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3/22/2017
1
Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis
and Initial Treatment
Steven R. Brant, M.D.
Professor of Medicine
Director, Meyerhoff Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
Disclosures
• Johnson and Johnson: Site PI Ustekinumab Trial (ended 8/31/2016)
Objectives
• Review IBD clinical presentations, differential diagnoses and evaluation choices to make the diagnosis
• Review initial IBD therapy
• Appreciate value of early biologic therapy initiation and use of combination therapy
‐ Due to time constraints: Emphasis on Crohn’s disease
IBD health maintenance and alternative treatments not discussed
Case 1: Typical Crohn’s disease presentation
22 yo woman presents with five months of diarrhea, RLQ pain, and 10lb weight loss. Travel to the Caribbean 4 years ago.
What tests are routine?
What are the management options?
What further testing is needed?
Symptoms and signs of Crohn’s disease• Diarrhea
‐ Chronic, nocturnal, occasionally bloody (suggests more distal disease or deep ulceration)
• Abdominal pain‐ Especially right sided
• Fatigue‐ May have a greater need for sleep, lack of energy to exercise
• Weight loss and malnutrition‐ Mild, decreased appetite and intake, can be pain related, not always noticed
• Abdominal mass‐ Usually right side, often just greater fullness on palpation
• Fever‐ Suspicion for phlegmon, penetrating disease
• Growth delay (pediatric Crohn’s disease)
22 yo woman presents with five months of diarrhea, RLQ pain, and 10lb weight loss. Travel to the Caribbean 4 years ago:
Diarrhea (suspected inflammatory)• Stool for C. Difficile toxin
‐ Vital as C. Diff is increased in IBD!
• Stool culture‐ Aeromonas‐ Pleisiomonas‐ Yersinia (must ask for test)‐ Salmonella, Shigella (usually not chronic)
• Stool Ova and Parasites (3 sets)‐ Giardia (antigen test)‐ Cryptosporidium (+/‐ antigen test)‐ Entomoeba Histolytica (travel)
• Stool calprotectin/lactoferrin
• Free T4‐ Hyperthyroid
Weight Loss/RLQ pain
• CBC and platelets‐ Anemia, Leukocytosis or leukopenia (immunosuppression?/HIV), thrombocytosis
• ESR and CRP‐ inflammation, future monitoring
• CMP ‐ hypoalbuminemia, renal status, screen for co‐existing liver disease
• Tuberculosis testing (especially at risk‐ Unlikely to be helpful in non‐immigrants, but useful in case of biologics therapy
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Non‐IBD Differential Diagnosis for Crohn's’s Disease
• Medications – NSAIDS, mycophenylate• Tubo‐ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease
• Other intra‐abdominal abscess (especially post‐surgical)
• Diverticulitis (localized)
• Endometriosis• Small bowel carcinoid
• Malignancy‐ Lymphoma, Cecal cancer, Metastatic
• Endocrine‐ Addisons disease
• Infections• TB• Yersinia• Amebiasis• CMV• HIV (MAI, other opportunistic)• Chlamydia (LGV – perianal disease)
• Behcet’s disease• Infiltrative disorders
• Amyloidosis• Eosinophilic gastroenteritis• Ulcerative jejunoileitis• Autoimmune enteropathy
• Vasculitis
• Radiation enteritis
Differential Diagnosis: Crohn's’s Disease: consider initially
• Medications – NSAIDS, mycophenylate• Tubo‐ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease
• Other intra‐abdominal abscess (especially post‐surgical)
• Diverticulitis (localized)
• Endometriosis• Small bowel carcinoid
• Malignancy‐ Lymphoma, Cecal cancer, Metastatic
• Endocrine‐ Addisons disease
• Infections• TB• Yersinia• Amebiasis• CMV• HIV (MAI, other opportunistic)• Chlamydia (LGV – perianal disease)
• Behcet’s disease• Infiltrative disorders
• Amyloidosis• Eosinophilic gastroenteritis• Ulcerative jejunoileitis• Autoimmune enteropathy
• Vasculitis
• Radiation enteritis
• Ileo‐colonoscopy with biopsy• vital for making diagnosis, especially of terminal ileal or colon disease• biopsy terminal ileum, right and left colon, and rectum even with normal appearance!‐ ileum may appear normal; determine disease extent; evaluate pathology!
• Imaging (MRE, CTE, SBFT)‐ 10% of patients have disease proximal to TI‐ 15% with penetrating disease at diagnosis• get prior to colonoscopy with pain, fever, weight loss or obstruction symptoms • Initial test to rule out jejunal or mid‐proximal ileal disease • determine extent of small bowel disease, narrowing, and complications• Expertise may be a factor
Likely Crohn’s disease: Making the diagnosis
Ileo‐colonoscopy with biopsy throughout
• Important for securing a diagnosis with histology
• Index colonoscopy most helpful in differentiating CD vs. UC
• Ruling out infection
• Risk stratification for determining medication plan
• Initial dysplasia screening
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Histology
• In new IBD diagnosis, chronicity may still not be established
• Histology rarely can differentiate Crohn’s from UC unless epithelioidgranulomas present
11
Cryptitis
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Crypt Distortion Basal plasmacytosis
MRE vs. CTE in evaluating Crohn’s disease?
CTE MRE
Amitai et al., IMAJ, 2015
Section of thickened small bowel Crohn’sdisease involvement in same patient
MRE vs. CTE in evaluating Crohn’s disease? Good Agreement
1Amitai et al., IMAJ, 20152Jensen et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011
Counts of common imaging signs of Crohn’s disease among 42 patients for MRE and CTE as compared to MRE and CTE combined1
• Overall sensitivity comparable1
• Significant disagreement only for small bowel dilation and adenopathy (better on CTE)
• CTE had greater sensitivity for most findings except creeping fat
• In another study, image quality and interobserveragreement better with CTE than MRE (vs
• Take home:
1) Milder to moderate CD without complication suspected: MRE as no radiation exposure
2) More severe or concern of obstruction (dilation), adenopathy or abscess – favor CTE (also more readily available)
3) Quality of radiology expertise unknown? Ask for second read or consider CTE
MRE or CTE vs. Surgical Findings in Crohn’s diseaseunexpected findings at surgery not infrequent
1Spinelli et al., J Gastrointest Surg, 20132Steastedt et al. Dis Colon Rectum 2014
ITALIAN STUDY1
• MRE accurately predicted surgical findings in 68 of 75 patients (90.7%)
• 7 patients surgical strategy or approach changed (9.3%)
• MRE highly sensitive for findings overall, less optimal for abscess
CORNELL STUDY2
• Higher than anticipated differences in 76 patients (43 MRE, 33 CTE)
• Surgical procedure modified in 20 (26%)
• Discordance rates < 2 months before surgery: 25% MRE, 31% CTE
Sensitivity
Specificity
Bottom line: At diagnosis recommend both ileocolonoscopy and either MRE or CTE (determine small bowel extent & complications)
• Ileo‐colonoscopy with biopsy• vital for making diagnosis, especially of terminal ileal or colon disease• biopsy terminal ileum, right and left colon, and rectum
• Imaging (10% of patients have disease proximal to TI)‐ MR Enterography (MRE: spares radiation, good sensitivity for findings)‐ CT Enterography (prefer if suspected abscess, rapid evaluation)‐ Small bowel series (best for careful evaluation of obstruction findings)‐ Ultrasound: studies look good, not done in the USA
Likely Crohn’s disease: Making the diagnosis
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• Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE)?‐ High sensitivity, however because of concern for Crohn’s stricture causing complication, I reserve for suspected small bowel Crohn’s disease when imaging and ileocolonoscopy are negative
• Serological studies (ASCA/ANCA) ‐ Reasonable specificity (90%)
‐ BUT poor sensitivity (~60%) (unless combined with calprotectin or lactoferrin)
‐ Usually I reserve for special circumstances (e.g. contraindication to colonoscopy)
• Exploratory laparoscopy: “gold standard?” Rarely needed solely for diagnosis, usually for other purpose (e.g. rule out malignancy)
Likely Crohn’s disease: Making the diagnosis •Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE) for small bowel CD?‐ High sensitivity, yet due to concern for Crohn’s stricture causing complication, I reserve for suspected SB Crohn’s disease when imaging and ileocolonoscopy are negative.
‐ Poor specificity found in a few studies (e.g. 53%, Solem, 2008)
•Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE): niche is high NPV‐ Symptomatic patients with negative colonoscopy and CTE/MRE findings
For diagnosis, evaluation of co‐existing IBS in IBD, unexplained elevated calprotectin
‐ Evaluate non‐specific mucosal enhancement/thickening seen on imaging
‐ Evaluate post‐operative recurrence especially for more proximal CD
But use patency capsule first!
‐ Evaluation of indeterminate colitis
‐ Unexplained iron deficiency anemia in IBD
‐ Promising evidence for colonic Crohn’s disease Especially in children
•Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE): Caveats in making diagnosis of Crohn’s disease
‐ Patients should be off of NSAIDs for > 4 weeks1
‐ Consider Crohn’s disease with > 3 apthous ulcersBUT: 11% of volunteers with no NSAIDS have mucosal breaks2
2 weeks after Diclofenac, 40% have mucosal breaks3
1Jensen et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis 20112Goldstein et al., Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 20053Maiden L., J Gastroenterol, 2009
Methods for assessing structural features in IBDAdvantages Disadvantages
Ileocolonoscopy Validated, widely availableSensitive to changesPrognostic value
Limited to luminal structuresIncomplete examinations 20%
‐ SBFT Widely availableDetection penetrating/stricturing complications
Patient toleranceRadiation exposureBowel transit timeNo information about extraenteric disease, misses mild disease
‐ CT Widely available, reproducible Less interobserver variation Fast studyExtraenteric structures
Radiation exposure and overuseMisses mild disease
‐MRI High sensitivity & specificityReproducible over timeExtraenteric structuresNo radiationBetter for perianal disease
Limited availabilityHeterogeneity in image acquisition and interpretationHave to lie still for appropriate breath‐holding sequencesMisses mild disease
‐WCE Detects more small bowel lesions than cross‐sectional imagingWidely available
Heterogeneity in interpretationLower specificity for Crohn’s diseaseCapsule retention
Antibody Antigen Non-IBD (%) CD (%) UC (%)
ASCASaccharomyces
cerevisiae5% 55–65% 5-15%
pANCA – antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
Histone H1, bacterial antigen?
<5% 2–25% 50–65%
Anti-ompC E. Coli <5% 40–50% 2%
Anti - 2 Pseudomonas fluorescens 5-10% 54% 10%
Anti-Flagellin cBIR 8-10% ~50% 6%
IBD Associated Serum Biomarkers
Slide adapted from Mark Silverberg MD
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N=554 IBD, 231 Controls N=554 IBD, 231 Controls
Specificity is good (90 to 97%) - But inevitably a colonoscopy will be performedSensitivity is poor (50 – 60%), and therefore a negative test means little (NPV is low). So why test?
Main concern is IBD vs. IBS- Poor negative predictive value (neg. test being true negative) with only ASCA and ANCA- However, NPV over 90% if add Fecal Calprotectin (yet most IBD was active)
36 CD patients – CDAI 12 – 434; Avg 16228 UC patients – All with Active Disease (Mayo 3 – 11; Avg 6)30 IBS patients
Schoepfer et al., Inflamm Bowel Dis, 2008
Fecal Calprotectin and Lactoferrin are Elevated in active IBDwith mucosal inflammation (not sensitive enough to exclude IBD)
Vieira A, et al. BMC Research Notes. 2009;2:221.
• Calprotectin and lactoferrin are cytosolic proteins in granulocytes
• Calprotectin and lactoferrin appear to be sensitive and specific markers for intestinal inflammation
• Fecal calprotectin levels are directly proportional to degree of inflammation
What additional testing is needed? • Utility of screening EGD in adult‐onset CD debated
• Standard in pediatric IBD evaluations
• Prioritize if dyspepsia, abdominal pain, vomiting1
• Upper GI tract disease found in 16% of patients irrespective of symptoms2
• Association between CD and H. pylori‐negative focal gastritis3
• Rule out co‐existing celiac disease?
‐ IBD increased in celiac (up to 2%) but not vice‐versa (0.5% celiac in IBD)
‐ But when found can make a big difference in treating IBD!
• Test for vitamin B12, vitamin D deficiency and Iron saturation• Early B12 deficiency has identified in my practice Crohn’s patients presenting as UC
.
1ECCO Guidelines. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Sep 222Annunziata ML, et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Jun;57(6):1618‐23.3Parente F, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;95(3):705‐11.
Case 2: Typical UC presentation
35 yo man presents with two months of loose stools with rectal bleeding, cramping LLQ pain, mild anemia
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ULCERATIVE COLITIS: • Crohn’s disease
• NSAIDS
• Ischemia
• Malignancy (signet cell cancer)
• Radiation Colitis
• SLE
‐ Diverticular disease
• Infection‐ Clostridium Difficile
‐ Amoebiasis
‐ CMV
‐ syphillis, HSV, chlamydia, gonorrhea
• Amyloidosis
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SUSPICION OF INCORRECT DIAGNOSIS OF IBD?
• Elderly (be sure its not ischemia or malignancy)?
• Atypical pathology ‐ Especially mild findings: NSAIDs, diverticular disease, malignancy, amyloidosis
• Travel coinciding with onset?• Extensive use of NSAIDS?• Mucocutaneous apthous lesions of mouth or genitals?
‐ Consider Behcet’s disease
• Immunosuppression/HIV?
• Proctitis and history of unprotected receptive anal intercourse?
. . . And always check for C. Diff!
IBD: Be sure to query/inspect for perianal disease and extra‐intestinal manifestations of IBD
DVT/PE
• Perianal disease- Diagnosis Crohn’s disease- Anal skin tags suggest Crohn’s- consider anti-TNF early
• All patients should see an opthalmologisteven without eye symptoms
• Kidney stones are common- Need low oxalate diet
• CT of liver with elevated Alk phos, bilirubin to r/o PSC
Perianal disease – diagnostic options
• 100% accuracy with any 2 modalities:– MR pelvis
– Rectal EUS
– Exam under anesthesia
Schwartz et al., Gastroenterology 2001
• Preference for screening EGD in adult‐onset CD• Standard in pediatric IBD
• Upper GI tract disease found in 16% of patients irrespective of symptoms1
• Prioritize if dyspepsia, abdominal pain, vomiting2
• Association between CD and H. pylori‐negative focal gastritis3
• Rule out co‐existing celiac disease?
‐ IBD increased in celiac (up to 2%) but not vice‐versa (0.5% celiac in IBD)
‐ But when found can make a big difference in treating IBD!
.
1Annunziata ML, et al. Dig Dis Sci. 2012 Jun;57(6):1618‐23.2ECCO Guidelines. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Sep 223Parente F, et al. Am J Gastroenterol. 2000 Mar;95(3):705‐11.
CD medical management: Stratify by risk
Low risk• Age at initial diagnosis > 30 years• Limited anatomic involvement• No perianal and/or severe rectal disease
• Superficial ulcers• No prior surgical resections• No stricturing and/or penetrating disease
• None to minimal systemic symptoms
Moderate/High Risk
• Age at initial diagnosis <30 years
• Extensive anatomic involvement
• Perianal and/or severe rectal disease
• Deep ulcers
• Prior surgical resection
• Stricturing and/or penetrating disease
Ordas I, et al. Gut 2011 Dec;60(12):1754‐63.AGA Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines
Evidence for top down therapy
• Early pediatric evidence for azathioprine1
• Top down versus step up trial – top down strategy yielded better rates of mucosal healing than step up2
• Biologic more effective when given early in disease course
• Serologic predictors
1. Markowitz et al Gastroenterology 2000;119:895‐9022. 2. D’Haens et al. Lancet 2008 Feb 23;371(9613):660‐7
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Is there a role for early thiopurinemonotherapy in Crohn’s disease?• There is further data that thiopurines play a limited role as a stand‐alone agent early in diagnosis – AZTEC trial
• 156 adults with recent CD diagnosis randomized to azathioprine at 2.5mg/kg/d vs. placebo – otherwise only steroids allowed
• At 76 wks, rate of cortisteroid‐free remission was 44.1% vs. 36.5%
Panes et al. Gastroenterology 2013;145;766‐74
Combination therapy superior to monotherapy in Crohn’s disease
Colombel JF, et al. N Engl J Med. 362, 1383‐1395 (2010)
Whom to choose for combination therapy
• Need to weigh a number of factors• Disease severity and extent
• Men vs. women – HSTCL• Consider combination with methotrexate in men under age 40
• Advanced age (overall risk vs. benefit reduced above age 65)*
• Concerns with adherence (consider infliximab and combination therapy)
• Ultimately if disease is severe, it’s important to be aggressive upfront, and then peel away medication after remission is achieved‐ Lymphoma risk with thiopurines mainly noticed after 1 year of use
* Lewis, Schwartz, Lichtenstein Gastroenterology 2000, 1018‐24
2009 ACG guidelines: Treatment options guided by patient’s risk
Low‐risk
Ileum and/or proximal colon
• Course of Budesonide 9 mg per day with or without AZA
• Tapering course of prednisone with or without AZA
Diffuse or left colon
• Tapering course of prednisone with or without AZA
Moderate/High Risk
• Anti‐TNF+AZA > AZA monotherapy or anti‐TNF monotherapy
• Anti‐TNF monotherapy > no therapy or AZA monotherapy
• Consider MTX if thiopurine not tolerated
ACG Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines*Consider PPI therapy for upper tract disease
2016 ECCO guidelines
• Mild disease – oral budesonide
• Moderate disease• Budesonide or prednisone
• Anti‐TNFs in patients who are dependent, refractory or intolerant of steroids
• Immunomodulator can be considered as an alternate to anti‐TNF
• Severe disease• Systemic steroids
• Anti‐TNF with or without immunomodulator
• Vedolizumab in patients refractory to steroids and/or anti‐TNF
Gomollon et al. J Crohns Colitis 2016;11(1)3‐25
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In my practice for Crohn’s disease . . .
• Patients with moderate to severe disease and requiring any steroid (prednisone or budesonide) are started on immunosuppressive therapy
• I rarely start thiopurines as monotherapy (mainly in those with greater Tb risk – travel, job)I will combine with severe disease presentations and may withdraw after 1 year
• Patients generally start infliximab or adalimumab
• But in women with future childbearing plans and more moderate disease I recommend certolizumab(does not cross placenta)
• Patients failing or are intolerant to anti‐TNFs are started on ustekinumab• There may be a role for ustekinumab as first line given safety profile• Lower efficacy of vedolizumab reserved for third line agent
• Mild disease
‐ budesonide at first, prednisone if distal colonic disease
‐ early recurrence: prednisone and consider sulfasalazine* or AZA
• Avoid narcotics and get patients off of narcotics!
*only mesalamine with significant evidence for Crohn’s disease)
29
16
2425
8
55.7
7.7
26.1
7.7
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Response Remission
Percent of patients with outcome,
norm
alized
to placebo (%)
Induction therapy
IFX ADA CTZ VDZ UST
20 21 20
43
24 23
27
19
13.4
17.415.8
2725.3
12.8
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Response Remission Steroid‐free Remission
Maintenance therapy (among responders)
IFX ADA CTZ VDZ UST
Sandborn WJ, et al. NEJM 2012.Hanauer SB et al. Lancet 2002.Colombel, JF et al. Gastro 2007
CD: Considering choice of biologic
Sandborn WJ, et al. NEJM 2013Sandborn WJ, et al. NEJM 2007
Important caveats:*No direct comparisons!* Data represents all patients*Not stratified by prior TNF exposure*Not stratified by patients on IMM
Adapted from Sandborn: Publically available slide set
UST
VDZCTZ
With a grain of salt: comparative effectiveness of Infliximab (IFX) vs. Adalimumab (ADA) or Certolizumab‐Pegol (CZP)
All‐cause hosp All‐cause hospCD‐related hosp CD‐related hosp
CD‐related abd surg
Corticosteroid Rx after 60 days
Hosp serious infection
CD‐related abd surg
Corticosteroid Rx after 60 days
Hosp serious infection
Singh, S. et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 Aug;14(8):1120‐1129.
IFX v ADA IFX
v CZP
Drug management ‐ UC
Low‐risk diseaseInduction therapy
• Oral 5‐ASA and/or• Rectal 5‐ASA and/or• Oral budesonide MMX or prednisone and/or
• Rectal steroids
Maintenance• Maintenance with oral 5‐ASA and/or rectal 5‐ASA
• Taper steroid over 60 daysIf no remission or relapse – proceed to high risk algorithm
High‐risk disease (outpatient)Induction therapy
• Steroids + initiation of thiopurine(taper steroids over 60 days)
• Anti‐TNF, with or without thiopurine
• Vedolizumab +/‐ IMM
Maintenance• Thiopurine alone• Anti‐TNF, with or without thiopurine
• Vedolizumab +/‐ IMM
Consider PCP prophylaxis if triple immunosuppression: steroids, anti‐TNF, IMM AGA Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines
32
24
28
16
7
9
21
11
14
22
12
16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Response Remission Mucosal Healing
Percent of patients with outcome,
norm
alized
to placebo (%)
Induction
IFX ADA GOL VDZ
25
13
17
27
12
4
8 8
16
12
10
15
33
12
18
32
Durable Response Durable Remission CS Free Remission Mucosal healing
Maintenance
IFX ADA GOL VDZ
Feagan, BG, et al. N Engl J Med 2013;369:669‐710Sandborn, WJ, et al. Gastroenterology 2012 Feb;142(2):257‐65
Rutgeerts P, et al. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(23):4262‐76Sandborn WJ, et al. Gastroenterology 2014;146(1):85‐95
UC: Considering choice of biologic
Adapted from Sandborn: Publically available slide set
Important caveats:*No direct comparisons! * Data represents all patients*Not stratified by prior TNF or IMM*End‐point study specific
Emerging change in practice: Adding vedolizumabas first‐line agent in UC
• AGA guidelines give equal consideration to anti‐TNF and vedolizumab1
• Data support best efficacy of vedolizumab in treatment‐naïve patients2
• No increased risk of any infection or serious infection3
• 2830 patients, follow‐up = 4811 patient‐years
• Infusion reaction <5% patients
• <1% patients diagnosed with malignancy
• Consider in patients where avoidance of anti‐TNF risks would be preferred (e.g. elderly, patients with history of TB, malignancy)
• Infliximab may still be most cost‐effective first‐line agent4
1AGA Clinical Guidelines: www.gi.org/clinical‐guidelines2Feagan, BG, et al. N Engl J Med 2013;369:669‐7103Colombel, JF, et al. Gut 2016 Feb. [Epub ahead of print]4Yokomizo L, et al. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 2016 May 3;3(1):e000093.
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In my practice for UC . . .
• MILD: • Initiate with oral 5‐ASA, use rectal therapy (5‐ASA or topical steroids) if needed for better control of limited distal disease
• Consider sulfasalazine with joint/skin EIMs• Maintenance with 5‐ASA• May add probiotics (VSL#3) or Curcumin (1.5 grams BID) if 5‐ASA fails to maintain control
MODERATE – SEVERE • Patients with severe disease are started on infliximab +/‐ thiopurine• Patients hospitalized with severe disease may benefit from dosing at 10mg/kg• Patients with more moderate disease azathioprine with steroid taper, vs. infliximab or adalimumab, vs. vedolizumab with a steroid taper
• Certain populations may benefit from vedolizumab as first line therapy‐ Elderly, recent or current malignancy, TB exposed