DNA/Genetics Study Guide

Chapter 16- Section 1

Chapter 16- Section 1 Asexual reproduction is when a single parent

Has offspring identical to the parent Three types of asexual reproduction are

Budding Fragmentation Regeneration

Sexual reproduction is when offspring are formed when Genetic information from more than 1 parent

combines

Chapter 16- Section 1 Female parent produces sex cells called

eggs The male parent produces sex cells called

sperm A zygote is the first cell after fertilization Human body cells have 46 chromosomes Meiosis is

The division of 1 cell (46 chromosomes) into 4 cells (23 chromosomes)

Chapter 16- Section 1 In humans, meiosis is the division of one cell

(46 chromosomes) into four cells that have 23 chromosomes each

Genetics information is found in genes

Genes are located On chromosomes

During fertilization, the egg and sperm Each contribute chromosomes to the zygote

Chapter 16- Section 1 External fertilization is

When sperm fertilized the eggs outside of the female body

An example of external fertilization is Clown fish, frogs

Internal fertilization is Sperm & egg join inside the female body

An example of internal fertilization is Most mammals

Chapter 16- Section 1 All mammals reproduce sexually or

asexually? EXPLAIN:

Monotreme: lays eggs/hatch Marsupial: birth to partially developed live young Placental mammal: birth to developed live young

DNA/Genetics Study Guide

Chapter 16- Section 2

Chapter 16- Section 2 Pollination happens when

Pollen is moved from the anthers to the stigmas Pollen contains

sperm Explain how fertilization occurs in flowering

plants…After the pollen lands on the stigma A tube grows from each pollen grain

Chapter 16- Section 2

Chapter 16- Section 2 Another word for dormant is

Inactive Seeds need water, air, and warm

temperature to sprout Three structures that asexual plants use are

Plantlets Tubers Runners

DNA/Genetics Study Guide

DNA/Genetics Packet

DNA/Genetics Packet Another name for trait would be

Physical characteristics Name two traits that giraffes have

Colors / patterns / long necks / long legs Define gene

A section of DNA on a chromosome that controls a trait

T / F No two living things that are produced by sexual reproduction-except identical twins-have exactly the same genes

DNA/Genetics Packet What are some traits that make you unique

Hair color, eye color, straight/curly hair, ear lobes, height, blood type

Who is credited with the discovery of the structure of DNA James Watson and Francis Crick

The ladder of DNA is made of bases. These 4 bases are represented by the letters: A, T, G, and C

DNA/Genetics Packet Which bases fit together

A and T fit together G and C fit together

The difference in the sequences of base pairs in the genes allow The genes to give the cell an almost endless set

of instructions for controlling all the characteristics of an individual

DNA/Genetics Packet Why is the information coded in the DNA of a

giraffe so different from the information in your cells It’s different because the way in which the base

pairs are arranged on the rungs of the DNA ladder is different in a giraffe than it is in your body cells

DNA / Genetics Packet

DNA / Genetics Packet

How do organisms inherit traits? From parents to

offspring Zygote 23 chromosomes and

23 chromosomes from the mother

The appearance of each child in the family results from the specific combination of genes

Pink snapdragons Roan calves Completely hiding the

effect of another gene Capital letters A gene whose effect

is hidden by another gene

Lower case letter

No title! Purebred Hybrid Widow’s peak, rolling

tongue Freckles, red hair Mutation Albino

Sexual Determination X and Y X X or Y Y-carrying Boy- XY X-carrying Girl-XX

X chromosomes Equal Y chromosomes Half Boys girls

Stem cell Protozoa and bacteria Design and function Tissues Organs and systems Cells that continually

reproduce themselves

Marrow Blood, skin and other

organs Adult stem cells They can be found in

a cluster called blastocyst which is a developing human embryo

Why are scientists interested in stem cells Leukemia, lymphoma Healthy stem cells Either a patient or a

donor Multiply and divide Healthy, disease-free Blood and immune Stem cells Treat and cure

Diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and cancer

Embryonic stem cells help sick and injured? Because they are so

flexible- they can effectively replace the damaged cells that cause many diseases and injury

Where do we get stem cells for research and medical use? Umbilical cord Person’s body A microscopic, early

embryo Fertility treatments Nucleus Unfertilized Divide and multiply blastocyst

Somatic cell nuclear transfer

Why are stem cells in the news so much? Because the cells

come from a microscopic human embryo, which is destroyed when the stem cells are extracted

How could stem cells cure disease? Heart Left with scar tissue

on the heart and often face long term health problems

Produce new heart muscle cells. These are transplanted into the scarred area of the heart and regenerate damaged heart tissue

Solutions? Produce new insulin

producing cells. These cells would be transplanted into the patient where they would produce insulin inside the body