Djillali Benouar Built Environment Research Laboratory USTHB, Algeria

NEPAD- SOUTH AFRICA 2-4 JUNE 2004

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THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

FOR CITIES IN NORTH AFRICA: CASE STUDY OF ALGIERS

(ALGERIA)

THE NEED FOR AN INTEGRATED DISASTER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

FOR CITIES IN NORTH AFRICA: CASE STUDY OF ALGIERS

(ALGERIA)

Djillali BenouarBuilt Environment Research Laboratory

USTHB, Algeria

Djillali BenouarBuilt Environment Research Laboratory

USTHB, Algeria


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INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINDUSTRIAL POLLUTION

MAIN POLLUTING INDUSTRY ACTIVITY IS LOCATED IN THE INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF GUE DE CONSTANTINE (8 KM OF CITY CENTER), EL-HARRACH (11), OUED SMAR (15) AND ROUIBA (27)

MAIN POLLUTING INDUSTRY ACTIVITY IS LOCATED IN THE INDUSTRIAL ZONES OF GUE DE CONSTANTINE (8 KM OF CITY CENTER), EL-HARRACH (11), OUED SMAR (15) AND ROUIBA (27)

ALGIERS MOST IMPORTANT ZONE IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY. IT COUNTS MORE THAN 735 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.

ALGIERS MOST IMPORTANT ZONE IN TERMS OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITY. IT COUNTS MORE THAN 735 INDUSTRIAL PLANTS.


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CAUSE OF HYDRIC, ATMOSPHERIC AND SOIL POLLUTION AND PRODUCES DANGEROUS AND TOXIC WASTES WHICH EXPOSES ALGIERS TO DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF MANAGEMENT

CAUSE OF HYDRIC, ATMOSPHERIC AND SOIL POLLUTION AND PRODUCES DANGEROUS AND TOXIC WASTES WHICH EXPOSES ALGIERS TO DIFFICULT PROBLEMS IN TERMS OF MANAGEMENT

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTIONINDUSTRIAL POLLUTION


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ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONMAIN SOURCES:

* ROAD TRAFFIC VERY HIGH

* POLLUTING WASTES FROM INDUSTRIES

•COMBUSTION OF WASTES IN RUBBISH DAMP IN OUED SMAR

•ALGIERS COUNTS 560 000 VEHICULES IN ALL CATEGORIES WITH A ROAD TRAFFIC OF 1500 TO 2000 VEH./HOUR WHICH GIVE OUT MORE THAN 180 TONS OF LEAD/YEAR IN THE STREETS OF ALGIERS

•RAIS HAMIDOU CEMENT FACTORY WITHIN THE CITY PRODUCES 750 000 T/CEMENT/YEAR GIVES OUT ABOUT 30T OF DUST/DAY

MAIN SOURCES:

* ROAD TRAFFIC VERY HIGH

* POLLUTING WASTES FROM INDUSTRIES

•COMBUSTION OF WASTES IN RUBBISH DAMP IN OUED SMAR

•ALGIERS COUNTS 560 000 VEHICULES IN ALL CATEGORIES WITH A ROAD TRAFFIC OF 1500 TO 2000 VEH./HOUR WHICH GIVE OUT MORE THAN 180 TONS OF LEAD/YEAR IN THE STREETS OF ALGIERS

•RAIS HAMIDOU CEMENT FACTORY WITHIN THE CITY PRODUCES 750 000 T/CEMENT/YEAR GIVES OUT ABOUT 30T OF DUST/DAY


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OTHER INDUSTRIES ARE:

* OIL REFINERIES

* DOMESTIC OIL INDUSTRY

* PAINTING INDUSTRY

* TOBACCO INDUSTRY

* CAR BATTERY INDUSTRY

OTHER INDUSTRIES ARE:

* OIL REFINERIES

* DOMESTIC OIL INDUSTRY

* PAINTING INDUSTRY

* TOBACCO INDUSTRY

* CAR BATTERY INDUSTRY

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION


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PUBLIC RUBBISH DUMP IN OUED SMAR

COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF REFUSES AND WASTES CAUSES EMANATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF GAS (CH4, NH7, CO2).

IN ALGIERS:HOUSEHOLDS: 700 000 TONS/YEARINDUSTRIAL WASTES: 900 000 TONS/YEAR

PUBLIC RUBBISH DUMP IN OUED SMAR

COMBUSTION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF REFUSES AND WASTES CAUSES EMANATION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF GAS (CH4, NH7, CO2).

IN ALGIERS:HOUSEHOLDS: 700 000 TONS/YEARINDUSTRIAL WASTES: 900 000 TONS/YEAR

ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTIONATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION


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HYDRIC POLLUTIONHYDRIC POLLUTION•SHALLOW WATERS•POLLUTION OF SHALLOW WATERS CAUSED MAINLY BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS, TOTAL QUANTITY ESTIMATED AT 60 000 M3/DAY THROWN IN OUED EL-HARRACH•DEEP WATERS: POLLUTED MAINLY BY HYDROCARBONS AND PESTICIDS•MARINE POLLUTION

MOST WASTE WATER FROM HOUSEHOLDS AND INDUSTRY IS POURED IN THE SEA WITHOUT ANY TREATMENT

•SHALLOW WATERS•POLLUTION OF SHALLOW WATERS CAUSED MAINLY BY INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATERS, TOTAL QUANTITY ESTIMATED AT 60 000 M3/DAY THROWN IN OUED EL-HARRACH•DEEP WATERS: POLLUTED MAINLY BY HYDROCARBONS AND PESTICIDS•MARINE POLLUTION

MOST WASTE WATER FROM HOUSEHOLDS AND INDUSTRY IS POURED IN THE SEA WITHOUT ANY TREATMENT


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SOIL POLLUTIONSOIL POLLUTION

SOIL POLLUTION COMES FROM FROM MASSIVE USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDS AND SOLID WASTES, SEWAGE, ETC

SOIL POLLUTION COMES FROM FROM MASSIVE USE OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, PESTICIDS AND SOLID WASTES, SEWAGE, ETC


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DEFORESTATIONDEFORESTATION

•FORESTS ARE LOST BY:

•ANARCHISTIC URBANISATION

•FOREST FIRES

•ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION (Cement Plant, Road Trafic, etc.)

•FORESTS ARE LOST BY:

•ANARCHISTIC URBANISATION

•FOREST FIRES

•ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION (Cement Plant, Road Trafic, etc.)


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FLOODSFLOODS

ANARCHISTIC AND RAPID URBANISATION IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE INCREASE OF FLOODS.

INAPPROPRIATE HOUSING ON RIVER BANKS OR NEAR DELTA IS A MAJOR CONCERN.

ANARCHISTIC AND RAPID URBANISATION IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN THE INCREASE OF FLOODS.

INAPPROPRIATE HOUSING ON RIVER BANKS OR NEAR DELTA IS A MAJOR CONCERN.


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FLASH FLOODSFLASH FLOODS

FLASH FLOODS IS A GROWING CONCERN DUE TO CONCRETE WHICH ABSORBS LITTLE WATER, THE DECLINE OF OPEN SPACES, ENGINEERING WORKS THAT DIVERT RIVER FLOWS AND WEAK CITY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (NEGLECT, LACK OF MAINTENANCE).

FLASH FLOODS IS A GROWING CONCERN DUE TO CONCRETE WHICH ABSORBS LITTLE WATER, THE DECLINE OF OPEN SPACES, ENGINEERING WORKS THAT DIVERT RIVER FLOWS AND WEAK CITY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS (NEGLECT, LACK OF MAINTENANCE).


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ALGIERS FLOOD AND MUDFLOWOF 10 NOVEMBER 2001


•CAUSED 712 HUMAN LIVES LOST, 350 INJURED, 116 MISSING, 1800 HOUSING UNITS SUFFERED DAMAGE, 56 SCHOOLS, SCORES OF BRIDGES, ROADS, PUBLIC WORKS WERE DAMAGED.

•CAUSED 712 HUMAN LIVES LOST, 350 INJURED, 116 MISSING, 1800 HOUSING UNITS SUFFERED DAMAGE, 56 SCHOOLS, SCORES OF BRIDGES, ROADS, PUBLIC WORKS WERE DAMAGED.


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• 1 000 000 M3 (UP TO 10 M THICK) OF MUD IN THE STREETS OF BAB EL OUED, MORE THAN 350 VEHICULES (CARS, TRUCKS AND BUSES) WITH PASSENGERS BURIED UNDER MUD.

• PRELIMINARY COST U.S.$ 250 000 000.

• 1 000 000 M3 (UP TO 10 M THICK) OF MUD IN THE STREETS OF BAB EL OUED, MORE THAN 350 VEHICULES (CARS, TRUCKS AND BUSES) WITH PASSENGERS BURIED UNDER MUD.

• PRELIMINARY COST U.S.$ 250 000 000.


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LANDSLIDESLANDSLIDES

• ROCKS AND SOIL SLIDING RAPIDLY DOWNHILL. MUDFLOWS AND ROCKFALLS TRIGGERED BY EARTHQUAKES, STORMS, WATER LOGGED SOIL AND HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS.

• GROWING AMOUNTS OF BADLY BUILT HOUSING ON/BELOW STEEP SLOPES, ON CLIFFS, OR AT RIVER MOUTHS OF MOUNTAIN VALLEY.

• ROCKS AND SOIL SLIDING RAPIDLY DOWNHILL. MUDFLOWS AND ROCKFALLS TRIGGERED BY EARTHQUAKES, STORMS, WATER LOGGED SOIL AND HEAVY CONSTRUCTIONS.

• GROWING AMOUNTS OF BADLY BUILT HOUSING ON/BELOW STEEP SLOPES, ON CLIFFS, OR AT RIVER MOUTHS OF MOUNTAIN VALLEY.


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LANDSLIDES


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LANDSLIDES


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EARTHQUAKESEARTHQUAKES

ALGIERS, DENSELY BUILT, DENSELY POPULATED CITY LOCATED ON SEISMIC ZONE. HIGH SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ENVIRONMENT.

THE CITY SUFFERED SEVERAL DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES IN THE PAST.

ALGIERS, DENSELY BUILT, DENSELY POPULATED CITY LOCATED ON SEISMIC ZONE. HIGH SEISMIC VULNERABILITY ENVIRONMENT.

THE CITY SUFFERED SEVERAL DAMAGING EARTHQUAKES IN THE PAST.


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PG A (g)

EARTHQUAKE ZONATION MAP


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ALGIERS EARTHQUAKE 21 MAY 2003

Ms 6.82278 dead 11450 injured1241? missing182 000 homeless19 000 houses destroyed5 B.USD direct losses


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CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

DECISION-MAKERS NEED ADEQUATE INTEGRATED INFORMATION ON THE LIKELY (PROBABILITIES) INTENSITY OF THE DISASTER THE CITY WILL FACE IF THEY ARE TO REDUCE DISASTER VULNERABILITY.

THIS RESEARCH SHOWS THE NEED OF AN INTEGRATED AND COORDINATED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN MEGACITIES.

DECISION-MAKERS NEED ADEQUATE INTEGRATED INFORMATION ON THE LIKELY (PROBABILITIES) INTENSITY OF THE DISASTER THE CITY WILL FACE IF THEY ARE TO REDUCE DISASTER VULNERABILITY.

THIS RESEARCH SHOWS THE NEED OF AN INTEGRATED AND COORDINATED DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT IN MEGACITIES.


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TO PROVIDE FUNDAMENTAL MEANS WHICH SHOULD GUIDE OFFICIALS AT THE LOCAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL LEVELS IN THE FORMULATION OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN DISASTER PRONE-REGIONS, LAND USE MANAGEMENT, CITY PLANNING, DEVELOPMENT OR REVISION OF BUILDING REGULATIONS, MATERIALS NORMS, SITING NEW CRITICAL ENGINEERING PROJECTS AS WELL AS DECISION-MAKING POLICIES TO STIMULATE AND FACILITATE THE EFFORTS OF THE DISASTER RISK REDUCTION AND RESPONSE COMMUNITIES TO TAKE SPECIFIC PRACTICAL PREVENTIVE MEASURES TO REDUCE THE IMPACT OF DISASTERS.

AN INTEGRATED DISASTER RESEARCH AND AN INTEGRATED DISASTER RESEARCH AND COORDINATING MANAGEMENT AGENCY IN THE COORDINATING MANAGEMENT AGENCY IN THE ALGERIAN GOVERNMENT STRUCTUREALGERIAN GOVERNMENT STRUCTURE


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RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT IN ALGIERS

INTEGRATED HAZARD MAPPING: NATURAL HAZARD (GROUND, SURFACE, HYDRO/ATMOSPHERIC SYSTEMS), CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOACTIVE, EXPLOSIVE, COMBUSTIBLE ACCUMULATIONS.

INFORMATION OF RELATED PAST DISASTERS

• URBAN VULNERABILITIES ANALYSES OF ALL ELEMENTS AT RISK

CONTINGENCY PLANNING

UPDATING URBAN DEV. PLAN

• ACTION PLAN AREAS (LAND USE CHANGES, TEMP-PARTIAL REMOVALS/VACATING, LOWERING DENSITIES, BLDG RETROFIT/DEMOLOTION, CONTINUITY IN OPEN AREAS, IMPROVING ROAD SYSTEM, PARKING, EMERGENCY SCENARIOS (FOR SYSTEMS/ BUILDINGS/ POPULATION)


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MANY THANKSMANY THANKS

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Djillali Benouar Built Environment Research Laboratory USTHB, Algeria