DNA typing

What is DNA?

a. Nucleus of cells contain RNA/DNA

b. DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid ***

c. Nucleus has 23 pairs of chromosomes made up of DNA ***

d. Within each pair, one chromosome from sperm and one from egg ***

What makes DNA individual?

a. Four chemicals: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine make up the DNA code ***

b. Chemical strung together=DNA code

c. Some sections of DNA vary from individual to individual

d. Scientists can link a strand of DNA to a given individual

e. 2 different people could possibly have the same blood type, not DNA ***

Criminal investigations

a. Specimens: blood, hair, bloodstained clothing Provides powerfully compelling

evidence ***

Forensic anthropology Skeletal anatomy

a. 206 bonesb. Man = 12 pounds, woman = 10 pounds ***

What bones showa. How person livedb. Debilitation illnesses (rickets, polio, healed fractures, osteoporosis)c. Right handed or left handedd. Clues to occupation

Skeletal remains can show:

Age of person at time of death Sex of person (skull and pelvis) Race Height If the head is missing, it may be

difficult to determine the victim’s race ***

Odontology and serology studies in forensic medicineA. Odontology

1. Characteristics of teeth after death

a. No other part lasts longerb. In fires, teeth usually only

means to ID remains, after a house fire,

the coroner would request a copy of the victim’s odontogram in order to help identify the body. ***

c. No two people have identical teeth

Requirements for identification

a. Need dental recordsb. Dentists chart five surfaces of each

tooth in a grid (odontogram)c. Can also provide “bite mark”

evidence Teeth useful in determining

subject’s age

Odontology

Serology

Blood typea. Four types (A, B, O, and AB)b. Rh factor (Rh factor is found in the blood) ***c. Female cells have Barr Body***

Criminology

a. Kastle-Meyer test to determine if it is indeed blood

b. Precipitin test – determines animal or human blood

c. Can determine type and gender from blood

d. Provides reliable and informative evidence

Question for Monday

List the forensic techniques that we have discussed so far.

Answer for Monday

Odontology Forensic anthropology DNA typing Blood Firearms and Toolmarks Forensic Profiling Document Examination Autopsy

Question for Tuesday

How long has a victim been dead for rigor mortis starts? When does it reverse?

Answer for Tuesday

Three hours Reverses after 36 hours

Question for Wednesday

Steve claims that he was attacked by three people. One of the attackers, John, bit him. Is there any way to prove in court that John bit Steve?

Answer to Wednesday

Yes, using bite mark identification/evidence

Test ID-First Block

8911012867

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8922812867

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