Diversity of Microorganism

8/6/2019 Diversity of Microorganism

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Monera

(in thebroadestsense,

includingorganismsusuallyplaced intheDomainArchaea).

Photosynthesis,chemosynthesis, decomposer,parasitic.

Single-celled,filament, orcolony ofcells; allprokaryotic.

Monerans play various roles inalmost all food chains, includingproducer,consumer, anddecomposer.

Cyanobacteria are important

oxygen producers.

Many Monerans also producenitrogen, vitamins, antibiotics,and are important compoents inhuman and animal intestines.

Bacteria (E. coli),cyanobacteria(Oscillatoria),methanogens, andthermacidophiles.

Protista

Photosynthesis,absorb foodfromenvironment, ortrap/engulf

smallerorganisms.

Single-celled,filamentous,colonial, andmulticelled; alleukaryotic.

Important producers inocean/pond food chain.

Source of food in some humancultures.

Phytoplankton component that isone of the major producers ofoxygen

Plankton (bothphytoplankton andzooplankton), algae(kelp, diatoms,dinoflagellates),and

Protozoa(Amoeba,Paramecium).

Fungi

Absorb foodfrom a host orfrom theirenvironment.

Allheterotrophic.

Single-celled,filamentous, tomulticelled; alleukaryotic.

Decomposer, parasite, andconsumer.

Produce antibiotics,help makebread and alcohol.

Crop parasites (Dutch ElmDisease, Karnal Bunt, Corn

Smut, etc.).

Mushrooms (Agaricuscampestris, thecommercialmushroom), molds,mildews, rusts andsmuts (plant parasites),yeasts(Saccharomyces

cerevisae, the brewer'syeast).

Plantae

Almost allphotosynthetic,although a fewparasitic plantsare known.

All multicelled,photosynthetic, autotrophs..

Food source, medicines anddrugs, dyes, building material,fuel.

Producer in most food chains.

Angiosperms (oaks,tulips,cacti),gymnosperms(pines, spuce, fir),mosses,ferns,liverworts,horsetails (Equisetum,the scouring rush)

Animalia

Allheterotrophic.

Multicelledheterotrophscapable of

movement atsome stageduring theirlife history(even couchpotatoes).

Consumer level in most foodchains(herbivores,carnivores,omnivore

s).

Food source, beasts of burdenand transportation, recreation,and companionship.

Sponges,worms,molluscs,insects,

starfish,mammals,amphibians,fish, birds,reptiles, and dinosaurs,and people.


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Table 1. The Five Kingdoms.

Monera, the most primitive kingdom, contain living organisms remarkably similar toancient fossils. Organisms in this group lack membrane-bound organelles associatedwith higher forms of life. Such organisms are known as prokaryotes. Bacteria(technically the Eubacteria) and blue-green bacteria (sometimes called blue-green

algae, or cyanobacteria) are the major forms of life in this kingdom. The most primitivegroup, the archaebacteria, are today restricted to marginal habitats such as hot springsor areas of low oxygen concentration.

Representative photosynthetic cyanobacteria: Oscillatoria (left) and Nostoc(right). Theabove left image is croppedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria_130.The above image right is croppedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Nostoc_130.

Protista were the first of the eukaryotic kingdoms, these organisms and all others havemembrane-bound organelles, which allow for compartmentalization and dedication ofspecific areas for specific functions. The chief importance of Protista is their role as astem group for the remaining Kingdoms: Plants, Animals, and Fungi. Major groups withinthe Protista include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoa, and flagellates.
http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria_130http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Nostoc_130http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria_130http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Nostoc_130


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chemical energy). Ecologically, this kingdom is generally (along with photosyntheticorganisms in Monera and Protista) termed the producers, and rest at the base of all foodwebs. A food web is an ecological concept to trace energy flow through an ecosystem.Economically, this kingdom is unparalleled, with agriculture providing billions of dollars tothe economy (as well as the foundation of "civilization"). Food, building materials, paper,

drugs (both legal and illegal), and roses, are plants or plant-derived products.

Examples of plants. The above left image of speciesofEquisetum is cropped and reducedfrom gopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KS. The above image (center) ofIris, isreduced and croppedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habit. The above (right) image ofPereskia (Cactaceae)is reduced fromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RK.

Animalia consists entirely of multicelluar heterotrophs thatare all capable (at some point during their life history) ofmobility. Ecologically, this kingdom occupies the level ofconsumers, which can be subdivided into herbivore (eatersof plants) and carnivores (eaters of other animals). Humans,along with some other organisms, are omnivores (capable offunctioning as herbivores or carnivores). Economically,animals provide meat, hides, beasts of burden, pleasure(pets), transportation, and scents (as used in some
http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RK


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perfumes).

Examples of animals. The above image of a jellyfish (left) isfromhttp://www.smoky.org/~mtyler/bio/coelenterata.html. The center image of a treefrog is from http://frog.simplenet.com/froggy/images/wild28.gif. The drawing of thechimpanzee (right) isfromhttp://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/art/Copyright_Free02.html.

by M.J. FarabeeInformation provided by: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu

Themes > Science > Zoological Sciences > About Zoology, Generalities > TheDiversity of Life

Evolutionary theory and the cell theory provide us with a basis for the interrelation ofall living things. We also utilize Linneus' hierarchical classification system, adopting(generally) five kingdoms of living organisms. Viruses, as discussed later, are notconsidered living. Recent studies suggest that there might be a sixth Kingdom, theArchaea.

A simple phylogenetic representation of three domains of life" Archaea, Bacteria(Eubacteria), and Eukaryota (all eukaryotic groups: Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and
http://www.smoky.org/~mtyler/bio/coelenterata.htmlhttp://frog.simplenet.com/froggy/images/wild28.gifhttp://frog.simplenet.com/froggy/images/wild28.gifhttp://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/art/Copyright_Free02.htmlhttp://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/art/Copyright_Free02.htmlhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/mainpage.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/mainpage.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/mainpage.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AboutZoology/mainpage.htmhttp://www.smoky.org/~mtyler/bio/coelenterata.htmlhttp://frog.simplenet.com/froggy/images/wild28.gifhttp://www.selu.com/~bio/PrimateGallery/art/Copyright_Free02.htmlhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/mainpage.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/mainpage.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/mainpage.htmhttp://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Zoology/AboutZoology/mainpage.htm


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Animalia). Image from Purves et al., Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, bySinauer Associates (www.sinauer.com) and WH Freeman (www.whfreeman.com),used with permission.

KingdomMethods of

NutritionOrganization Environmental Significance Examples

Monera

(in thebroadestsense,includingorganismsusually

placed intheDomainArchaea).

Photosynthesis,chemosynthesis, decomposer,parasitic.

Single-celled,filament, orcolony ofcells; allprokaryotic.

Monerans play various roles inalmost all food chains, includingproducer,consumer, anddecomposer.

Cyanobacteria are importantoxygen producers.

Many Monerans also produce

nitrogen, vitamins, antibiotics,and are important compoents inhuman and animal intestines.

Bacteria (E. coli),cyanobacteria(Oscillatoria),methanogens, andthermacidophiles.

Protista

Photosynthesis,absorb foodfromenvironment, ortrap/engulfsmallerorganisms.

Single-celled,filamentous,colonial, andmulticelled; alleukaryotic.

Important producers inocean/pond food chain.

Source of food in some humancultures.

Phytoplankton component that is

one of the major producers ofoxygen

Plankton (bothphytoplankton andzooplankton), algae(kelp, diatoms,dinoflagellates),andProtozoa(Amoeba,Paramecium).

Fungi

Absorb foodfrom a host orfrom theirenvironment.

Allheterotrophic.

Single-celled,filamentous, tomulticelled; alleukaryotic.

Decomposer, parasite, andconsumer.

Produce antibiotics,help makebread and alcohol.

Crop parasites (Dutch ElmDisease, Karnal Bunt, CornSmut, etc.).

Mushrooms (Agaricuscampestris, thecommercialmushroom), molds,mildews, rusts andsmuts (plant parasites),yeasts(Saccharomycescerevisae, the brewer'syeast).

Plantae

Almost all

photosynthetic,although a fewparasitic plantsare known.

All multicelled,

photosynthetic, autotrophs..

Food source, medicines and

drugs, dyes, building material,fuel.

Producer in most food chains.

Angiosperms (oaks,

tulips,cacti),gymnosperms(pines, spuce, fir),mosses,ferns,liverworts,horsetails (Equisetum,the scouring rush)

Animalia Allheterotrophic.

Multicelledheterotrophs

Consumer level in most foodchains

Sponges,worms,molluscs,
http://www.sinauer.com/http://www.whfreeman.com/http://www.sinauer.com/http://www.whfreeman.com/


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capable ofmovement atsome stageduring theirlife history(even couch

potatoes).

(herbivores,carnivores,omnivores).

Food source, beasts of burdenand transportation, recreation,and companionship.

insects,starfish,mammals,amphibians,fish, birds,reptiles, and dinosaurs,and people.

Table 1. The Five Kingdoms.

Monera, the most primitive kingdom, contain living organisms remarkably similar toancient fossils. Organisms in this group lack membrane-bound organelles associatedwith higher forms of life. Such organisms are known as prokaryotes. Bacteria(technically the Eubacteria) and blue-green bacteria (sometimes called blue-greenalgae, or cyanobacteria) are the major forms of life in this kingdom. The most primitivegroup, the archaebacteria, are today restricted to marginal habitats such as hot springs

or areas of low oxygen concentration.

Representative photosynthetic cyanobacteria: Oscillatoria (left) and Nostoc(right). Theabove left image is croppedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria_130.The above image right is croppedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Nostoc_130.

Protista were the first of the eukaryotic kingdoms, these organisms and all others havemembrane-bound organelles, which allow for compartmentalization and dedication ofspecific areas for specific functions. The chief importance of Protista is their role as astem group for the remaining Kingdoms: Plants, Animals, and Fungi. Major groups withinthe Protista include the algae, euglenoids, ciliates, protozoa, and flagellates.
http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria_130http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Nostoc_130http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Oscillatoria_130http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Cyanobacteria/Nostoc_130


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Scanning electron micrographs of diatoms (Protista).There are two basic types ofdiatoms: bilaterally symmetrical (left) and radially symmetrical (right). Images arefromhttp://WWW.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/algae/index.html.

Light micrographs of some protistans. The above images are Copyright 1994 by CharlesJ. O'Kelly and Tim Littlejohn, used by permissionfrom:http://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.html.

Fungi are almost entirely multicellular (with yeast, Saccharomyces cerviseae, being a

prominent unicellular fungus), heterotrophic (deriving their energy from anotherorganism, whether alive or dead), and usually having some cells with two nuclei(multinucleate, as opposed to the more common one, or uninucleate) per cell.Ecologically this kingdom is important (along with certain bacteria) as decomposers andrecyclers of nutrients. Economically, the Fungi provide us with food (mushrooms; Bleucheese/Roquefort cheese; baking and brewing), antibiotics (the first of the wonderdrugs, Penicillin, was isolated from a fungus Penicillium), and crop parasites (doingseveral billion dollars per year of damage).

Examples of fungi. The above images arefromhttp://www.cinenet.net/users/velosa/thumbnails.html.

Plantae include multicelled organisms that are all autotrophic (capable of making theirown food by the process of photosynthesis, the conversion of sunlight energy into
http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/algae/index.htmlhttp://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.htmlhttp://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.htmlhttp://www.cinenet.net/users/velosa/thumbnails.htmlhttp://www.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/algae/index.htmlhttp://megasun.bch.umontreal.ca/protists/gallery.htmlhttp://www.cinenet.net/users/velosa/thumbnails.html


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chemical energy). Ecologically, this kingdom is generally (along with photosyntheticorganisms in Monera and Protista) termed the producers, and rest at the base of all foodwebs. A food web is an ecological concept to trace energy flow through an ecosystem.Economically, this kingdom is unparalleled, with agriculture providing billions of dollars tothe economy (as well as the foundation of "civilization"). Food, building materials, paper,

drugs (both legal and illegal), and roses, are plants or plant-derived products.

Examples of plants. The above left image of species ofEquisetum is cropped andreduced from gopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KS.The above image (center) ofIris, is reduced and croppedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habit. The above(right) image ofPereskia (Cactaceae) is reducedfromgopher://wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RK.

Animalia consists entirely of multicelluar heterotrophs that are all capable (at somepoint during their life history) of mobility. Ecologically, this kingdom occupies the

level of consumers, which can be subdivided into herbivore (eaters of plants) andcarnivores (eaters of other animals). Humans, along with some other organisms, areomnivores (capable of functioning as herbivores or carnivores). Economically,animals provide meat, hides, beasts of burden, pleasure (pets), transportation, andscents (as used in some perfumes).
http://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/Equisetum/E._arvense_and_E._laevigatum_KShttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Monocots/Iridaceae/Iris/Iris_pumula_habithttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RKhttp://gopher//wiscinfo.wisc.edu:2070/I9/.image/.bot/.401/Flowering_Plants/Dicots/Cactaceae/Pereskia/Pereskia_leafy_stem_RK


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Diversity of Microorganism