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3/22/2017 1 Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis and Initial Treatment Steven R. Brant, M.D. Professor of Medicine Director, Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Disclosures Johnson and Johnson: Site PI Ustekinumab Trial (ended 8/31/2016) Objectives Review IBD clinical presentations, differential diagnoses and evaluation choices to make the diagnosis Review initial IBD therapy Appreciate value of early biologic therapy initiation and use of combination therapy Due to time constraints: Emphasis on Crohn’s disease IBD health maintenance and alternative treatments not discussed Case 1: Typical Crohn’s disease presentation 22 yo woman presents with five months of diarrhea, RLQ pain, and 10lb weight loss. Travel to the Caribbean 4 years ago. What tests are routine? What are the management options? What further testing is needed? Symptoms and signs of Crohn’s disease Diarrhea Chronic, nocturnal, occasionally bloody (suggests more distal disease or deep ulceration) Abdominal pain Especially right sided Fatigue May have a greater need for sleep, lack of energy to exercise Weight loss and malnutrition Mild, decreased appetite and intake, can be pain related, not always noticed Abdominal mass Usually right side, often just greater fullness on palpation Fever Suspicion for phlegmon, penetrating disease Growth delay (pediatric Crohn’s disease) 22 yo woman presents with five months of diarrhea, RLQ pain, and 10lb weight loss. Travel to the Caribbean 4 years ago: Diarrhea (suspected inflammatory) Stool for C. Difficile toxin Vital as C. Diff is increased in IBD! Stool culture Aeromonas Pleisiomonas Yersinia (must ask for test) Salmonella, Shigella (usually not chronic) Stool Ova and Parasites (3 sets) Giardia (antigen test) Cryptosporidium (+/antigen test) Entomoeba Histolytica (travel) Stool calprotectin/lactoferrin Free T4 Hyperthyroid Weight Loss/RLQ pain CBC and platelets Anemia, Leukocytosis or leukopenia (immunosuppression?/HIV), thrombocytosis ESR and CRP inflammation, future monitoring CMP hypoalbuminemia, renal status, screen for coexisting liver disease Tuberculosis testing (especially at risk Unlikely to be helpful in nonimmigrants, but useful in case of biologics therapy

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Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis 

and Initial Treatment

Steven R. Brant, M.D.

Professor of Medicine

Director, Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center

Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Disclosures

• Johnson and Johnson: Site PI Ustekinumab Trial (ended 8/31/2016)

Objectives

• Review IBD clinical presentations, differential diagnoses and evaluation choices to make the diagnosis

• Review initial IBD therapy

• Appreciate value of early biologic therapy initiation and use of combination therapy

‐ Due to time constraints: Emphasis on Crohn’s disease

IBD health maintenance and alternative treatments not discussed

Case 1: Typical Crohn’s disease presentation

22 yo woman presents with five months of diarrhea, RLQ pain, and 10lb weight loss. Travel to the Caribbean 4 years ago. 

What tests are routine?

What are the management options?

What further testing is needed?

Symptoms and signs of Crohn’s disease• Diarrhea

‐ Chronic, nocturnal, occasionally bloody (suggests more distal disease or deep ulceration)

• Abdominal pain‐ Especially right sided

• Fatigue‐ May have a greater need for sleep, lack of energy to exercise

• Weight loss and malnutrition‐ Mild, decreased appetite and intake, can be pain related, not always noticed

• Abdominal mass‐ Usually right side, often just greater fullness on palpation

• Fever‐ Suspicion for phlegmon, penetrating disease

• Growth delay (pediatric Crohn’s disease)

22 yo woman presents with five months of diarrhea, RLQ pain, and 10lb weight loss. Travel to the Caribbean 4 years ago: 

Diarrhea (suspected inflammatory)• Stool for C. Difficile toxin

‐ Vital as C. Diff is increased in IBD!

• Stool culture‐ Aeromonas‐ Pleisiomonas‐ Yersinia (must ask for test)‐ Salmonella, Shigella (usually not chronic)

• Stool Ova and Parasites (3 sets)‐ Giardia (antigen test)‐ Cryptosporidium (+/‐ antigen test)‐ Entomoeba Histolytica (travel)

• Stool calprotectin/lactoferrin

• Free T4‐ Hyperthyroid 

Weight Loss/RLQ pain

• CBC and platelets‐ Anemia, Leukocytosis or leukopenia (immunosuppression?/HIV), thrombocytosis 

• ESR and CRP‐ inflammation, future monitoring

• CMP ‐ hypoalbuminemia, renal status, screen for co‐existing liver disease

• Tuberculosis testing (especially at risk‐ Unlikely to be helpful in non‐immigrants, but useful in case of biologics therapy

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Non‐IBD Differential Diagnosis for  Crohn's’s Disease

• Medications – NSAIDS, mycophenylate• Tubo‐ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease

• Other intra‐abdominal abscess (especially post‐surgical)

• Diverticulitis (localized)

• Endometriosis• Small bowel carcinoid

• Malignancy‐ Lymphoma, Cecal cancer, Metastatic

• Endocrine‐ Addisons disease

• Infections• TB• Yersinia• Amebiasis• CMV• HIV (MAI, other opportunistic)• Chlamydia (LGV – perianal disease)

• Behcet’s disease• Infiltrative disorders

• Amyloidosis• Eosinophilic gastroenteritis• Ulcerative jejunoileitis• Autoimmune enteropathy

• Vasculitis

• Radiation enteritis

Differential Diagnosis:  Crohn's’s Disease: consider initially

• Medications – NSAIDS, mycophenylate• Tubo‐ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease

• Other intra‐abdominal abscess (especially post‐surgical)

• Diverticulitis (localized)

• Endometriosis• Small bowel carcinoid

• Malignancy‐ Lymphoma, Cecal cancer, Metastatic

• Endocrine‐ Addisons disease

• Infections• TB• Yersinia• Amebiasis• CMV• HIV (MAI, other opportunistic)• Chlamydia (LGV – perianal disease)

• Behcet’s disease• Infiltrative disorders

• Amyloidosis• Eosinophilic gastroenteritis• Ulcerative jejunoileitis• Autoimmune enteropathy

• Vasculitis

• Radiation enteritis

• Ileo‐colonoscopy with biopsy• vital for making diagnosis, especially of terminal ileal or colon disease• biopsy terminal ileum, right and left colon, and rectum even with normal appearance!‐ ileum may appear normal; determine disease extent; evaluate pathology!

• Imaging (MRE, CTE, SBFT)‐ 10% of patients have disease proximal to TI‐ 15% with penetrating disease at diagnosis• get prior to colonoscopy with pain, fever, weight loss or obstruction symptoms • Initial test to rule out jejunal or mid‐proximal ileal disease • determine extent of small bowel disease, narrowing, and complications• Expertise may be a factor

Likely Crohn’s disease: Making the diagnosis

Ileo‐colonoscopy with biopsy throughout

• Important for securing a diagnosis with histology

• Index colonoscopy most helpful in differentiating CD vs. UC

• Ruling out infection

• Risk stratification for determining medication plan

• Initial dysplasia screening

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Histology 

• In new IBD diagnosis, chronicity may still not be established

• Histology rarely can differentiate Crohn’s from UC unless epithelioidgranulomas present

11

Cryptitis

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Crypt Distortion Basal plasmacytosis

MRE vs. CTE in evaluating Crohn’s disease?

CTE MRE

Amitai et al., IMAJ, 2015

Section of thickened small bowel Crohn’sdisease involvement in  same patient  

MRE vs. CTE in evaluating Crohn’s disease? Good Agreement

1Amitai et al., IMAJ, 20152Jensen et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011

Counts of common imaging signs of Crohn’s disease among 42 patients for MRE and CTE as compared to MRE and CTE combined1

• Overall sensitivity comparable1

• Significant disagreement only for small bowel dilation and adenopathy (better on CTE)

• CTE had greater sensitivity for most findings except creeping fat 

• In another study, image quality and interobserveragreement better with CTE than MRE (vs

• Take home: 

1) Milder to moderate CD without complication suspected: MRE as no radiation exposure

2) More severe or concern of obstruction (dilation), adenopathy or abscess – favor CTE (also more readily available)

3) Quality of radiology expertise unknown? Ask for second read or consider CTE

MRE or CTE vs. Surgical Findings in Crohn’s diseaseunexpected findings at surgery not infrequent 

1Spinelli et al., J Gastrointest Surg, 20132Steastedt et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2014

ITALIAN STUDY1

• MRE accurately predicted surgical findings in 68 of 75 patients (90.7%)

• 7 patients surgical strategy or approach changed (9.3%) 

• MRE highly sensitive for findings overall, less optimal for abscess

CORNELL STUDY2

• Higher than anticipated differences in 76 patients (43 MRE, 33 CTE)

• Surgical procedure modified in 20 (26%)

• Discordance rates < 2 months before surgery: 25% MRE, 31% CTE

Sensitivity

Specificity

Bottom line: At diagnosis recommend both ileocolonoscopy and either MRE or CTE (determine small bowel extent & complications)

• Ileo‐colonoscopy with biopsy• vital for making diagnosis, especially of terminal ileal or colon disease• biopsy terminal ileum, right and left colon, and rectum

• Imaging (10% of patients have disease proximal to TI)‐ MR Enterography (MRE: spares radiation, good sensitivity for findings)‐ CT Enterography (prefer if suspected abscess, rapid evaluation)‐ Small bowel series (best for careful evaluation of obstruction findings)‐ Ultrasound: studies look good, not done in the USA

Likely Crohn’s disease: Making the diagnosis

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• Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE)?‐ High sensitivity, however because of concern for Crohn’s stricture causing complication, I reserve for suspected small bowel Crohn’s disease when imaging and ileocolonoscopy are negative

• Serological studies (ASCA/ANCA) ‐ Reasonable specificity (90%) 

‐ BUT poor sensitivity (~60%) (unless combined with calprotectin or lactoferrin)

‐ Usually I reserve for special circumstances (e.g. contraindication to colonoscopy)

• Exploratory laparoscopy: “gold standard?” Rarely needed solely for diagnosis, usually for other purpose (e.g. rule out malignancy)

Likely Crohn’s disease: Making the diagnosis •Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE) for small bowel CD?‐ High sensitivity, yet due to concern for Crohn’s stricture causing complication, I reserve for suspected SB Crohn’s disease when imaging and ileocolonoscopy are negative. 

‐ Poor specificity found in a few studies (e.g. 53%, Solem, 2008)

•Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE): niche is high NPV‐ Symptomatic patients with negative colonoscopy and CTE/MRE findings

For diagnosis, evaluation of co‐existing IBS in IBD, unexplained elevated calprotectin

‐ Evaluate non‐specific mucosal enhancement/thickening seen on imaging

‐ Evaluate post‐operative recurrence especially for more proximal CD

But use patency capsule first!

‐ Evaluation of indeterminate colitis 

‐ Unexplained iron deficiency anemia in IBD

‐ Promising evidence for colonic Crohn’s disease Especially in children

•Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE): Caveats in making diagnosis of Crohn’s disease

‐ Patients should be off of NSAIDs for > 4 weeks1

‐ Consider Crohn’s disease with > 3 apthous ulcersBUT: 11% of volunteers with no NSAIDS have mucosal breaks2

2 weeks after Diclofenac, 40% have mucosal breaks3

1Jensen et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 20112Goldstein et al.,  Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 20053Maiden L., J Gastroenterol, 2009

Methods for assessing structural features in IBDAdvantages Disadvantages

Ileocolonoscopy Validated, widely availableSensitive to changesPrognostic value

Limited to luminal structuresIncomplete examinations 20%

‐ SBFT Widely availableDetection penetrating/stricturing complications

Patient toleranceRadiation exposureBowel transit timeNo information about extraenteric disease, misses mild disease

‐ CT Widely available, reproducible Less interobserver variation Fast studyExtraenteric structures

Radiation exposure and overuseMisses mild disease

‐MRI High sensitivity  & specificityReproducible over timeExtraenteric structuresNo radiationBetter for perianal disease

Limited availabilityHeterogeneity in image acquisition and interpretationHave to lie still for appropriate breath‐holding sequencesMisses mild disease

‐WCE Detects more small bowel lesions than cross‐sectional imagingWidely available

Heterogeneity in interpretationLower specificity for Crohn’s diseaseCapsule retention

Antibody Antigen Non-IBD (%) CD (%) UC (%)

ASCASaccharomyces

cerevisiae5% 55–65% 5-15%

pANCA – antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody

Histone H1, bacterial antigen?

<5% 2–25% 50–65%

Anti-ompC E. Coli <5% 40–50% 2%

Anti - 2 Pseudomonas fluorescens 5-10% 54% 10%

Anti-Flagellin cBIR 8-10% ~50% 6%

IBD Associated Serum Biomarkers

Slide adapted from Mark Silverberg MD

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N=554 IBD, 231 Controls N=554 IBD, 231 Controls

Specificity is good (90 to 97%) - But inevitably a colonoscopy will be performedSensitivity is poor (50 – 60%), and therefore a negative test means little (NPV is low). So why test?

Main concern is IBD vs. IBS- Poor negative predictive value (neg. test being true negative) with only ASCA and ANCA- However, NPV over 90% if add Fecal Calprotectin (yet most IBD was active)

36 CD patients – CDAI 12 – 434; Avg 16228 UC patients – All with Active Disease (Mayo 3 – 11; Avg 6)30 IBS patients

Schoepfer et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008

Fecal Calprotectin and Lactoferrin are Elevated  in active IBDwith mucosal inflammation (not sensitive enough to exclude IBD)

Vieira A, et al. BMC Research Notes. 2009;2:221.

• Calprotectin and lactoferrin are cytosolic proteins in granulocytes

• Calprotectin and lactoferrin appear to be sensitive and specific markers for intestinal inflammation

• Fecal calprotectin levels are directly proportional to degree of inflammation

What additional testing is needed? • Utility of screening EGD in adult‐onset CD debated

• Standard in pediatric IBD evaluations

• Prioritize if dyspepsia, abdominal pain, vomiting1 

• Upper GI tract disease found in 16% of patients irrespective of symptoms2

• Association between CD and H. pylori‐negative focal gastritis3  

• Rule out co‐existing celiac disease? 

‐ IBD increased in celiac (up to 2%) but not vice‐versa (0.5% celiac in IBD)

‐ But when found can make a big difference in treating IBD!

• Test for vitamin B12, vitamin D deficiency and Iron saturation• Early B12 deficiency has identified in my practice Crohn’s patients presenting as UC

.

1ECCO Guidelines. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Sep 222Annunziata ML, et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Jun;57(6):1618‐23.3Parente F, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;95(3):705‐11.

Case 2: Typical UC presentation

35 yo man presents with two months of loose stools with rectal bleeding, cramping LLQ pain, mild anemia

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS: • Crohn’s disease

• NSAIDS

• Ischemia

• Malignancy (signet cell cancer)

• Radiation Colitis

• SLE

‐ Diverticular disease

• Infection‐ Clostridium Difficile

‐ Amoebiasis

‐ CMV

‐ syphillis, HSV, chlamydia, gonorrhea

• Amyloidosis

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SUSPICION OF INCORRECT DIAGNOSIS OF IBD?

• Elderly (be sure its not ischemia or malignancy)?

• Atypical pathology ‐ Especially mild findings: NSAIDs, diverticular disease, malignancy, amyloidosis

• Travel coinciding with onset?• Extensive use of NSAIDS?• Mucocutaneous apthous lesions of mouth or genitals?

‐ Consider Behcet’s disease

• Immunosuppression/HIV?

• Proctitis and history of unprotected receptive anal intercourse?

. . . And always check for C. Diff! 

IBD: Be sure to query/inspect  for perianal disease and extra‐intestinal manifestations of IBD

DVT/PE

• Perianal disease- Diagnosis Crohn’s disease- Anal skin tags suggest Crohn’s- consider anti-TNF early

• All patients should see an opthalmologisteven without eye symptoms

• Kidney stones are common- Need low oxalate diet

• CT of liver with elevated Alk phos, bilirubin to r/o PSC

Perianal disease – diagnostic options

• 100% accuracy with any 2 modalities:– MR pelvis

– Rectal EUS

– Exam under anesthesia

Schwartz et al., Gastroenterology 2001

• Preference for screening EGD in adult‐onset CD• Standard in pediatric IBD

• Upper GI tract disease found in 16% of patients irrespective of symptoms1

• Prioritize if dyspepsia, abdominal pain, vomiting2

• Association between CD and H. pylori‐negative focal gastritis3  

• Rule out co‐existing celiac disease? 

‐ IBD increased in celiac (up to 2%) but not vice‐versa (0.5% celiac in IBD)

‐ But when found can make a big difference in treating IBD!

.

1Annunziata ML, et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Jun;57(6):1618‐23.2ECCO Guidelines. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Sep 223Parente F, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;95(3):705‐11.

CD medical management: Stratify by risk

Low risk• Age at initial diagnosis > 30 years• Limited anatomic involvement• No perianal and/or severe rectal disease

• Superficial ulcers• No prior surgical resections• No stricturing and/or penetrating disease

• None to minimal systemic symptoms

Moderate/High Risk

• Age at initial diagnosis <30 years

• Extensive anatomic involvement

• Perianal and/or severe rectal disease

• Deep ulcers

• Prior surgical resection

• Stricturing and/or penetrating disease

Ordas I, et al. Gut 2011 Dec;60(12):1754‐63.AGA Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines

Evidence for top down therapy

• Early pediatric evidence for azathioprine1

• Top down versus step up trial – top down strategy yielded better rates of mucosal healing than step up2

• Biologic more effective when given early in disease course

• Serologic predictors

1.    Markowitz et al Gastroenterology 2000;119:895‐9022. 2.     D’Haens et al. Lancet 2008 Feb 23;371(9613):660‐7

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Is there a role for early thiopurinemonotherapy in Crohn’s disease?• There is further data that thiopurines play a limited role as a stand‐alone agent early in diagnosis – AZTEC trial

• 156 adults with recent CD diagnosis randomized to azathioprine at 2.5mg/kg/d vs. placebo – otherwise only steroids allowed

• At 76 wks, rate of cortisteroid‐free remission was 44.1% vs. 36.5%

Panes et al. Gastroenterology 2013;145;766‐74

Combination therapy superior to monotherapy in Crohn’s disease

Colombel JF, et al. N Engl J Med. 362, 1383‐1395 (2010)

Whom to choose for combination therapy

• Need to weigh a number of factors• Disease severity and extent

• Men vs. women – HSTCL• Consider combination with methotrexate in men under age 40

• Advanced age (overall risk vs. benefit reduced above age 65)*

• Concerns with adherence (consider infliximab and combination therapy)

• Ultimately if disease is severe, it’s important to be aggressive upfront, and then peel away medication after remission is achieved‐ Lymphoma risk with thiopurines mainly noticed after 1 year of use

* Lewis, Schwartz, Lichtenstein Gastroenterology 2000, 1018‐24

2009 ACG guidelines: Treatment options guided by patient’s risk

Low‐risk

Ileum and/or proximal colon

• Course of Budesonide 9 mg per day with or without AZA

• Tapering course of prednisone with or without AZA

Diffuse or left colon

• Tapering course of prednisone with or without AZA

Moderate/High Risk

• Anti‐TNF+AZA > AZA monotherapy or anti‐TNF monotherapy

• Anti‐TNF monotherapy > no therapy or AZA monotherapy

• Consider MTX if thiopurine not tolerated

ACG Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines*Consider PPI therapy for upper tract disease

2016 ECCO guidelines

• Mild disease – oral budesonide

• Moderate disease• Budesonide or prednisone

• Anti‐TNFs in patients who are dependent, refractory or intolerant of steroids

• Immunomodulator can be considered as an alternate to anti‐TNF

• Severe disease• Systemic steroids

• Anti‐TNF with or without immunomodulator

• Vedolizumab in patients refractory to steroids and/or anti‐TNF

Gomollon et al. J Crohns Colitis 2016;11(1)3‐25

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In my practice for Crohn’s disease . . . 

• Patients with moderate to severe disease and requiring any steroid (prednisone or budesonide) are started on immunosuppressive therapy

• I rarely start thiopurines as monotherapy (mainly in those with greater Tb risk – travel, job)I will combine with severe disease presentations and may withdraw after 1 year

• Patients generally start infliximab or adalimumab

• But in women with future childbearing plans and more moderate disease I recommend certolizumab(does not cross placenta)

• Patients failing or are intolerant to anti‐TNFs are started on ustekinumab• There may be a role for ustekinumab as first line given safety profile• Lower efficacy of vedolizumab reserved for third line agent

• Mild disease

‐ budesonide at first, prednisone if distal colonic disease

‐ early recurrence: prednisone and consider sulfasalazine* or AZA

• Avoid narcotics and get patients off of narcotics! 

*only mesalamine with significant evidence for Crohn’s disease)

29

16

2425

8

55.7

7.7

26.1

7.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Response Remission

Percent of patients with outcome, 

norm

alized

 to placebo (%)

Induction therapy

IFX ADA CTZ VDZ UST

20 21 20

43

24 23

27

19

13.4

17.415.8

2725.3

12.8

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Response Remission Steroid‐free Remission

Maintenance therapy (among responders)

IFX ADA CTZ VDZ UST

Sandborn WJ, et al. NEJM 2012.Hanauer SB et al. Lancet 2002.Colombel, JF et al. Gastro 2007

CD: Considering choice of biologic

Sandborn WJ, et al. NEJM 2013Sandborn WJ, et al. NEJM 2007

Important caveats:*No direct comparisons!* Data represents all patients*Not stratified by prior TNF exposure*Not stratified by patients on IMM

Adapted from Sandborn: Publically available slide set

UST

VDZCTZ

With a grain of salt: comparative effectiveness of Infliximab (IFX) vs. Adalimumab (ADA) or Certolizumab‐Pegol (CZP)

All‐cause hosp All‐cause hospCD‐related hosp CD‐related hosp

CD‐related abd surg

Corticosteroid Rx after 60 days

Hosp serious infection

CD‐related abd surg

Corticosteroid Rx after 60 days

Hosp serious infection

Singh, S. et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 Aug;14(8):1120‐1129.

IFX v ADA IFX

 v CZP

Drug management ‐ UC

Low‐risk diseaseInduction therapy

• Oral 5‐ASA and/or• Rectal 5‐ASA and/or• Oral budesonide MMX or prednisone and/or

• Rectal steroids

Maintenance• Maintenance with oral 5‐ASA and/or rectal 5‐ASA

• Taper steroid over 60 daysIf no remission or relapse – proceed to high risk algorithm

High‐risk disease (outpatient)Induction therapy

• Steroids + initiation of thiopurine(taper steroids over 60 days)

• Anti‐TNF, with or without thiopurine

• Vedolizumab +/‐ IMM

Maintenance• Thiopurine alone• Anti‐TNF, with or without thiopurine

• Vedolizumab +/‐ IMM

Consider PCP prophylaxis if triple immunosuppression: steroids, anti‐TNF, IMM AGA Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines

32

24

28

16

7

9

21

11

14

22

12

16

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Response Remission Mucosal Healing

Percent of patients with outcome, 

norm

alized

 to placebo (%)

Induction

IFX ADA GOL VDZ

25

13

17

27

12

4

8 8

16

12

10

15

33

12

18

32

Durable Response Durable Remission CS Free Remission Mucosal healing

Maintenance

IFX ADA GOL VDZ

Feagan, BG, et al. N Engl J Med 2013;369:669‐710Sandborn, WJ, et al. Gastroenterology 2012 Feb;142(2):257‐65

Rutgeerts P, et al. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(23):4262‐76Sandborn WJ, et al. Gastroenterology 2014;146(1):85‐95

UC: Considering choice of biologic

Adapted from Sandborn: Publically available slide set

Important caveats:*No direct comparisons! * Data represents all patients*Not stratified by prior TNF or IMM*End‐point study specific

Emerging change in practice: Adding vedolizumabas first‐line agent in UC

• AGA guidelines give equal consideration to anti‐TNF and vedolizumab1

• Data support best efficacy of vedolizumab in treatment‐naïve patients2

• No increased risk of any infection or serious infection3

• 2830 patients, follow‐up = 4811 patient‐years

• Infusion reaction <5% patients

• <1% patients diagnosed with malignancy 

• Consider in patients where avoidance of anti‐TNF risks would be preferred (e.g. elderly, patients with history of TB, malignancy)

• Infliximab may still be most cost‐effective first‐line agent4

1AGA Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines2Feagan, BG, et al. N Engl J Med 2013;369:669‐7103Colombel, JF, et al. Gut 2016 Feb. [Epub ahead of print]4Yokomizo L, et al. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2016 May 3;3(1):e000093.

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In my practice for UC . . . 

• MILD: • Initiate with oral 5‐ASA, use rectal therapy (5‐ASA or topical steroids) if needed for better control of limited distal disease

• Consider sulfasalazine with joint/skin EIMs• Maintenance with 5‐ASA• May add probiotics (VSL#3) or Curcumin (1.5 grams BID) if 5‐ASA fails to maintain control

MODERATE – SEVERE • Patients with severe disease are started on infliximab +/‐ thiopurine• Patients hospitalized with severe disease may benefit from dosing at 10mg/kg• Patients with more moderate disease azathioprine with steroid taper, vs. infliximab or adalimumab, vs. vedolizumab with a steroid taper

• Certain populations may benefit from vedolizumab as first line therapy‐ Elderly, recent or current malignancy, TB exposed