 391,13392)65,4275,56.(081,13

339,180625,0

= (W/m2).

Xem nhiet tai mat mat la khong ang ke: qt = qD=13392,391 (W/m2).

T (IV.10), ta co: tw2 = tw1-884,2034tq =36,069oC

Suy ra: ttbw =2

21 ww tt + = 360,392

069,3665,42=

+ oC

Tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], Prw2 = 4,386

T (IV.11): qN = 483,13470)34069,36.(386,4

714,942125,0

= (W/m2).

Kiem tra sai so:

= 391,13392391,13392483,13470

=

D

DN

q

qq

=0,58% < 5% :thoa.

Vay: tw1 = 42,65oC va tw2 = 36,069oC.

Khi o: 625,6510386,4

714,942125,0

==N (W/m2.oC).

46


47/70


815,949081,13

339,180625,0

==D (W/m2.oC).

T (IV.8):977,588

815,949

1

884,2034

1

625,6510

1

1=

++=K

(W/m2.oC).

T (IV.7), be mat truyen nhiet trung bnh:478,18.977,588

1000.967,17=tbF = 1,65 (m2).


L489,36

2

0128,0016,0.

65,1=

+=

(m).

Chon: L = 40(m),(d tr khoang 15%).

Kiem tra: 5031250128,0

40>==

trd

Lth l = 1: thoa.

Vay: thiet b lam mat san pham nh la thiet btruyen nhiet ong long ong vi chieu dai ong truyennhiet L = 40(m), chia thanh 10 day, moi day dai 4 (m).

3 . Noi un gia nhiet san pham ay:Chon noi un gia nhiet san pham ay la noi un Kettle,

ong truyen nhiet c lam bang thep X18H10T, kch thcong 25x2.

Chon hi ot la hi nc 2 at, i trong ong 25x2. Tra tailieu tham khao [4(tap1)], ta co:

+ Nhiet o soi: tsN = 119,6oC.

+ An nhiet ngng tu: rN = 2208 (KJ/kg).San pham ay trc khi vao noi un co nhiet o la t1= 99oC (do x1=0,0096 ), nhiet o ra la tW = 100oC.a . Suat lng hi nc can dung :

Lng nhiet can tai cung cap cho ay thap: Q = 553,756(KW).

Suat lng hi nc can dung:

GhN =2208

756,553d =Nr

Q= 0,25 (Kg/s).

b . Xac nh be mat truyen nhiet :

Be mat truyen nhiet c xac nh theo phng trnhtruyen nhiet:

Ftb =log

. tK

Qd

,(m2) (IV.12).


47


48/70



096,20

1006,119

996,119

)1006,119()996,119(log =

=

Ln

t(oK).


D

t

N

r

K

11

1

++=

,(W/m2.oK) (IV.13).

Vi: + N : he so cap nhiet cua hi nc (W/m2.oK).+ D : he so cap nhiet cua san pham ay

(W/m2.oK).+ rt : nhiet tr cua thanh ong va lp cau.

* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua hi nc:He so cap nhiet cua hi nc c xac nh theo

cong thc:

N =25,0

1

25,0

1 021,0).6,119(

1000.2208..725,0

).(..725,0

=

wtrwsNN

tA

dtt

rA

= 25,01 )6,119(

.415,73

wt

A

Vi: + tw1 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi hi

nc(trong ong).+ A : he so phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat ly

nc theo nhiet o, c tra tai lieu tham khao[2].

Nhiet tai pha hi: 75,011 )6,119.(.415,73).( wwsNNN tAttq == (W/m2) (IV.14).


t

ww

tr

ttq

= 21 , (W/m2).

Trong o:+ tw2 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi san

pham ay (ngoai ong).

+ 21 rrrt

tt ++=

Be day thanh ong: t = 2 (mm).He so dan nhiet cua thep khong g: t = 17,5

(W/moK).

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Nhiet tr trung bnh cua lp ban trong ong vinc sach: r1 = 1/5000 (m2.oK/W).

Nhiet tr lp cau pha san pham ay: r2=1/500(m2.oK/W).

Suy ra: rt = 1/1944,444 (m2.oK/W).

Vay: qt = 1944,444.(tw1-tw2) (IV.15).* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua san pham ay:

He so cap nhiet cua san pham ay c xacnh theo cong thc (che o soi sui bot va xem sanpham ay nh la nc):

D =3600

8,4186.39.p0,5.(tw2 100)2,33

Vi: + p: ap suat e at nhiet o soi cua sanpham ay, khi o

p = 1 at = 105 (N/m2).

Suy ra: D = 14343,143(tw2 100)2,33Nhiet tai pha san pham ay:

33,3

22 )100(143,14343)100.( == wwDD ttq (W/m2) (IV.16).Chon: tw1 = 116,655oC :

Khi o, nhiet o trung bnh2

655,1166,119 +=

118,128oC ta tra cA = 187,1574

T (IV.14): qN =73,415.187,1574.(119,6-116,655)0,75

= 30889,133(W/m2).

Xem nhiet tai mat mat la khong ang ke: qt = qN=30889,133 (W/m2).

T (IV.15), ta co: tw2 = tw1-444,1944

tq =100,769oC

T (IV.16): qD =14343,143.(100,769-100)3,33=31708,196(W/m2).

Kiem tra sai so:

=133,30889

196,31708133,30889 =

D

DN

q

qq=2,65% < 5% :

thoa.

Vay: tw1 = 116,655oC va tw2 = 100,769oC.Khi o: 670,10488

)655,1166,119(

1574,187.415,7325,0

=

=N (W/m2.oC).

758,24986)100769,100.(143,14343 33,3 ==D (W/m2.oC).

49


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T (IV.13):295,1539

758,24986

1

444,1944

1

670,10488

1

1=

++=K

(W/m2.oC).T (IV.12), be mat truyen nhiet trung bnh:

096,20.295,15391000.756,553=tbF = 17,9 (m2).

Chon so ong truyen nhiet: n = 91 (ong).Chieu dai ong truyen nhiet:

L723,2

2

021,0025,0.91.

9,17=

+=

(m).

Chon: L = 2,8(m),(d tr khoang 10%).Vay: noi un gia nhiet san pham ay la thiet b truyen

nhiet vo - ong vi so ong n = 91, chieu dai ong truyen

nhiet L = 2,8(m).Ong c bo tr theo hnh luc giac eu. Nen ta co soong tren ng cheo hnh luc giac: b = 9(ong). Chonbc ngang gia hai ong: t = 1,4.dng = 1,4.0,025 = 0,035 (m).

ng knh vo thiet b: Dv = t.(b-1)+4.dng = 0,035(9-1)+4.0,025

= 0,380(m).4 . Thiet b trao oi nhiet gia nhap lieu va

san pham ay:Chon thiet b thiet b trao oi nhiet gia nhap lieu va

san pham ay la thiet b truyen nhiet ong long ong.Ong truyen nhiet c lam bang thep X18H10T, kch thcong trong: 25x2 ; kch thc ong ngoai: 38x2.

Dong nhap lieu i trong ong 25x2 (ong trong) vi nhieto au: tF = 28oC.

San pham ay i trong ong 38x2 (ong ngoai)vi nhieto au: tW = 100oC, nhiet o cuoi: tW = 60oC.

Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua san pham ay c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbW =

2

' WW tt + =80oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cW = 4,195 (KJ/kg.o).+ Khoi lng rieng: W = 971,8 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: W = 0,355.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: W = 0,675 (W/moK).

50


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a . Nhiet o dong nhap lieu sau khi trao oi nhietvi san pham ay:

Suat lng san pham ay:GW = W.MW = 55,767.18,053 = 1006,76 (Kg/h).

Lng nhiet can tai:

Qt =3600

WG .cW.(tW-tW) =3600

76,1006 .4,195.(100-60)= 46,926

(KW). 28oC, ta xem nhiet dung rieng cua san pham nh

la hang so, hay nhiet dung rieng cua ru cR = 2,595(KJ/kg.o).

Suy ra: cF = cR . Fx +(1- Fx ).4,18 = 2,595.0,3108+(1-0,3108).4,18

= 3,687 (KJ/kg.o).Nhiet o san pham nh sau khi trao oi nhiet vi

san pham ay:

tF =28

3600

1500.687,3

926,46'

.+=+ F

FF

t tGc

Q

= 58,55oC.

Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua san pham nh c tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trungbnh ttbF =

2,43

2

2855,58

2

'"=

+=

+FF

tt

oC:+ Khoi lng rieng: F = 954,37 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: F = 1,06.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: F = 0,5184 (W/moK).


truyen nhiet:

Ftb =log. tK

Qt

,(m2) (IV.17).



51


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52,36

2860

55,58100

)2860()55,58100(log =

=

Ln

t(oK).


W

t

F

r

K

111

++=

,(W/m2.oK) (IV.18).

Vi: + F : he so cap nhiet cua dong nhap lieu(W/m2.oK).

+ W : he so cap nhiet cua san pham ay(W/m2.oK).

+ rt : nhiet tr cua thanh ong va lp cau.* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua dong nhap lieu

ong trong:Van toc dong nhap lieu i trong ong:

26,1021,0.

4.

37,954.3600

1500

.

4.

.3600 22===

trF

FF

d

Gv (m/s).

Chuan so Reynolds :

72,2383210.06,1

37,954.021,0.26,1.Re

3===

F

FtrF

F

dv

> 104 : che o


25,0

2

43,08,0)

Pr

Pr.(PrRe..021,0

w

FFFlFNu =

Trong o:+ l : he so hieu chnh phu thuoc vao ReF va

ty le chieu dai ong vi ng knh ong:ReF=23832,72,chon l =1.

+ PrF : chuan so Prandlt cua dong nhap lieu 43,275oC, nen

PrF =5184,0

3687.10.06,1. 3=

F

FF c

= 7,539.

+ Prw2 : chuan so Prandlt cua dong nhap lieu nhiet o trung bnh cua vach.

Suy ra: 25,02Pr

346,195

w

FNu =

He so cap nhiet cua dong nhap lieu trong ong:

52


53/70


N = 25,02

25,0

2 Pr

267,4822

021,0.Pr

5184,0.346,195.

wwtr

FF

d

Nu==

Nhiet tai pha dong nhap lieu:

)275,43(

Pr

267,4822).( 225,0

2

2 == ww

tbFwFF tttq (W/m2) (IV.19).

Vi: tw2 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi dongnhap lieu (trong ong nho).


t

ww

tr

ttq

= 21 , (W/m2).

Trong o:+ tw1 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi san

pham ay (trong ong nho).

+ 21rrr

t

t

t ++=

Be day thanh ong: t = 2(mm).He so dan nhiet cua thep khong g: t = 17,5

(W/moK).Nhiet tr trung bnh cua lp ban trong ong vi

nc sach:r1 = 1/5000 (m2.oK/W).



* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua san pham ayngoai ong nho:

Van toc nc i trong ong ngoai:

)22)

22 025,0034,0.(

4.

8,971.3600

76,1006

.(

4.

.3600 =

=

ngtrW

WW

dD

Gv

= 0,69(m/s).ng knh tng ng: dtd = Dtr dng = 0,034- 0,025 =

0,009 (m).

Chuan so Reynolds :9,16289

10.355,0

8,971.009,0.69,0.Re

3===

W

WtdW

W

dv

> 104 : che o


53


54/70


25,0

1

43,08,0)

Pr

Pr.(PrRe..021,0

w

WWWlWNu =

Trong o:+ l : he so hieu chnh phu thuoc vao ReW va

ty le chieu dai ong vi ng knhong:ReW=16289,9,chon l =1.

+ PrW : chuan so Prandlt cua san pham ay 80oC, xem san pham gan nh la nc nen PrW =2,21.

Suy ra: 25,01

Pr

114,70

w

WNu =

He so cap nhiet cua san pham ay trong ongngoai:

W

= 25,01

25,0

1 Pr

569,5258

009,0.Pr

675,0.114,70.

wwtd

WW

d

Nu==

Nhiet tai pha san pham ay:

)80(Pr

569,5258).( 125,0

1

1 w

w

wtbDWW tttq == (W/m2) (IV.21).

Chon: tw1 = 72,1oC :Khi o xem:Prw1 ~ 2,487 (tra tw1).

T (IV.21): qW = 779,33080)1,7280.(487,2

569,525825,0

= (W/m2).

Xem nhiet tai mat mat la khong ang ke: qt = qW=33080,779 (W/m2).

T (IV.20), ta co: tw2 = tw1-444,1944

tq =55,087oC

Suy ra: ttbw =2

21 ww tt + = 594,632

087,551,72=

+ oC

Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua dong nhap lieu c tra tai lieu tham khao[4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbw = 63,594 oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cR = 3,947 (KJ/kg.o).+ o nht ong lc: R = 0,6987.10-3 (N.s/m2).

+ He so dan nhiet: R = 0,5479 (W/mo

K).Khi o: Prw2 =

5479,0

10.6987,0.3947. 3=

R

RRc

= 5,033

T (IV.19): qF = 028,33174)275,43087,55.(033,5

267,482225,0

= (W/m2).

Kiem tra sai so:

54


55/70


=779,33080

028,33174779,33080 =

W

FW

q

qq=0,282% < 5%:

thoa.Vay: tw1 = 72,1oC va tw2 = 55,087oC.

Khi o: 440,4187487,2569,5258

25,0 ==W (W/m2

.o

C).529,3219

033,5

267,482225,0

==F

(W/m2.oC).

T (IV.18):145,940

440,4187

1

444,1944

1

529,3219

1

1=

++=K

(W/m2.oC).

T (IV.17), be mat truyen nhiet trung bnh:

119,35.145,940

1000.926,46=tbF = 1,367 (m2).


L9,18

2

021,0025,0.

367,1 =+=

(m).


Kiem tra: 5038,952021,0

20>==

trd

Lth l = 1: thoa.

Vay: thiet b trao oi nhiet gia dong nhap lieu lathiet b truyen nhiet ong long ong vi chieu dai ongtruyen nhiet L = 20(m), chia thanh 10 day, moi day dai 2(m).

5 . Thiet gia nhiet nhap lieu :Chon thiet b gia nhiet nhap lieu la thiet b truyennhiet ong long ong. Ong truyen nhiet c lam bangthep X18H10T, kch thc ong trong:25x2; kch thc ongngoai: 38x2.

Dong nhap lieu i trong ong 25x2 (ong trong) vi nhieto au: tF =58,55oC ,nhiet o cuoi: tF =84,85oC.

Chon hi ot la hi nc 1 at, i trong ong 38x2(ongngoai). Tra tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta co:

+ Nhiet o soi: tsN = 100oC.

+ An nhiet ngng tu: rN = 2260 (KJ/kg).Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua dong nhap lieu c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbF =

2

"FF

tt=71,7oC:

55


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+ Nhiet dung rieng: cF = 3,968 (KJ/kg.o).+ Khoi lng rieng: F = 937,58 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: F = 0,5786.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: F = 0,5652 (W/moK).

a . Suat lng hi nc can dung :Lng nhiet can tai cung cap cho dong nhap lieu:

Qc =3600

FG .cF.(tF tF) =3600

1500.3,968.(84,85 58,55)=43,48

(KW).Suat lng hi nc can dung:

GhN =2260

48,43c =Nr

Q= 0,0192 (Kg/s).


truyen nhiet:Ftb =

log. tK

Qt

,(m2) (IV.22).



832,23

85,84100

55,58100

)85,84100()55,58100(log =

=

Ln

t(oK).


N

t

F

r

K

11

1

++=

,(W/m2.oK) (IV.23).

Vi: + F : he so cap nhiet cua dong nhap lieu(W/m2.oK).

+ N : he so cap nhiet cua hi nc (W/m2.oK).+ rt : nhiet tr cua thanh ong va lp cau.

* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua dong nhap lieu trong

ong nho:Van toc dong nhap lieu i trong ong ngoai:

22 021,0.

4.

58,937.3600

1500

.

4.

.3600 ==

ngF

FF

d

Gv = 1,2825 (m/s).

Chuan so Reynolds :

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436626110.5786,0

58,937.009,0.2825,1.Re

3===

F

FtdF

F

dv

> 104 : che

o chay roi, cong thc xac nh chuan so Nusselt codang:

25,0

2

43,08,0

)Pr

Pr

.(PrRe..021,0w

F

FFlFNu =Trong o:

+ l : he so hieu chnh phu thuoc vao ReW vaty le chieu dai ong vi ng knhong:ReF=4366262,chon l =1.

+ PrF : chuan so Prandlt cua dong nhap lieu 74,033oC, nen

PrF =5652,0

10.5786,0.3968. 3=

F

FFc

= 4,062

Suy ra: 25,02Pr521,249

w

FNu =

He so cap nhiet cua dong nhap lieu trong ongnho:

F = 25,02

25,0

2 Pr

679,6715

009,0.Pr

5652,0.521,249.

wwtd

FF

d

Nu==

Nhiet tai pha dong nhap lieu:

)7,71(Pr

679,6715).( 225,0

2

2 == ww

tbFwFF tttq (W/m2) (IV.24).

Vi tw2 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi dongnhap lieu (trong ong nho).* Nhiet tai qua thanh ong va lp cau:

t

ww

tr

ttq

= 21 , (W/m2).

Trong o:+ tw1 : nhiet o cua vach tiep xuc vi hi nc

(ngoai ong nho).

+ 21 rrrt

t

t ++=

Be day thanh ong: t = 2(mm).He so dan nhiet cua thep khong g: t = 17,5

(W/moK).Nhiet tr trung bnh cua lp ban trong ong vi

nc sach:r1 = 1/5000 (m2.oK/W).

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* Xac nh he so cap nhiet cua hi nc trong ong

nho:ng knh tng ng: dtd = Dtr dng = 0,034- 0,025 = 0,009

(m)He so cap nhiet cua hi nc c xac nh theo

cong thc:

N=25,0

1

25,0

1 009,0).100(

1000.2260..725,0

).(..725,0

=

wtdwsN

N

tA

dtt

rA

= 25,01)100(

.265,91

wt

A

Vi: + A : he so phu thuoc vao tnh chat vat lync theo nhiet o, c tra tai lieu tham khao[2].

Nhiet tai pha hi nc: 75,011 )100.(.265,91).( wwsNNN tAttq == (W/m2) (IV.26).

Chon: tw1 = 97,15oC :

Khi o, nhiet o trung bnh2

15,97100 += 98,575oC ta tra

c A = 178,36T (IV.26): qN =91,265.178,36.(100 97,15)0,75

= 35705,52(W/m2

).Xem nhiet tai mat mat la khong ang ke: qt = qW=35705,52 (W/m2).

T (IV.25), ta co: tw2 = tw1-444,1944

tq =78,79oC

Suy ra: ttbw =2

21 ww tt + = 06,882

79,7815,97=

+ oC

Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua dong nhap lieu c tra tai lieu tham khao[4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbw = 88,06 oC:

+ Nhiet dung rieng: cR = 4,0204 (KJ/kg.o).+ o nht ong lc: R = 0,4517.10-3 (N.s/m2).+ He so dan nhiet: R = 0,588 (W/moK).

Khi o: Prw2 =588,0

10.4517,0.0204,4. 3=

R

RRc

= 3,088

58


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T (IV.24): qF = 98,35903)7,7179,78.(088,3

679,671525,0

= (W/m2).

Kiem tra sai so:

=98,35903

98,3590352,35705 =

N

FN

q

qq=0,56% < 5%: thoa.

Vay: tw1 = 97,15oC va tw2 = 78,79oC.

Khi o: 909,12868)15,97100(

36,178.265,9125,0

=

=N (W/m2.oC).

063,5066088,3

679,671525,0

==F (W/m2.oC).

T (IV.23):810,1266

909,12868

1

444,1944

1

063,5066

1

1=

++=K

(W/m2.oC).T (IV.22), be mat truyen nhiet trung bnh:

13,26.81,12661000.48,43=tbF = 1,314 (m2).


L18,18

2

021,0025,0.

314,1=

+=

(m).


Kiem tra: 5038,952021,0

20>==

trd

Lth l = 1: thoa.

Vay: thiet b gia nhiet dong nhap lieu la thiet b

truyen nhiet ong long ong vi chieu dai ong truyennhiet L = 20(m), chia thanh 10 day, moi day dai 2 (m).II . TNH TOAN BM NHAP LIEU:1 . Tnh chieu cao bon cao v:

Chon ng knh ong dan nguyen lieu (nhap lieu): d = 50(mm), o nham cua ong =0,1(mm).

Cac tnh chat ly hoc cua dong nhap lieu c tra tailieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)] ng vi nhiet o trung bnh ttbF =

2

'FFtt +

= 56,425 oC:

+ Khoi lng rieng: F = 947,513 (Kg/m3).+ o nht ong lc: F = 0,7978.10-3 (N.s/m2).

Van toc cua dong nhap lieu trong ong dan:

vF = 22 05,0.4

.513,947.3600

1500

.

4.

.3600 =

d

Q

F

F = 0,217 (m/s).

a . Ton that ng ong dan:

59


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g

v

d

lh F

.2..

2

1

1

1

11

+= (m).

Vi: + 1 : he so ma sat trong ng ong.+ l1 : chieu dai ng ong dan, chon l1 = 20(m).

+ d1 : ng knh ong dan, d1 = d = 0,05(m).+ 1 : tong he so ton that cuc bo.+ vF : van toc dong nhap lieu trong ong dan, vF =

0,149(m/s).* Xac nh 1 :

Chuan so Reynolds cua dong nhap lieu trong ong:

3

1

110.7978,0

513,947.05,0.217,0..Re

==

F

FF dv

= 13253,3

Theo tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta co:

+ Chuan so Reynolds ti han: Regh1=

78

1

.6

d

=

78

1,0

50

.6

=7289,343+ Chuan so Reynolds khi bat au xuat hien vung

nham:

Ren1=8

9

1.220

d =8

9

1,0

50.220

=23,9.104.

Suy ra: Regh1 < Re1< Ren1: khu vc chay qua o, khio (tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)]):

1= 0345,0Re

100.46,1.1,0

25,0

11

=

+

d

* Xac nh 1:He so ton that cua dong nhap lieu qua:

+ 10 cho uon cong: u1=10.1,1 = 11.+ 3 van (van cau): v1= 3.10 = 30.+ 1 lan ot thu: t1 = 0,5.+ 1 lan ot m: m1 = 1.+ 1 lu lng ke: l1 = 0 (khong ang ke).

Suy ra: 1 = u1 + v1 + t 1+ m1 + l1 = 42,5.

Vay:Ton that ng ong dan: h1=81,9.2

217,0.5,42

05,0

20.0345,0

2

+ =0,135(m).

b . Ton that ng ong dan trong thiet b trao oinhiet:

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g

v

d

lh

.2..

2

22

2

222

+= (m).

Vi: + 2 : he so ma sat trong ng ong.+ l2 : chieu dai ng ong dan, l2 = 20(m).

+ d2 : ng knh ong dan, d2 = 0,021(m).+ 2 : tong he so ton that cuc bo.+ v2 : van toc dong nhap lieu trong ong dan, v2= 1,26(m/s).

* Xac nh 2 :Chuan so Reynolds cua dong nhap lieu:(xem lai muc

IV.I.4)Re2= 32320,9

Theo tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta co:


78

2

.6

d

=

78

1,0

21.6

=2704,68.+ Chuan so Reynolds khi bat au xuat hien vung

nham:

Ren2=8

9

2.220

d =8

9

1,0

21.220

=90140,38.

Suy ra: Regh2 < Re2 < Ren2: khu vc chay qua o, khio (tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)]):

2= 0334,0Re

100.46,1.1,0

25,0

22

=

+

d


+ 9 cho ong cong quay ngc: q2=9.2,2 = 19,8.+ 1 cho uon cong: u2= 1,1.+ 1 lan co hep: c2 = 0,385.

+ 1 lan m rong: m2 = 6783,005,0

021,01

2

2

2

=

.

Suy ra: 2 = u2 + q2 + c2+ m 2 =21,963.

Vay:Ton that ng ong dan trong thiet b trao oinhiet: h2=

81,9.2

26,1.963,21

021,0

20.0334,0

2

+ =4,217(m).

c . Ton that ng ong dan trong thiet b gianhiet nhap lieu:

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g

v

d

lh

.2..

2

33

3

333

+= (m).

Vi: + 3 : he so ma sat trong ng ong.+ l3 : chieu dai ng ong dan, l3 = 20(m).

+ d3 : ng knh ong dan, d3 = 0,021(m).+ 3 : tong he so ton that cuc bo.+ v3 : van toc dong nhap lieu trong ong dan,

v3 = 1,2825(m/s).* Xac nh 3 :

Chuan so Reynolds cua dong nhap lieu:(xem lai mucIV.I.5)

Re3= 32898,059Theo tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)], ta co:


78

3

.6

d

=7

8

1,0

21.6

=2704,68.

+ Chuan so Reynolds khi bat au xuat hien vungnham:

Ren3=8

9

3.220

d =8

9

1,0

21.220

=90140,38.

Suy ra: Regh3 < Re3 < Ren3: khu vc chay qua o, khio (tai lieu tham khao [4 (tap 1)]):

3= 0319,0Re100.46,1.1,0

25,0

33

=

+

d


+ 9 cho ong cong quay ngc: q3=9.2,2 = 19,8.+ 1 cho uon cong: u3= 1,1.+ 1 lan co hep: c2 = 0,385.

+ 1 lan m rong: m2 = 6783,005,0

021,01

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