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Dirac Materials A.V. Balatsky New class of materials What is the definition of Dirac Materials? Similarities and differences between dwave superconductors, Graphene and Topological Insulators: All are Dirac materials with some common features Imaging of k and r space Local electronics and spins in graphene and TI Gap or no gap in TI?

Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

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Page 1: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Dirac MaterialsA.V. Balatsky

•New class of materials

•What is the definition of Dirac Materials? 

•Similarities and differences between d‐wavesuperconductors, Graphene and Topological Insulators: All are Dirac materials with some common features •Imaging of k and r space 

•Local electronics and spins in graphene and TI

•Gap or no gap in TI? 

Page 2: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

J. X. Zhu, I. Martin, M. Salkola, T. Das,  – Los AlamosD. Abergel, A. Black‐Schaffer NorditaH. Dahal ‐ BCT. Wehling, A. Lichtenstein, K. Scharnberg,R. Wiesendanger – U HamburgM. Katsnelson – U NiemegenJ. Fransson‐ UppsalaD.Arovas‐ UCSDZ. Huang – UCSD, Los Alamos

Experiment: J.C. Davis groupY.Zhao, V. Brar, M. Crommie ‐IETSL. Mattos, H. Manoharan –Kondo graphene

Page 3: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

The Dirac EquationP. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928)

Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos...

with 4x4 Dirac matrices

Nobel Price 1933

(from

 nob

elprize

.org) 

... with peculiar physical consequences:

• Spin 1/2 and Landé g=2

• Antiparticles

• Klein paradox and Zitterbewegung

• Spin orbit coupling

Page 4: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Dirac materials

• Materials whose low energy  electronic properties are a direct consequence of Dirac spectrum E = vk: specific heat ~T^d, penetration depth~T, optical conductivity~T^n

• How do we “design” Dirac Materials?

• Can be a collective state: 3He superfluid, heavy fermion, organic, high Tc superconductors, density wave states

• Band structure effect – graphene, Topological states, cold atom DM, artificial DM

• Not a Dirac equation (1928)

T. Wehling, A Black‐Schaffer and A. V. Balatsky, Dirac Materials, Adv Phys, p1 v 90 (2014)

Page 5: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Dirac materials vs metals

Metals

FS

E = v(k‐k_F)

Dirac materials(3He included)

E = vk, k_F = 0

empty

occupied

Defining feature:Dimensionality of zero energy states in one less( at least)In the Dirac materials.  Fewer excitations at low T.Better control of response and less dissipation. Important for future  energy and device applications. 

Page 6: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos
Page 7: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Why Dirac materials: path to control of electronic states

Tunability and control

1 With B, E fields                                                      2  with doping and functionalization

3  with quantum size control: films,  ribbons 

Fe or Sn

Bi2Se3

Page 8: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

R‐space vs K‐space probesof Dirac Materials

Local probes (r space)STM, spin imaging with Kerr

Extended probes (k space)Magnetotrasport, thermal 

conductivity

) Y. Xia et al.,Nature Phys. 5, 398 (2009)

Theory Guidance for search of new states

Ab initio, functionalization, How protected are topological states

T. Hanaguri, A. Kapitulink, H. ManoharanV. Madhavan, A. Yazdani S.C. Zhang et al RMP, Nov  (2011)

A.C. Neto et al,  RMP (2010)A.V. Balatsky et al, v 78, 373 (2006)

timetime

Page 9: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Universal response to defects. Why Impurities?

• Why local signatures and impurities?– Scientific interests: applications rely heavily on functionalization

– Observation possible by Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS)

– Engineered electronic states due to imp bands– Microchips at one atom at time approach ~ 100 impurity atoms/transistormean lifetime pictures will break down.

– Suggested Quantum Computation operations involve deliberate local perturbations

Page 10: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Local impurity resonances in d‐wave superconductors

Page 11: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

UNUNE

FF 8ln1

21

0

9 9.659 093

2 .0611 54109Fi j

j

LDOS Image at for impurity-state

Rev. Mod Phys, 78, p 373, (2006)

d‐wave Superconductor:Impurity Resonances

-

On-site potential On-site LDOSU>0

E

Crossshaped state

-100 -50 0 50 1000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 typ ica l reg ion on center o f Zn a tom

Diff

eren

tial C

ondu

ctan

ce (n

S)

S am ple B ias (m V)

Page 12: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Impurity states in ANY Dirac point materials

Page 13: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Impurity states in ANY Dirac point materials

Page 14: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Impurity states in ANY Dirac point materials

1/U_1

Page 15: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Impurity states in ANY Dirac point materials

1/U_1

1/U_2

Page 16: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Impurity states in ANY Dirac point materials

Page 17: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Local  impurity resonances in Dirac Materials: Graphene

Page 18: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Real space signatures I

r‐dependent LDOS at imp. resonance

Eimp=0.1eV

T. Wehling et. al., PRB 75, 125425 (2007), Peres, A.C Neto, Guinea, Falko

Page 19: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

M.M. Udega etal, PRL104, 096804 (2010)

Page 20: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Universal response to local defects

-100 -50 0 50 1000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 typ ica l reg ion on center o f Zn a tom

Diff

eren

tial C

ondu

ctan

ce (n

S)

S am ple B ias (m V)

Graphene

D‐Wave SC

Hypothesis: ANY Dirac material has similar resonances

Page 21: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Local impurity resonances in Topological Insulators, probe of 

stability

Hanaguri etal, PRB 2010,cond mat 1003.0100

Page 22: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Impurity resonances in Dirac Materials:  Topological Insulators, 

probe of suppressed back scattering

Hanaguri etal, PRB82, 081305(2010);Cheng, et al, PRL 105, 081305(2010).Gomes et al, arXiv:0909.0921 

(2009)

Page 23: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Resonance as seen in STMZ. Alpichev et al, PRL 108,206102,(2012)

Sessi et al. NATURE COMM | DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6349, (2014)

Page 24: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

ARPES on magnetically doped TI and on films

z

zz

SkE

SkH22

Fully gapped spectrum

Page 25: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

At B=0 at Dirac point now there should Be a true gap. The data show finite LDOS. 

Gap or no gap  for Cr doped sample. 

Page 26: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Gap in FM ordered TI seen in STM

Page 27: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Robust conventional IQHE has mobility gaps, not real gaps

Page 28: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Gas vs Mobility gap in (A) QHE

Conventional  IQHEAnomalous QHE thatdoes not require a full gap either

Page 29: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Z. Alpichev et al, PRL 108,206102,(2012)

No gap at zero field

Page 30: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Competing trends due to magnetic scattering

Low energy resonance • Every impurity (magnetic 

and nonmagnetic) will produce imp resonances inside Dirac cone = backscattering

Magnetic scattering  Gap in Dirac spectrum • Dirac  fermion acquire a 

mass due to spin 

z

zz

SkE

SkH22

+ =N(E)

Science 329, 659 (2010);Y. L. Chen, et al.

True answer is combination of both effectsBiswas, AVB PR B 81 , p233405 (2010), A Black Schaffer et at, arXiv:1502.06403

Page 31: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Filling of Magnetic Impurity Induced Gap in Topological Insulators by Potential ScatteringarXiv:1502.06403 , A. M. Black-Schaffer, A. V. Balatsky, J. Fransson

Science 329, 659 (2010);Y. L. Chen, et al.

E

E_f

Page 32: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Artificial Dirac MaterialsNanoscale functionalization in  Graphene physics

Nanoassembledartificialgraphene

Manoharan group, Nature 483, p 306, 2012doi:10.1038/nature10941

Page 33: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Universal response of Dirac materials to local perturbations

-100 -50 0 50 1000.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5 typ ica l reg ion on center o f Zn a tom

Diff

eren

tial C

ondu

ctan

ce (n

S)

S am ple B ias (m V)

Graphene

D‐Wave SC

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0

dI/dV

(arb.

unit)

-600 -400 -200 0Sample bias (mV)

TI

Page 34: Dirac Materials QDM Mar 2015 short - Los Alamos National ... · The Dirac Equation P. Dirac: “The quantum theory of the electron” (1928) Describing electrons, protons, quarks,neutrinos

Conclusion•Dirac materials is a class 

•Convergence in multiple  materials ‐> class. 

•Defects  as test of stability of Topological  states

•The future is even more exciting with designed materials coming. 

•New imaging to capture exciting new phenomena in quantum materials