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TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 1
Third Year
Diploma in Civil
Engineering
C h a p t e r w i s e N o t e s
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 2
Subject Title : Solid Waste Management (Elective) Subject Code : 17605
Topic 1: Introduction
Content :
Definition of solid waste
Meaning of different solid waste - Domestic waste, commercial waste,
industrial waste, market waste, agricultural waste, biomedical waste, Ewaste, hazardous
waste, institutional waste, etc.
Sources of solid waste
Classification of solid waste - hazardous and non-hazardous waste.
Physical and Chemical characteristics.
Impact of solid waste on environment.
Solid waste management techniques - solid waste management Hierarchy, waste
prevention and waste reduction.
Factors affecting on solid waste generation.
Que.1 Define Solid waste.
Ans: Solid Waste:
DEFINITION
Solid waste comprises all the wastes from human and animal activities
that are normally solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted.
Solid waste may arise from urban communities, agricultural and
industrial activities or they may be mining wastes.
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
DEFINITION
Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated
with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and
transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in
accordance with the best principles of public health, economics,
engineering, conservations , and that is also responsive to public
attitudes.
Que.2 What are the sources of solid waste.
Ans: State sources of solid waste and types of solid waste
Sources of solid waste:
Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Construction and Demolition
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Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 3
Municipal Services
Treatment Plant Sites
Industrial
Agricultural
Que.3 Classify the solid waste?
Ans: Solid Waste is categorized as below:
a) Based on the Source
b) Based on Type
a) Based on the Source
i) Residential: This refers to wastes from dwellings, apartments, etc.,
and consists of leftover food, vegetable peels, plastic, clothes,
ashes, etc.
(ii) Commercial: This refers to wastes consisting of leftover food,
glasses, metals, ashes, etc., generated from stores, restaurants,
markets, hotels, motels, auto-repair shops, medical facilities, etc.
(iii) Institutional: This mainly consists of paper, plastic, glasses, etc.,
generated from educational, administrative and public buildings
such as schools, colleges, offices, prisons, etc.
(iv) Municipal: This includes dust, leafy matter, building debris,
treatment plant residual sludge, etc., generated from various
municipal activities like construction and demolition, street
cleaning, landscaping, etc.
(v) Industrial: This mainly consists of process wastes, ashes,
demolition and construction wastes, hazardous wastes, etc., due to
industrial activities.
(vi) Agricultural: This mainly consists of spoiled food grains and
vegetables, agricultural remains, litter, etc., generated from fields,
orchards, vineyards, farms, etc.
(vii) Open areas: This includes wastes from areas such as Streets,
alleys, parks, vacant lots, play grounds, beaches, highways,
recreational areas, etc.
b) Based on the Source
(i) Garbage: This refers to animal and vegetable wastes resulting
from the handling, sale, storage, preparation, cooking and serving
of food.
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Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 4
(ii) Ashes and residues: These are substances remaining from the
burning of wood, coal, charcoal, coke and other combustible
materials for cooking and heating in houses, institutions and small
industrial establishment
(iii)Combustible and non-combustible wastes: These consist of
wastes generated from households, institutions, commercial
activities, etc., excluding food wastes.
(iv)Bulky wastes: These include large household appliances such as
refrigerators, washing machines, furniture, cranes, vehicle parts,
tyres, wood, trees and branches.
(v) Street wastes: These refer to wastes that are collected from
streets, walkways, alleys, parks and vacant plots, and include
paper, cardboard, plastics, dirt, leaves and other vegetable
matter.
vi) Biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes: Biodegradable
wastes mainly refer to substances consisting of organic matter such
as leftover food, vegetable and fruit peels, paper, textile, wood,
etc.,
Non-biodegradable wastes consist of inorganic and recyclable
materials such as plastic, glass, cans, metals, etc.
vii) Dead animals: With regard to municipal wastes, dead animals
are those that die naturally or are accidentally killed on the road.
Note that this category does not include carcasses and animal
parts from slaughter-houses, which are regarded as industrial
wastes.
(viii) Abandoned vehicles: This category includes automobiles,
trucks and trailers that are abandoned on streets and other public
places.
(ix)Construction and demolition wastes: These are wastes
generated as a result of construction, refurbishment, repair and
demolition of houses, commercial buildings and other structures.
(x) Farm wastes: These wastes result from diverse agricultural
activities such as planting, harvesting, production of milk, rearing of
animals for slaughter and the operation of feedlots.
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Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 5
(xi) Hazardous wastes: Hazardous wastes are those defined as
wastes of industrial, institutional or consumer origin that are
potentially dangerous either immediately or over a period of time
to human beings and the environment.
(xii) Sewage wastes: The solid by-products of sewage treatment are
classified as sewage wastes. They are mostly organic and derived
from the treatment of organic sludge separated from both raw and
treated sewages.
Que.4 What are the constituents of solid waste?
Ans: The composition and characteristics of municipal solid wastes
vary throughout the world because they are determined by
social customs and living standards. A typical solid waste
does not exist. Municipal wastes are heterogeneous, that is,
they comprise an enormous variety of materials derived from
the diverse activities which produce them. Nevertheless it is
possible to make some general observations about their
composition that make the picture somewhat less confusing:
• The major constituents are paper and putrescible organic matter
• Metal, glass, ceramics, plastics, textiles, dirt and wood are
generally present although not always so, the relative proportions
depending on local factors
Que.5 Explain sorting at source and (MSW) Municipal Solid Waste.
Ans:
Sorting at Source:
It is the most efficient technique that reduces the mixing of various
biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes together. In this
process different types of wastes are stored in different containers
like plastic waste, biodegradable waste, Ewaste, Glass, Paper, etc.
Based on the nature of waste collected ppropriate treatment is
given, which automatically reduces the time and cost of treatment.
Municipal Solid Waste:
It is the waste collected from various sources like household,
institutions, commercial centers, etc. and then taken to the nearest
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Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 6
transfer stations, which after transferred to Municipal Solid Waste
Plants by hauling vehicles for further treatment.
Que.6 How hazardous waste are differ from non hazardous waste?
Ans: Hazardous wastes
Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally,
or economically and have any of the following properties-
ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity.
Non-hazardous
Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or
economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned
above. These substances usually create disposal problems.
Que.7 List various types of hazardous waste.
Ans: The waste which can
Contribute to increase in mortality
Can cause irreversible illness
Can pose potential hazard to human health is called
hazardous waste.
Hazardous waste can be classified as
Radioactive substances
Chemicals
Biological Wastes
Flammable waste
Explosives
There are four characteristics which make the waste hazardous
category
Ignitability
Corrosivity if pH 2 or ≥ 12.5
Toxicity:
Reactivity:- A waste exhibits the characteristics of reactivity if
a representative sample of the waste has the following
properties
Reacts violently with water
Forms explosive mixture with water
When mixed with water, generates toxic gases,
fumes or vapours
Reacts at a standard temperature or pressure
TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 7
Que.8 What are the physical properties of SW?
Ans: Physical characteristics of solid waste:
1. Specific weight or weight of waste per unit volume.
2. Particle size and size distribution
3. Field capacity/percentage of moisture in wet solid.
Field capacity: It is defined as total amount of moisture held
in a waste matter under gravity. It is important as it controls
the rate of leachate generation and permeability.
Que.9 List the chemical properties of solid waste and their
constituents.
Ans: 1. Lipids:
This class of compounds includes fats, oils and grease, and the
principal sources of lipids are garbage, cooking oils and fats.
Lipids have high heating values, about 38,000 kJ/kg (kilojoules per
kilogram), which makes waste with high lipid content suitable for
energy recovery.
Since lipids become liquid at temperatures slightly above ambient,
they add to the liquid content during waste decomposition.
Though they are biodegradable, the rate of biodegradation is
relatively slow because lipids have a low solubility in water.
2. Carbohydrates
These are found primarily in food and yard wastes, which
encompass sugar and polymer of sugars (e.g., starch, cellulose,
etc.) with general formula (CH2O)x.
Carbohydrates are readily biodegraded to products such as
carbon dioxide, water and methane. Decomposing carbohydrates
attract flies and rats, and therefore, should not be left exposed for
long duration.
3. Proteins
These are compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and
nitrogen, and consist of an organic acid with a substituted amine
group (NH2).
They are mainly found in food and garden wastes. The partial
decomposition of these compounds can result in the production of
amines that have unpleasant odours.
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Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 8
4. Natural fibres
These are found in paper products, food and yard wastes and
include the natural compounds, cellulose and lignin, that are
resistant to biodegradation. (Note that paper is almost 100%
cellulose, cotton over 95% and wood products over 40%.)
5. Synthetic organic material (Plastics)
Accounting for 1 – 10%, plastics have become a significant
component of solid waste in recent years.
They are highly resistant to biodegradation and, therefore, are
objectionable and of special concern in WM.
Hence the increasing attention being paid to the recycling of
plastics to reduce the proportion of this waste component at
disposal sites.
6. Non-combustibles
This class includes glass, ceramics, metals, dust and ashes, and
accounts for 12 – 25% of dry solids.
7. Heating value
An evaluation of the potential of waste material for use as fuel for
incineration requires a determination of its heating value, expressed
as kilojoules per kilogram (kJ/kg).
The heating value is determined experimentally using the Bomb
calorimeter test, in which the heat generated, at a constant
temperature of 25C from the combustion of a dry sample is
measured.
Since the test temperature is below the boiling point of water
(1000C), the combustion water remains in the liquid state.
Que.10 Describe impact of solid waste on Health and environment
briefly.
Ans: Impacts of solid waste on health
Low birth weight
Cancer
Neurological disease
Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in
the rivers. This is
TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 9
Harmful for human health.
Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation.
Nausea and vomiting
Increase in hospitalization of diabetic resident living near
waste site
Impacts of solid waste on Environment.
Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, which
causes greenhouse gas.
Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to
waste biodegradable
Due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a
process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water
and contaminating them
Que.11 State the solid waste management techniques in briefly.’
Ans: A SWM system refers to a combination of various functional
elements associated with the management of solid wastes.
(i)Waste generation: Wastes are generated at the start of any
process, and thereafter, at every stage as raw materials are
converted into goods for consumption.
(ii)Waste storage: Storage is a key functional element
because collection of wastes never takes place at the
source or at the time of their generation.
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Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 10
(iii) Waste collection: This includes gathering of wastes and hauling
them to the location, where the collection vehicle is emptied,
which may be a transfer station (i.e., intermediate station where
wastes from smaller vehicles are transferred to larger ones and also
segregated), a processing plant or a disposal site.
(iv) Transfer and transport: This functional element involves the
transfer of wastes from smaller collection vehicles, where necessary
to overcome the problem of narrow access lanes, to larger ones at
transfer stations; the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually
over long distances, to disposal sites.
(v) Processing: Processing is required to alter the physical and
chemical characteristics of wastes for energy and resource
recovery and recycling. The important processing techniques
include compaction, thermal volume reduction, manual separation
of waste components, incineration and composting
(Vi) Recovery and recycling: This includes various techniques,
equipment and facilities used to improve both the efficiency of
disposal system and recovery of usable material and energy.
Recovery involves the separation of valuable resources from the
mixed solid wastes, delivered at transfer stations or processing
plants.
(vii) Waste disposal: Disposal is the ultimate fate of all solid wastes,
be they residential wastes, semi-solid wastes from municipal and
industrial treatment plants, incinerator residues, composts or other
substances that have no further use to the society. Thus, land use
planning becomes a primary determinant in the selection, design
and operation of landfill operations.
Que.12 State the factors affecting solid waste generation.
Ans: Factors affecting generation of MSW:
1. Living standard
2. Rate of generation of waste
3. Population growth
4. Improper guidance
5. Lack of awareness
6. Industrialization growth etc.
TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 11
Que.13 Explain solid waste management hierarchy.
Ans: Solid waste management hierarchy
The main aim of waste hierarchy is to generate minimum
amount of waste and obtain maximum benefits from
products.
Following are the various stages in SWM Hierarchy:
1. Prevention: preventing the use of such raw material in
production which produces maximum solid waste and
selecting the alternative raw materials.
2. Minimization: if such alternative raw materials are less
possible then minimize the use of raw materials producing
more waste by implementing different techniques.
3. Reuse: it is the next desirable option in which materials
some materials are repeatedly used again and again for
same purpose.
4. Recycle: In this stage collection, sorting of recyclable
products is done and then they are manufactured into new
products.
5. Recovery: in this stage the recoverable materials are
processed which includes activities like recycling and
composting.
6. Disposal: It is the last option and should be considered
after all other possible actions to recover that waste matter. It
may includes incineration, dumping.
TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 12
Que.14 State organizational setup of Solid waste Management
(SWM) administration.
Ans: Organizational setup of Solid waste Management (SWM)
administration:
Que.15 Explain present scenario of collection of MSW.
Ans: Present scenario of collection of MSW.
No bins for storage of domestic, trade or institutional waste
are kept at source.
Very few people keep personal bins for storage of waste. The
percentage of these people is very insignificant.
Most of the situations domestic waste as well as waste from
shops, offices and establishment including hospitals, nursing homes,
hotels, restaurants, garden etc. come on the street or is disposed of
open plot or even discharge in the drains. Its result is clogging of
drains, pollution of water resources and increasing insanitary
condition in urban areas.
Hence there is no practice of storing the waste at sources in
scientifically segrated way.
Citizens have not been educated to keep domestic, trade
and institutional bins for storage of waste at source.
TY CIVIL Sixth Sem
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre 13
For Details contact:
Mr. V.S. kumbhar
HOD
Civil Department,
Sanjay Ghodawat Polytechnic, Atigre.
Mob. No.: 7798306363
Ph. No.: 0230 -246312
Email ID: [email protected]