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DNA Replication.notebook DNA Replication Recall: The Organization of DNA Each double helix of DNA is really long and unruly. They need to be organized in a compact manner within the nucleus. Eukaryotic cells have much more DNA than bacteria and viruses, and so the organization is more sophisticated. double helix wrapped around histone proteins coiled around itself ( chromatin ) folded back upon itself ( chromosomes ) Chromosomal form appears only during mitosis, and is used in karyotypes .

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Page 1: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

DNA ReplicationRecall:The Organization of DNA

• Each double helix of DNA is really long and unruly. They need to be organized in a compact manner within the nucleus.

• Eukaryotic cells have much more DNA than bacteria and viruses, and so the organization is more sophisticated.

double helix

wrapped around histone proteins

coiled around itself (chromatin)

folded back upon itself (chromosomes)

Chromosomal form appears only during mitosis, and is used in karyotypes.

Page 2: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Semi­Conservative Replication

Recall:During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their DNA to prepare for mitosis.

Each strand of the original double helix (parent strand)serves as a template to match the sequence of base pairs in a complimentary strand.

Semi­Conservative Replication

Original DNA

1st Replication

2nd Replication

Page 3: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Phases of ReplicationThere are three phases of replication which happen simultaneously

on the DNA molecule.

Phase 1: Initiation

Phase 2: Elongation

Phase 3: Termination

Page 4: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Replication fork

As the replication bubble expands, the junction where the two strands are still attached is called the replication fork.

Phase 1: InitiationReplication Origins: These sites are characterized by a specific sequence of base pairs. A group of enzymes recognize the sequence and bind to the site, unraveling the strands and separating them to form an opening called a replication bubble.

Page 5: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Start Point of Bubble

RNA Primer

Helicase

DNA Polymerase

Start Point of Bubble

An enzyme called DNA helicase unwinds the double helix just ahead of the replication fork.

Within the replication bubble, DNA polymerase then binds to the parent strands within the bubble, using them as a template to add complementary nucleotides one at a time.

Once the strands have separated, a small piece of RNA called a primer attaches to the separated parent strands to begin replication.

InitiationDirection of Replication

Page 6: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Phase 2: Elongation

DNA polymerase lengthens the new strands by adding nucleotides to the free 3’ hydroxyl end of a pre­existing chain. 

Therefore replication can only take place in the 5’ to 3’ direction of the new strand.

Special Circumstance:

DNApolymerase

Page 7: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

But the two strands run antiparallel....what about the strand running in the other direction?

The leading strand is able to replicate continuously. It adds nucleotides to the new strand in the same direction as the fork opens.Only one primer is required.

The lagging strand must be built in small sections. As the fork continues to open, a new fragment is begun with a primer and elongates to meet the fragment behind it. DNA Ligase links the Okazagi fragments together to form the daughter strand.

Page 8: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Remember, in replication there are two forks, and hence two leading and lagging strands.

Original point of origin

LEADING

LEADING

LAGG

ING

LAGG

ING

Page 9: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

Phase 3: TerminationOnce the RNA primers are removed at the end, or telomere of the strand,there is a small gap that cannot be filled in.

As a result, each daughter strand is slightly shorter than the parent strand!

Fortunately, telomeres are composed of highly repetitive non­coding nucleotide sequences that act as a buffer.

Lagging Strand Issue:

Page 10: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

MistakesDespite the specific H­bond arrangement between complementary base pairs, occasionally an incorrect nucleotide is inserted into the replicated strand.

DNA polymerase can recognize when H­bonding does not occur, and rejects the nucleotide that was inserted.

If the nucleotide error is missed, a single point mutation occurs.

Page 11: DNA Replication - WordPress.com · 2012-12-17 · DNA Replication.notebook SemiConservative Replication Recall: During interphase of the cell cycle, cells make an extra copy of their

DNA Replication.notebook

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4jtmOZaIvS0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AGUuX4PGlCc&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=teV62zrm2P0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdDkiRw1PdU&feature=related

DNA Replication clip 1

DNA Replication clip 2

DNA Replication clip 3

DNA Replication clip 4 - Real time animation