Řehák Z., Bartonička T. & Bielik A.Department of Zoology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk university in Brno

Katedra zoologie a ekologie, PřF MU Brno

Distribution of Pipistrellus pipistrellus and P. pygmaeusin the Czech Republic

Rozšíření Pipistrellus pipistrellus a, P. pygmaeusv České republice

Pipistrellus pipistrellus s. l. (Schreber, 1774)

Pipistrellus pipistrellus s. s. (Schreber, 1774)

Pipistrellus pygmaeus(Leach, 1825)

sibling (cryptic) species

History

45 kHz 55 kHz• two phonic types (echotypes) – peak frequence of search calls

Ahlén 1990, Zingg 1990, Jones & van Parijs 1993• two different species – genetic analysis of mtDNA (cyt b gene)

Barratt et al. 1995, 1997• differences in morphology – Barlow et al. 1997, Barlow & Jones 1997,

Häussler et al. 1999, Ziegler et al. 2001, Sendor et al. 2002, von Helversen &Holderied 2003, Dolch & Teubner 2004.

• differences in ecology: mating behaviour - Park et al. 1996; social calls -Barlow & Jones 1997; diet – Barlow 1997; size of nursery colonies – Barlow& Jones 1999

P. p. mediterraneus (Cabrera, 1904)

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pygmaeus

1A - Differences in morphology - head

internasal crest (Häussler et al. 2000)- +

glans penis (Häussler et al. 2000, Ziegler et al. 2001, von Helversen & Holderied 2003)

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pygmaeus

1B - Differences in morphology – penis

3rd digit- ph2 : ph3(Cabrera 1904, Häussler et al. 2000)

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pygmaeus

1C - Differences in morphology – wing

ph2 > ph3

ph2 = ph3

ph2 > ph3

ph2:ph3=1:1ph2:ph3=3:2

net of vessels(von Helversen & Holderied 2003, Dolch & Teubner 2004 )

Diptera (Nematocera) dominate in the diet of the both species

P. pipistrellus prevails bigger species of Diptera in comparison withP. pygmaeus

Upper canines of P. pipistrellus are longer – possibility to forageharder diet

Overlap of feeding niches → high level of competition in foragingareas

P. pipistrellus prefers forest edge and uncluttered habitats while thesmaller P. pygmaeus more often forage in cluttered habitats (insidethe forest)

P. pygmaeus hunts close to the waters while P. pipistrellus uses widerange of habitats

P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus do not form the mixed summercolonies

P. pygmaeus constitutes more numerous colonies than P. pipistrellus

2 - Differences in ecology

3A - Differences in echolocation calls

44 kHz

53 kHzsearch calls

Mean value of the peak frequency is 45,1 - 46,3 kHz in P. pipistrellusand 53,2 - 55,1 kHz in P. pygmaeus, respectively. But partial overlap of range of peak frequences.

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pygmaeus

3B - Differences in echolocation calls

44 kHz

53 kHz

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Echolocation in couple – frequency shift?Pipistrellus pygmaeus

58 kHz

43 kHz39 kHz

Pipistrellus pygmaeus

+

Pipistrellus nathusiifm-QCF

Pipistrellus nathusiiFM-qcf

46 kHz56 kHz

+Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Pipistrellus pygmaeus

3C - Differences in social calls

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pygmaeus

17 kHz4x social calls

19,5 kHz

3x 20,5-26 kHz

Maximum intensity in 16-23 kHz; calls of P. pipistrellus has lowerfrequences than P. pygmaeusSocial calls of P. pipistrellus consist of 4 components while calls ofP. pygmaeus has usually 3 components

Distribution of Pipistrellus pipistrellus s.l.(by Řehák in Fauna of mammals in the CR, in prep.)

Grid map of Europe - P. pipistrellus s.l.(according to Amori et al. 1998)

4A - Geographical distribution

Distribution of P.pipistrellusand P. pygmaeus(according to von Helversen &Holderied 2003)

area of sympatryarea of allopatry ofP. pipistrellus s.s.

Methods of mapping:grid map of the Czech Republic divided into 695 quadratsof 6‘ x 10‘ (approximately 11.2 x 12 km, 134 km2)

4B - Geographical distribution in the Czech Republic

bat-detectoring at suitable habitats (e.g. watersides, forest edges, street lamps etc.), 3 sites and 1 hour in total in each quadrat at least, route counting methods (RCM): line transects or point countingother methods: nettings, check of roosts, other findings

1531 records in 164 quadrats – 23.6 %

4C - Geographical distribution of P. pipistrellus sensu lato (until 2001)

296 records, 184 sites in 170 quadrats – 24.5 %

4D - Geographical distribution of P. pipistrellus sensu stricto (since 2002)

135 records, 100 (98) sites in 72 (70) quadrats – 10.4 (10.1) %

4E - Geographical distribution of P. pygmaeus (since 2002)

P. pipistrellus s. l.(until 2001)

P. pipistrellus s. s.(since 2002)

P. pygmaeus(since 2002)

4F - Assumed zones of sympatry and allopatry of P. pipistrellus a P. pygmaeus

assumed area of allopatry of P. pipistrellusassumed minimum area of sympatry of P. pipistrellus and P. pygmaeus

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Austria Slovakia

Germany

Poland

nursery colonies(14)min. 152 m a.s.l.confluence of Dyje and Morava riversmax. 450 m a.s.l.Stráž nad Nežárkou

P. pygmaeus135 recordsmin. 152 m a.s.l. confluence of Dyje andMorava riversmax. 485 m a.s.l. Ostrov u Macochy

P. pipistrellus s.s.296 recordsmin. 152 m a.s.l.confluence of Dyje and Morava riversmax. 862 m a.s.l.Kořenov, part Jizerka

nursery colonies(11)min. 190 m a.s.l.Otrokovice

max. 491 m a.s.l.Kramolín - Babylón

P. pipistrellus s. l.1531 recordsmin. 130 m a.s.l. Hřensko, Stříbrné stěny max. 1050 m a.s.l. Vydří most (HorskáKvilda)

nursery colonies (35)

5A - Altitudinal distribution in the Czech Republic

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Nadmorská výška (m)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60Poče

t poz

orov

aní

P. pipistrellus P. pygmaeus

5B - Altitudinal distribution in summer in the Czech Republic

altitude (m above sea level)

num

bero

floc

aliti

es

Pipistrellus pipistrellus Pipistrellus pygmaeus

Medián 25%-75% Rozsah neodleh. Odlehlé

letné nálezynálezy letných kolónií100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Nad

mor

ská

výšk

a (m

)

Medián 25%-75% Rozsah neodleh. Odlehlé Extrémy

letné nálezy nálezy letných kolónií100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

Nad

mor

ská

výšk

a (m

)

All summer records -Mann-Whitney U test: Z = 5,79; n1=142, n2=52, p<0,001P. pipistrellus prefers sites at higher altitude than P. pygmaeus

5C - Altitudinal distribution in summer in the Czech Republic

altit

ude

(m a

bove

sea

leve

l)

altit

ude

(m a

bove

sea

leve

l)

summerrecords

nurserycolonies

summerrecords

nurserycolonies

Thank you for your attention

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