DNA/RNA/Protein SynthesisAll illustrations in this presentation were obtained from Google.com

Replication

Cell Division

DNA Scientists

Who tried to find the genetic material but failed? Instead he

found TRANSFORMATION.

This scientist injected mice with heat killed disease bacteria and live good bacteria and the mice died of pneumonia.

Griffith“F” for failing to find genetic material!

F for finding:

TRANSFORMATIONHe found that good bacteria are changed into bad bacteria with transfer of some “factor.”

Who actually found DNA is the “factor” that caused good bacteria

to change into bad bacteria?

AveryRemember: Avery got an “A” for finding DNA; the factor that causes transformation

Who used X-rays to determine what DNA really looked like?

Hint: This scientist died from too much radiation

Rosalind Franklin

You may see this picture on the SOL!

Who discovered the shape of the DNA molecule and was awarded

the Nobel Prize?

Watson & Crick

Who used radioactive bacteriophages (viruses) to confirm the genetic

material being transferred was DNA?

Bacteriophage(Virus)

Bacteria Cell

Capsid (protein coat of virus)

Hershey & ChaseBacteriophages chase after bacteria to inject their DNA for infection and

replication.

Real Picture of a Bacteriophage

DNA

Who found: % of Adenine = % Thymine

% Cytosine = % Guanine

What is this rule called?

CHARGAFF

Chargoff’s Rule of BASE PAIRING!

A, T, C, G

Which ones are purines? Which are pyrimidines?

A, T, C, G

Hint: You “Pee Urine” (purine) in an outhouse attached to the main house

Out-houseHouse Hint: Cystine and Thymine have “y” in their names like Pyrimidine

DNA Structure

Empty slide to keep flashcards in order

What does DNA stand for ?

DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?

What is the shape of the DNA molecule called?

DOUBLE HELIX

2 sides like a ladder

What is DNA’s function?

DNA carries the genetic code to make proteins from amino acids

Sugar’s Name?

What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

Deoxyribose

What is the name of the sugar that is in DNA (nucleotide)?

What is the difference between the DNA in

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

What is the difference between the DNA in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?

DNA in a Prokaryote is a long loop found in the cytoplasm

DNA in a Eukaryote are individual chromosomes

in the nucleus

What are the specific structures that carry the

genetic code found in the nucleus?

Chromosomes

Name the 3 parts of a DNA nucleotide

(building block = monomer)

2 3

1

1. Phosphate Group

2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Deoxyribose)

3. Nitrogen Base (A, T, C, or G)

1

Why is DNA Replication important?

Must have 2 identical strands of DNA

Cell Division!

List the steps of DNA replication:

List the steps of DNA replication:

1. Enzyme (Helicase) unzips DNA to open up2. DNA Polymerase (enzyme) attaches to the DNA and adds

complimentary bases (A,T,C,G) to make new sides of DNA3. Two identical strands of DNA are created for cell division (S phase)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU&list=PL11819901C1D3513D

Hyperlink to video if access to internet

An original strand of DNA has these nitrogen bases

C G G T A T G A T

1. What are the complimentary bases for the new DNA strand after replication?

2. What bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the “steps of the ladder”?

C G G T A T G A T original strand l l l l l l l l l

G C C A T A C T A new strand

Hydrogen Bonds

What is the protein that DNA wraps around to

coil up?

Histone

List 3 Similarities and 3 Differences

DNA RNASimilarities

Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar Phosphate Backbones A, C, G Nitrogen Bases

DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose

SugarThymine UracilDouble Helix Single

Strand

List Similarities and Differences

DNA RNASimilarities

Both are Nucleic Acids Sugar - Phosphate Backbones A, C, G nitrogen Bases

DifferencesDeoxyribose Sugar Ribose

SugarThymine base Uracil baseDouble Helix Single

Strand

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab

Why did we use…

1. Soap?2. Salt?3. Meat tenderizer?4. Cold alcohol?

Strawberry DNA Extraction Lab

Why did we use…

1. Soap? Breaks down lipid cell and nuclear membranes

2. Salt? Neutralizes + and - charges3. Meat tenderizer? Breaks down the

protein (Histones) wrapped around DNA

4. Cold alcohol? Precipitates out DNA

RNA

Hint:RNA loves

“U”

Empty slide to keep flashcards in order

Name the 3 different types of RNA and function of each

mRNA- messenger RNA - brings genetic code for proteins out of DNA to ribosome (like a recipe)

tRNA – transfer RNA - brings amino acids to ribosomes (like a sous chef bringing ingredients to chef)

rRNA – ribosomal RNA- (ribosome) makes the protein (like the chef)

t

What does RNA stand for?

RNA

What does RNA stand for ?

Ribonucleic Acid

What is the purpose ofRNA?

RNA

What is the purpose ofRNA?

To makePROTEINS!!!

RNA

Where is RNA found?

mRNA

tRNA

rRNA

Where is RNA found?

CYTOPLASM

mRNA

mtRNA

rRNA

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

What is the whole process of making proteins that includes transcription & translation called?

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ztPkv7wc3yU

Transcription Translation

Click on Hyperlink to video if access to internet is available

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B6O6uRb1D38

List the steps to make mRNA

What is this process called?

List the steps to make mRNA“TRANSCRIPTION”

1. In the nucleus, DNA unzips

2. RNA Polymerase binds to DNA at promoter region

3. RNA Polymerase reads DNA’s nitrogen bases and makes and edits mRNA

4. mRNA goes out of nucleus through pores

When RNA Polymerase is editing the mRNA during transcription, •What is kept in the mRNA?•What is edited (cut) out?

Bad – get rid of it!

Good - keep!

List the steps to make Protein from mRNA

What is this process called?

List the steps to make protein “TRANSLATION” (comes LATer)

1. In the cytoplasm, rRNA attaches to mRNA

2. rRNA reads mRNA beginning at the AUG “START codon”

3. Each tRNA brings 1 amino acid to ribosome that has an anti-codon to mRNA codon until it reads a “STOP” codon

4. Amino acids join to form polypeptide chain =

PROTEIN

tRNA

Amino Acid

Polypeptide Chain =

PROTEIN

mRNArRNA

ribosome

What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

Codon

What is the 3 base code on the mRNA called?

What is the 3 base code on

the tRNA called?

Anti-codon

What is the 3 base code on the tRNA called?

How many amino acids are there?

How many different codons code for those amino acids?

How many amino acids are there? 20

How many different codons code for those amino acids? 64

Remember: Each tRNA only brings 1 amino acid to the ribosome

1 codon = 1 amino acid3 nitrogen bases = 1 codon

Can you Translate this mRNA ?

A U G U G C G U C U A A

What is a gene mutation?

Not a real picture

Change in nucleotide sequence

What kind of DNA mutations

are these?

Name each type

1

2

3

What kind of DNA mutations

are these?GENE

MUTATIONS

Name each type

Substitution (Point Mutation)Insertion (Frame shift)Deletion (Frame shift)

Substitution Point Mutation

Insertion Frame shift Mutation

DeletionFrame shift Mutation

Name all types of chromosomal mutations

Types of Chromosomal Mutations

Which one of these is not a gene mutation?

Substitution?Deletion ?Insertion?Inversion?

Gene mutation in mice

Substitution = Point Mutation (gene)Deletion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)Insertion = Frame Shift Mutation (gene)

Inversion = Chromosomal Mutation

I bet he can catch 3x more flies!

What genes control the basic plan for where tissues and organs go in an embryo (organism)?

Hox Genes

Not a real picture!

Keep studying until you can answer every questions correctly…