Dimitrios Stamatopoulos, From Millets to Minorities

7/27/2019 Dimitrios Stamatopoulos, From Millets to Minorities

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254 DimitriosStamatopoulos

gven he c cec c n beh he On e] whch dd n nece-y ee ecgnn he Ohdx Aenn Pche nnzedechn he On e , n den e, bc eg ene4.

Te cnce he e n he On Ee eqeny ed ne ne n h-c nye (chey he he Bkn hghe) beween beng dened cy eg cny ecgnzed by he On e nd beng eeed e e ned ehnc-eg whe whch n e hn cned hed whch eeged he nn g whch d c dng he 19hceny e en5. In ey, h cnn eeced n nby denehe e he e e hcy whn he ewk he On egye. F h ndn, he eed de by Benjn Bde6, ced d-ng he 1980, wee gnd-bekng, hey nked he e he cnce wh he hyhe vege, eed hve been wded by On h-

y hee eg g dng he cene he On cnqe. Tehnng ny hee vege fe he c by he c neec ee he nn g whch dng he 19h nd 20h cene wee cng nenhnced degee c nd c e-gvennce wd gge h he n-nzn he e w cy ehng bengng xey hee ed7.

Bde ced h he e he e millet, e n he ce he Geek-Oh-dx n, de n ee hn he 19h ceny. Hweve, ee h he eedy eed n he On e engy dng he 18h ceny.Oc O-

n dcen he 16h he 18h cene ey he cnce he taife k-rlerin, .e. g nn-beeve, dene Ohdx n h ce ndehe jdcn he Ecenc Pche. I w n h he Ohdx -n be cndeed he n g nn-beeve, gven h hey geyed n nbe he nn-M ehnc-eg g, ch he Aen-n nd he Jew. Nnehee, nden cnce hf k ce nd 1700.Te Pch Cnnne n nge e n he c beratcbed h Pch he nn-beeve, b Pch he Romaioi (Ohdx, yGeek-eke, nhbn he Ee). Te e h e he begnnng he 18h ceny eeny eed he wy he ndcn he eRum millet( millet-i Rum), .e. he eg g Romaioi (Romioi), eceen hee e taife krlerin8. Meve he e e hd been ebhed bee he19h ceny n de decbe he cny Jew he Ee9.

Te ence he e n c cncde wh he cncen nceed we he Pche Cnnne ( we he edeh he he e),whch w decy cnneced wh he y dee he On Ee n hew wh Hbg A, eng n he ee Kwz (1699) nd Pw-z (1718) we wh he ence nhe ge nen he Nh, R.In Inb, he e new c c wh en c nd c nence,he Phn, w cy cneqence h e hc deveen10. TGeek-ekng ccy, degcy gheed nd he Pche nd execng


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FromMilletstoMinoritiesinthe19th-CenturyOttomanEmpire 255

Citizenship and Minorities

h cec nd cvc ncn, nged cn he n eden he Dnbe Pnce nd ccy n n he On dn-n. I wd e h he Phn, c g gneeng he nennce On egcy n bde-e v he ee, nd he nence hey hd ve

nen c e, y be cndeed enbe he denn he Ohdxe Rum.

Accdngy, he be denng he e millet n en ndcn On c engy y ve e n denng cnen. Sy, h en h he en we ee eng n he On eg ye,we knw h he e he cncn n nen hechy ehnc-ngcgng h ce hd deveed. Te Geek Ohdx n, eeenedchey by he Phn ee nd he hghe Ohdx cegy, gdy cqed geec nd c we nd d he gndwk ng wn (y) c-

ednnce ve he he Ohdx ee he Bkn enn, ySv b Md-vchn nd Abnn. Te ce he R-kh W he end he 18h ceny (1768-1774, 1788-1792) cnbed h deve-en: Chene he Ge de R he ec he Ohdx n he Ee nd gve he ny en ecnc deveen he ngbge eeen he Geek enn11.

I wd bby be nchnc cnde he c hegeny he Geek-ekng echn nd becc eeen n exen e -nn (n ccdnce wh Hbbw12), cnceve he deny he v

ehnc-ngc g whch n c exed whn he e de he n-n whch wee e he evn he 19h ceny (ccdng AnhnySh13). Hweve, he e-enence he Geek-ekng Ohdx cegy nd hec dnnce n he 18h ceny he Phn ceed he en evey ey evny ng (eeny he cneqence chn evene n n by he Fench Revn), b whch necey ned gn he e- de he ny ewk whn whch he bve-enned c g cdedce he c dnnce. T n c dd n even he Ohdxee he Bkn cnng Geek Ohdx c dnnce n -eden he wn ce nn e-wene. Nneeenh-ceny Seb ndBgn neec, exe, vewed he veen by he Pche n Cn-nne n 1766-67 bh he ch-dcee Pe nd Ohd (hc cene he edev Sebn nd he Bgn kngd, eecvey)14 ve whched gn he nn en he ee, whe he Rnn he b he den nn deny n n eveyhng eeened byhe Phn ede, wh cned he hne he Dnbe Pnce ehn ceny (1711-1821).

Te 19h ceny wd eve he e nen en ehnc-ngcg n he ce he dnn M eeen: bh Ab M (cydng he ed when Pn-I hed wy he eenen degy he O-n e) we Abnn nn wd be ced by even dnce he-


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eve nd ne nn veen whch n he end ned gn heny he On Ee.

Te ey 19h ceny w ked by he bek he Sebn Revn (1804) ndhen he Geek Revn (1821), n cneqence whch he On Ee wd he e ce knw he henenn he ecen Een een ncded ng dn nen (ke R nd A), b whch cn-ed new e ene, ndeenden n. T ce, ke he eeexeced by Engnd (chey) n e he ncce e by he On qech he Rev Mhed A n Egy en he Ee ke -n Ween dc ( dec e h ee wd be he Ang-O-n de Pc 1838), ed new he e whch hve bece knwnn hy he nz e. Te chngc ng-n hee e cndeed be he ng he e decee H- e n1839, whch cnned

decn eqy, eed, nd ny by whch he On e bnd e e nn-M bjec. Tee decn wee eeed edey wnghe end he Cen W n he decee H- Hyn (Ie Rec)n 1856 cneqence he e ebhed by he P Cneence15.

B, beynd he nence nn evn he begnnng he nz e-, whch eced he chce he e, ne ndend he nce he e necey ndend he deveen he ech e, hehe new enh ceed ehe beween whn e. Te Geek W Inde-endence eed n he ce he d Phn wd. Te Phn e wee

ehe edced ceed nd ege de he e bnd he Ee(e eed n Md-Vch). Te ence cnceed he Phn- v--v he Geek evn ed he On e-dene he veged nwhch he R e hd cced n he c ge n h e. T en hen he he e n he Ee w cy ved, n c h he Aenn: n c, dng he decde he 19h ceny Aenn ney-chnge, he edsaras, cqed eecy ge nence, becng nvved n hece x b-cncng, n ce cen wh M c16.

Menwhe, hweve, he e ce ceed ceng endence whn he eheeve: n he ce he R e, hee eed he e, eecy fe he1840, nn veen (ney, he Bgn) whch ced n ny ee n-n eny b he ndeendence ee/h cn by he Pche Cnnne. A he e e, n he d he ved (n e ene) Aenne, hee eed ceng endence, exe he ecgnn he e Chc e, whe be w ced y he Aenn Chc Inb. Indeed, he ede,Ykb Cxen, w ecgnzed n 1835 Pch(he Chc e w edy ebhed n 1831 nde he nence eecy heFench eby Inb), wh he cneqence h he Aenn e, n cnwh he Ohdx ne, ndewen ce dnge decncn17.

A he e ye, n 1835, he Ohdx e cnned e n nve:he ch Cnn II w ced egn nd Geg VI w eeced n h


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ce cegyn we-ded wd he Rn c nd cned by he GeLghee he Pche, Nk Ach ( wh eebeng h he w Aenn gn). T chnge n he ch hne w edey cnnecedwh he enghenng he On Ee cn n he Dnbn Pnce

fe he whdw he Rn y ( h cd n hen wh he cnen R) nd en he dnnce he -Rn wng n he Pche ve-ye ed.

Tee w endence ecgnzbe n he hc deveen he w ge -e, he ne eve (he ce gdng/dwngdng n en hedegee egcy hey ced v--v On hy) nd he he ece (he ence ceng endence whch wd ed he Sn ec-gnn new e) e vey n ndendng he deen b he e e, he deveen n whch he nz e nd

he. Pecey nbe n he Aenn e ceed he en he nnzng bh he Pen nd he Chc e, he bek- he Ohdx e eed n he cen nnzed chche (he Geek Chchn 1850, he Sebn n 1879, he Rnn n 1885, nd ny, fe ce cn-nn, he Bgn n 1945). In he dd ene, h ce begn wh hedecn he Geek Chch ceh n 1833, decn ed by heEngh nd Fench ebe c he Ohdx cegy he newy-ed Geeke Rn nence, whch hey cndeed he Ecenc Pche be bee. B he e eed ecgnze he Geek Aceh Chch 17

ye

18

. A ce n beween he w de w ny eched n 1850, b hecncen de by he Pche ved decve deveen n he 19h cen-y: nn ecen he Ee nw cy ened he ebhen nn chche.

Te Jewh e w, , nenced by he e ce, nd we gh y h n w enhnced wng he chc decde he 1820.

Hweve he ven bek he Jne n 1826 nd he exenn cenJew, wh hd been cbng wh he, eeened de he Jewh c-ny Inb b he he egn he On dnn. Mny Jewh

deen, ende (bnke) nd e hd deveed nw ecnc bnd whhe ebe he Jne de. Te dn he Jne ndened e-y he Jewh bn ee we nd cned cve ddvnge heJewh bnke gn he n ecnc ce, he Aenn.

In ny ce he ce nz nd he eenn e be ecnc -cy wed he Jewh bnke ecve he we, edy he begnnng he decde 1830. Ang he, Abh Cnd, w he dnn ge19.

A ede he enghenng he Jewh e w he ecgnn n-n eence, nd he enceen ye nen cen. Me eccy,n 1835 hee w ceed by e decee (ferman) he nk Hhb, .e., CheRbb20. In ey, he Pe gve nn he Jewh e he e,


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ecgnzng ned whe Jew n he Ee. A he ey cene heEe (1453-1526), when he nk Che Rbb he Jewh cny Cn-nne hd been cknwedged, he Jewh e hd neve been y n-nzed eny, dee he c h he On Ee hd been genne hee,

eecy he Sehdc Jewh he Iben Penn, wh ny eved n hedeghc nd c eve ve he he Jew cne n he ge bn cen-e he Ee (Inb, Adne, Snc, Syn)21.

K In w he n he ney he ecgnn he Chcnd he Jewh e, hgh he w n be nee ceny22. Acyn 1834-5 ne nevenn he On e beved (e ece-y: deen nee g he edng On enne) n he dnvece he hee e whch cn be decbed w: n neeence ndehe Ohdx e wh he nen new ch we-ded R;

eve wekenng he Aenn ne hgh he ecgnn he Chc e(veen h hd he v he Ge Een Chc Pwe, ke Fnce ndA, nd w ed by we Aen-Chc e, ch he Dzn);nd, ny, he enghenng he cen n he Jewh e wh he nnn Hhb.

Tee veen cd be neeed cneqence he ey Hnk Ikee(1833) nd he ncee he Rn nence n he nen he Ee. Wecd ndeed hd h he w nevenn ced eed veen e-gdng he : he he -Rn wng he Pche nde Nk

Ach (we-ded Hev , ne y , wh ed n ne-gng he Rn-On ey), hd hve been ced wh cned he Aenn e, n whch w necey dcge -Rn nd engh-en -Ween end, nd wh he n ye cen n he Jewh -e, whee he eeen een he Sehdc eeen, wd cne nhenwe n exceve deveen he Rn E ch.

The VenTureof oTTomanism

Te nnnceen he H- Hyn n Feby 1856 ked he ec-nd, e n ed e n he On e. cen exen, hee decee w he e cncen he On Ee hd been ceed ke fe he end he Cen W23, wh he bjec nzng he by he neeence by R n he Ee nen .

Te decve e yed by Fnce nd Engnd, nd cy by he Engh Ab-d n Inb, Ld Sd Cnnng de Redc, n bhng he decee, ed nny ece he Ee ng negng dvnge he P Cneence (Mch1856), b he ng-e excn R ye nevenn.O ce, we knw, dee n he Cen W cnbed chnged gnen he Rn Ee: he cy deendng Ohdx n he OnEe, whch he vc w Chene he Ge hd ebhed n he 18h


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ceny, w wed by ebcng he bc n he Pn-Svc veen ndhe deene he Svc ee he Bkn enn, cy he Bgn24.

On he he hnd, n eeenve he On c ge, ch Mehe En nd Keeczde Mehed Fd , hd nded he nece-y e. Bh wee neec decendn M Re , ede he nz ed, whch hd been nged by he decn H- e n1839. Te bc h bh decee, nd n c h H- Hyn25, whe enghenng cndn eqy bee he w nd eg ence czen he ee, M nd nn-M ke. In ddn, he H- Hyngneed he ey he ve, ne, nd hn. B wen ne e he:ng he hgenzn he ee n hgh he ebhen new dnve nn nd he cncn new On deny (h whe bc g he degc e On, dened wh he nz

e), ed he egnzn eg cne (he e). In c, c-cdng ecnd ce, whch cned he vdy he vege h hd beengned he Pch Cnnne by v n n he 26, ew hen ec ebe nde he evn he Sbe Pe. Te e-be wd dc he necey ng hee vege, nd he ndcn heeqed e de he ce he e, whch (sc. e) e nd heg en nd cvzn dend27.

A Rdec Dvn h vey ghy ned, he e decee 1856 w chce-zed by ne een cndcn (d): whe ned n he hee eqy

ng On bjec, eecve he egn, he e e eeved hee ye bc gnzng nce On cey28. Whe he ce heeg c w heecy beng dne wy wh n he ce he cnnybed eqy bjec, he e cqed eg bnce, cndng he deen-n he ee n n e.

T cndcn y ny be exned by he c h e n he One wee wy he e c chce de by he hghe echen29.T he cndn eed he egnzn he e edeh c-e. T e w en nce, w necey cn he en bywhch he e wd be eceved by he ee n. F h en, wew ee n wh w, he nevenn he On n he Ohdx e hd heg cnng he eenence he edeh cce dened gee ee exen wh he cy e.

Te g egnzng he e, ng he vege whch hd beenccded he whehe dnve, jdc, edcn w nnzehe ndcn he y eeen n he ngeen he e nnce, we ene cn ng he hghe cegy n he vnc egn (eecyn he ce he Ohdx e)30. Wh eec he ennce y ndvd, hehe he e w exend he c On n he nne c-e ech e, whe ney ng he en he c ndeg ed (cbe he en chch nd e n Ween Ee)31


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by en en nd e de, nd cneqeny he edcn he jdcn he hghe-nkng ebe he cegy32. A he edcn henen cn n he he vnc bh, whch ny b-dened he Svc-ekng n nd ccened he be ced by he

dend Bgn nn ecen, he e g w even newnevenn by R n he nen he On Ee.

A egd he Ohdx e, he Nn (ney, Me-) Aeby (Ethnosinelef-si, n Geek) ced n een he vn he H- Hyn k ce 1858-1860. Te e w he cn cnn ex h h enedknwn he Gene Regn. Te ce ncded wee ed by he SbePe, 1860-1862, b n n chnge k ce: he ddn he ce n.8 he F Regn cncenng he Eecn he Pch, whch vded he Sb-e Pe gh excde he eec ce en he dd n ke.

Encen he Gene Regn eed he eg nevenn eeen-ve Ne-Phn cce (e whch bed he d Phn fe heend Geek Revn) nd he ng c (echn nd bnke) n ngnghe e he Pche. Fy, he Regn vded he n he Nn Mxed Cnc, n gn n whch he y wd ce (8 yenwh 4 cec ebe he Hy Synd), ndeke he dng he ecnc nddnve ncnng he Pche. A he e e, new ye Hy Syndw enced n w, n whch he e nd bh n he Pche evce wdce n ng b. T en dng wy wh he d ege Gen

.e. h dnve ye whch hd bned n he Pche n he d-19h ceny nd whch n eence gve he by he Synd bh (he Gen-e) c-e n cnce wh he Pch33. In ny ce, he n e cn-cened he egn cn by he y n he ce eecng he Pch,even hgh n he (.e., eecn he ndvd wh wd bece Pchng hee cndde) ened nde he cn he Hy Synd34.

Sney, he e wng dcy ed he e gd, bh n he ce eecng he Pch nd n he dnn he Pche, he bene he Ne-Phn nd he bge echn nd bnke. Te ede he gd

Inb hd yed decve e n he eecn ch ey he d-18hceny, n e fen beng cned by we Phn.

Ye behnd he cy deced bjecve, hee wee w bc ee n he -n he e: ) he edcn Rn egn cy whnhe Ecenc Pche (.e., he gnzn he Ge Lghee, NkAche) nd b) he venng he bnce n v he Ne-Phn ewh wee -Ween nd ed e n he On e (nd wh wee ce-y bnd Sehn Vgd, Ne-Phn Bgn gn, nd eeexen, Inn Pych, he Sev he nd Ch).

B he nce he Gene Regn n he n h new ced ved be cy, he e dd n hen wh he nnc ecng


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he Pche ncnng vded n he e g. Te y hehghe-nkng cegy w cy n he g On ee.Wh he eenn h ee he Pe g wee: ) e cnn eccec e ee nd he nce bh, bby n eeng

wn nnc need; b) n he Ohdx cegy n cv evn he One n de he c cve, nd c) y cendng Bgndend, whch ed ece deenn he nce bh n de ene he henenn hevy xn n vnc n.

Bh he cnevve we he e wng he Nn Aeby eed een he y chee nd ed he n gn, n c ecce-c x, wh he wng deence ev bhc nce: ) w ney enen, nd b) w n, b bed n he n echvnce nd n n h he n he Ee whe. T w cee ex-

ee bnce n he dbn we n he cecn h ecc x.Te cndn he new ye bh enen wd y he b heh exnn e e cene ehey. Cneqeny, cn-ed cc en n he e veen. Nevehee, he en whch ed e n eenng h ecc Regn (ne exhbed by he vncbh nd e he Ede, neq dbn n ng he n he vnce, ecn by c nbe h wee eed he deveen h-nhc nd edcn ndn, nd nn ngn) eed n he de-en he Pche nnce nd he gnen he Pe, n he

hen-Pch Shn nd he Hy Synd, he gh cec he n he e. T cn ced h he ecn n ny he -cec wng b ge n he ee we, ed by S. Khed; w he ce -ng nce gn he e evewng he Gene Regn35.

B he n be nen ny h he edeh he e hd de wh w he Bgn ne. Te Nn Aeby 1858-1860 w he ny he Bgn nn veen dy n he P-che. Te dend Bgn nn he cen n n nnchch ( dend whch hd ed wng weny ye c ceneed ndhe e Chch Svc n he gy ned ncen Geek, nd n he cen ch ech Bgn) e he n he Pche w bc en:, nce nn e hd n edy been ed, w n be ecgnzen ceh nn chch n ngy wh Geece, Seb, nd Rn. Andecndy, w n be w eccec he he e h (.e., hePche nd he Exche) c-ex whn he e ey; .e., w bh he e h cd n c-ex whn he e cy36.

Afe he ce ne e edn beween he w de dng he1860, hee cended he Pch hne w Pch, Geg VI (1867-1871), knwn h -Rn yhe, nd Anh VI (1871-1873), bh -ng bcy ce n. B e ce ced nde heee he exee nnc wng he w de. T, n Feby 1870, he


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Sbe Pe ed n ebhng he Bgn Exche. Te Pche e-ed cce he decee, nd n Seebe 1872 ned Lc Synd he O-n c, n whch he ccn he Pche Aexnd nd Anch ced, we he Achbh Cy (Ky, he Pch Jee,

eed ce). Te Lc Synd n ny ennced he Exche nd -e, b wh ced he Heey Ehnhye, ney Nn. B h enncn cned he degc eve Ecen he dnn de-gy he Pche, gned he begnnng enghy ngn beweenGeek nd Bgn n he On ee he ezn he yexcve de. I eecy neeng h he cnc w n cndced ccd-ng nn e b ccdng eg ne: n beween Geek nd Bgn,b beween e he Pche nd e he Exche.

Deveen n h n eed n he en he edeh ee he Geek

Ohdx cny Inb n he b w enve ege: ) dec -n he Pn-v dnge nd wd h e he cen n ncebeween Geek nd On. Te degc h egc nce, ndwhch he e edeh ee ed e, ened knwn Heen-On(he vey ce ndcng e w he e e n e gnzebh cec nd y eeen whn he Pche h wee decy nence by R-n egn cy37 nd b) ecnd, he egy cy dee cncen heBgn n db en wh R. Bh hee ege wee n c he deveen he vew h hd been exeed dng he ev ed byhe e nd -cec wng, eecvey.

In ny ce, wd be ke be he Pche c Geek nn-, ee he dnn he e n n he dend he he Bkn nn ne vey e en: he g whch eedwhn nd whch ceed edeh wee hed by he cen nnzedchche38.

In he ce he Gegn Aenn he dnnce he y eeen, he amiras,( e gven by he Sn he ng c Aenn, bnke c, wh weenncy cnneced he Sbe Pe) n he eecn Pch w he ndd

n 1846. Re hd he chce bngng n qen he ecedence heney-chnge () by new y we, whch e nd gh edbn n hee cy ngeen39. In he vnce An wh Aenn n, w eqen henenn he we c nbe cbe whebe he On e chne n jny exng he c (cheyn egd xn)40. In ny ce, whn he edeh ee he Aenn y Inb hee eed he e dchy h whn he Geek Ohdx c-ny h y, beween c bgee, echn, nd bnke (wh weeengged n ecn ehe by nng ney he On bc ec cve dec, by ndekng ke vbe On c nd che x- n he Ac nd Een vnce41, nd nbe he we -c wh hed cv evce n n he On e chne. B h n,


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cec (chey evvng nd he Pch Jch II nd Jch III), wh c-ceeded n gdy wekenng he v cec, .e. he wh wee cned by hed Ne-Phn e. B he ec ne he c cnc ng hev g cegy ndened he eny dc chce he en

h begn wh he Nn Aeby 1858-60 nd w cned by he SbePe wh he ecgnn he ex he Gene Regn. T en h n n-n dned by he y cd be nded bede he Hy Synd, b he ccqen he eecn he Pch wd be ef he Hy Synd dcen.

In he ce he Aenn, by cn, he neny he cnnn beweenhe nd he new c h hd wn c eeenn hgh hee eed n he denve ebhen he y dnnce hgh H-Hyn en 1856. Indeed, n 1860, fe w ee by he cn-evve nd he ceg y wee ejeced, n n Aenn Nn Cn-

n (Azgayin Sahmanadrutiwun Hayoc) w ny geed n, nd hen cned byhe Sbe Pe n 1863. Accdng he Cnn, he w cecve nnceed dng he dy Pch Mhe ened n en, b bh hey ndhe eecn he Pch wee bjec he dcen Nn Aeby whch he y de n vewheng jy (ny 20 140 eeenvewee cegyen). Te nbe y eeenve ncded Aenn bh I-nb (80) nd he ge ce he vnce (40). Te e wee eeced v yd ce (h , by eec he eve he nhye nd he kz hewy h he Vye. In cn wh he Geek Ohdx ye, h cew ed ny n he eecn new Pch, n n deenng he eeenn

vnc n n he cecve xed bdy (exce n he dy Pch Ge-g VI, when w ced excvey y ebe) h ncned n n-n check n he Hy Synd. Teee, he eny dc ne he en he Ohdx e w eeed n h eve we. In he ce he Aenn,he eeenn he vnce, hgh hee w e, w n ne hee deghc bekdwn: he 90% he n h ved n he vncew eeened by bey 2/7 he eeenve n he Aenn Nn Aeby.Ye he vnc cnc, whch wee nded, ce, e he Vye Lw(1864), ncned n hn n bh he Geek Ohdx nd he Aenn

Gegn e, nce hey ed nbe ncn v he vv heeecve cne (bh x-eed nd dnve)46.

Dvn beeve h he On y nended egnze he w ge -e, .e. he Geek nd he Aenn, n he ce he Jewh e, he Che Rbbdd n nd he ge eccec hechy dd he Geek Ohdx ndAenn Gegn Pch. Rhe, n he ce he Jewh e, he we ndde he Che Rbb (Hahamba) Inb wee cy exnded by he Reg-n 1834, whch de h, we hve een, he ede Jew n he Ee.Te bjec he en nde de w he edcn he de he cegy.A n he Ohdx e, he ee wee ed by we bnke, n h ceAbh Cnd47. Cnd ed whn he Jewh e, ng he eecn w e Che Rbb n he 1860: Ykv Avgd (1860-63) nd Yk Gen


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(1863-71). In cn wh he Nn Aeby cnvened by he Ohdx, hweve,he Gene Regn he Rbbne (Hahamhane Nizamnamesi) geed n byhe Jewh e n 1865, hvng cnn he hc c bh he exnn he Che Rbb we nd he dnnce he Inb yngge ve he

he n he Ee, ebhed he cn he y n e dc hn.Ney, he Che Rbb wd be eeced n ny by he cce he bb, bby xed cnvenn cnng 20 bb, 60 y eeenve Inb, ndnhe 40 y eeenve he vnce. Ye hee Regn wee neve yeened, nd he cnevve ve ee he ee Che Rbb exndedwe n he ey 20h ceny48.

Teee, when ncveng he e nd deence beween he Geek Oh-dx nd Jewh ce, we ne h hee, n cn wh he Aenn e(whee we w he gd decne he bnke), he g bnke wh en-

deved e he c ecy hgh he e en ndcn gnd. B he deh he dc deed de he we n he Ohdx cegy. Whe he cnevve he Jewh e hd ded hec n ng he exnn he Che Rbb we, n he ce he R e, Jch II (1860-1863), he chen cndde he bnke cce,de e bnce he cnevve c nce wh he en he exec-n he -nd-cng bgee, nd he de ch cen wh henee h e.

The DissoluTionof empire: frommilleTsTo minoriTies

Ye he cncn he On endev, whch ed he bek he Eenc nd he cendnce Abd Hd he On hne n 1876, gned dc chnge n he een he d e. Te be eny h exe-enced by he Ee nn-M n, cnng n he On cn-n ndced by Gnd Vze Mdhd n 1876, ced ng wh he bwhe Ee ned he R-kh w he nex ye. Te gd gen-n he Ee new nd, wng he cen Bgn nn-e n heb he ey Sn Sen nd he Cnge Ben, nzed he On eeenn ny e h gh hve ed he ncn he Chnee he Bkn Penn. Abd Hd Pn-I, egc he Ee M n ce gehe, nw bece he dnn nndegy, nd ened n he Yng k Revn (1908)49.

T new ewk deney eced he n he nn-M e. A heOhdx e, he new ege n gh vege: bh n 1883-84 ndn 1891, he On gvenen dended he ne we evy cedby he Pche Cnnne he On e. Seccy, he Pchegh djdce he ce e cced c he hn deedw bgh n qen. And e ny, he On e geed he e-ve ny enjyed by he Geek Ohdx cne n he e ngnghe wn edcn nd cve. Ahgh he Pche eed n bh ce nd


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nged ve h deveen, he On Ee Mne Jce ndEdcn begn gdy ece he Mny he Fegn A che neg- he vege ccded he Geek Ohdx n. I neeng neh w vey gncn even cced dng h ed. Fy, whn he hghe

echen he Ohdx cegy, hee eed beween he wh yhzedwh nnc de nd he wh ned n eevng he Pche ecen-c chce (n cc e, h en nnng bdge wh he Rn ndwh he he Svc ee he Bkn). An exen dvde cendng hnen ne eed h jnce, ney cnnn beween he cn he Ohdx cegy h beeved n he ecenc de, nd heee he eev-n he e de, nd he cn h cndned he eden ce h heGeek e hd e n n wh c ev n he e 19h ceny. Acy,h e cn w eey ced he g gnzed n ee decde by ce-c deenden n he bnke ney, Jch II nd Jch III.

Jch III eecy bece ybc ge he Pche, h gn -cenn he ecenc hne n 1878 h deh n 1912, whe evng h ecnde Pch. I hd be ned h he Pch c ec, GegZ, eveny bece he en bnke Abd Hd he, hvng cqedeend nence ve he ecnc e he Ee. Te Jch III d-ng h e Pch n 1883-84 w e he ece n execed bynn cce ecng he On e e chenge he Pchevege. F 1884 1901, he Geek Eby nd e n Cnnneevened Jch beng eed he Pch hne, beevng h h -c vew ved he vv he Ee e hn he exnn he Geek e50.Hweve, fe he Gec-kh w 1897, whch ved -ed he Geek, ndhe nceng enn beween Geek Ohdx nd Bgn n n he Mc-ednn e, he Geek Eby cnened he e-eecn Jch III (1901). Oce, he Pch c enn hd chnged, he nw w h he bendhe hd eed cheve dng h e hgh he degc de Ec-enc w nw encneng n: he eevn he Ee negyw vey dc ecnce wh Pn-Ohdx cy, whch wd ce vhe ed Rn nence whn he On e.

Te nen dvn he Ohdx e, he ge ne he Ee, w n nyheghened by he e nn nd he cen nn-e n nd eybengng he Ee, b by he ce he Ohdx wd, nw h e chn, R, hd chnged c enn.

Te e c nenced deveen n he Aenn e. Te dync ne-venn R, wh decn w n he On Ee, knded he he Aenn h he be he wn nn cndn gh be ved, j hd been ved he Bkn ee. Ye he exenve gn Aennn he c A Mn, nd he cexence he Aenn wh hdened n he nd hc Aen (eecy ween e) wh neg k nd Kd, de he be cy hny. Te Aenn b-


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gee w ceed hgh he Ee bn cene, Inb Syn C Aexnd, whch endeed be he k gnzng c gend ben n whch he c e nd n cd be nced. Ine cnde, hee, he cnevve c e he Aenn cegy, wh

ned n w cndc wd he On gvenen, ce why Aende n ce dend nn ben n he d-19h ceny (h y -he exn he neny he dcn n he Aenn e egdng he -n new e: he edbn we ng he ng ee ced egncnce hn n he he e)51.

In he ey 1860, he n ev Zen n 1862 (vked by he g-n M he nccn egn h hd j been cnqeed by R, we by he ghe Chn Mne n Lebnn h ye), w he ee ev nd even e ey c ve ng ecen he

Ee. Nevehee, ch ve ened gn n 1876: he Aenn (ndGg Odn n c) cvey ced n he n he Cnn 1876. Te R-kh w 1877-78 w n ny wged n he Bkn, b n Ween An. Te Rn y nvded Ween Aen, whee Aenn -n wee he ecy kh, Ccn, nd Kdh eg. R, bed nhe ey Sn Sen, nnexed K, Adhn, B, Ahke, nd Byzd, whehe Rn y exended y n he enng egn Ween Aen nhe On e ke e c eqy exeed n he Cnn 1876. Te Cnge Ben, whch veed Rn cy n he ndn Ge Bg, ced R de he egn Ahke nd Byzd,

we he vnce Ween Aen, nd dd n even enn he -by he ndn e-n Aenn ey (fe he exe Lebnn), n v whch n Aenn n ed by he e Pch InbKhn eed ge.

R y nevenn n Ween Aen nceed Sn Abd Hddee wh he Aenn, ng wh he cd ee -Rn enen n-ceng. Afe , he dnn degy Pn-I ef n we,ndeenden Chn n neng he cncn beween OnM nd he M n he Cc nd Cen A (whch wee

kh decen). S he g he 1880, execed by y e Cc-n nd Kd nd gnzed by he gvenen Sn Abd Hd II (he veyg whch hd vked he cen Aenn y e-deene g),eked n he 1890 wh he ge ce 1895-96. Te en ndn nAenn e n Ann ey wd c db n he ny egn whee d-en kh nn deny cd be cnced (eecy fe he gn kh nd he M n he Bkn nd he Cc). Te nbe vc hee ce nced n he x vnce Ween Aen cced beween 100,000 nd 200,000, b we hd n ge he hnd wh weeced ege Ee, he USA, nd he Abn enn; h w eeyegng he gencde 1915. J Abd Hd ce n 1895 wee nedby he Pn-Ic de, nd gned c nd c ng he n


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kh decen h hd been exeed he Bkn nd he Cc, he gen-cde 1915 deved c egcy he degy Pn-k n-dced by Zy Gk52, nd c new wve egee, yeng he nnexn Bn-Hezegvn by he A-Hngn Ee

n 1908 nd he Bkn W n 1912-13. Te enhe he Yng k Revnn 1908 e-knded e he cen beween k nd Aenn, nd heen d e eg nd c eqy. Tee he qcky exed(wh he ghe 15,000 Aenn n Cc, whch w he e Hd cn A 1909, b n whch ny e he Yng k veen nneheeced).

Te Yng k Revn eeny ced he eqy czen he E-e, b nw cndeed he e be ne: hgh he Ee hd n yeced, he eny he nn-e eved. O ce, he Ee

Chn n hd edy bece nced n he Bkn nn-e -e he 1912-13 Bkn W, nd wh he he jy Jewh n, h Inb nd Iz. Te Bkn Jew, n n, cned e exe n ehnc ny, nd eveny bece heeve he ge e gnzed n-Sec eecn.

noTes

1 Here we should recall that the remaining Orthodox Patriarchates o the old Byzantine Empire Jerusalem, Alexan-dria, and Antioch had come under Islamic control as early as the rst centuries o Arab conquest. For the historyo the Ecumenical Patriarchate see G. Georgiades-Arnakis,

e Greek church of Constantinople and the OttomanEmpire, Journal o Modern History, 24, 1953, pp. 235-252, H. Inalcik, e status of the Greek Orthodoxe Patri-arch under the Ottomans, urkica, 21-23, 1991, pp. 407-436. See also or its history during the 19th century, D.Stamatopoulos, : 19 [Reform and Secularization: towards a reappraisal of the History of the Ecumenical Patriarchate in the 19thcentury], Alexandria-Athens 2003.

2 P. Sugar, Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, Washington 1977, p. 277.3 Ibid., pp. 45-49. Generally, or the millet issue in the Ottoman Empire, see also, B. Braude - B. Lewis (eds.), Chris-

tians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: the function of a plural society , vol. 2, New York 1985; B. Glnihl,Alman-Ingiliz Belgerinin ve siyas gelimelerin isii altnda: Gayrimslim Osmanl vatandalarnn hukuk durumu (1839-1914) [Te legal status o the non-muslim Ottoman subjects under the light o the German-English documents andpolitical developments], Ankara 1989; E. Bilal, Osmanl Devletinde Gayrimlim tebaanin yonetimi, [Te adminis-

tration o the non-muslim subjects in the Ottoman state], Istanbul 1996. Most recently, S. Anagnostopoulou, ePassage om the Ottoman Empire to the Nations-States, Istanbul 2004, pp. 37-55.

4 P. Konortas, ,17 20 [Ottoman perspectives onthe Ecumenical Patriarchate, 17th beginning o the 20th century], Alexandreia-Athens 1998, p. 123. See also A.Cohen, Communal Legal Entities in a Muslim Setting eory and Practice: e Jewish Community in Sixteenth-Cen-tury Jerusalem, Islamic Law and Society, 3, 1996, pp. 149-181.

5 Te problem o the modern use o the term is related to the problem o the perspective selected by each historian:that is, whether he chooses to study the national-linguistic groups that comprised the millets based on the identityattributed to them by the Ottoman state, or whether he chooses to ace the problem o these groups collective sel-orientation. Naturally, the second option is much harder, or the danger o an anachronistic projection o the 19th-or20th-century reality into the 16th- or 17th-century past is always present. Te reconstruction o the past according to

the demands o the century o nationalisms presents a true obstacle to our comprehension o the millet as a religiousunit. For this complex issue, see I.K. Hassiotis, From the Reedging to the Illumination of the Nation: Aspects ofPolitical Ideology in the Greek Church under Ottoman Domination, Balkan Studies, 40, 1999, pp. 41-55.


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6 B. Braude,Foundation Myths of the Millet system, in Braude - Lewis, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire cit.,pp. 69-88.

7 Ibid., p. 72.8 P. Konortas,From tife to millet: Ottoman Terms for the Ottoman Greek-Orthodox Community in D. Gondicas - Ch.

Issawi (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy and Society in the Nineteenth Century ,

Princeton 1998, pp. 169-179. See also .. Zachariadou, (1483-1567),[en urkish Documents or the Great Church(1483-1567)], Athens 1996, pp. 91-97.

9 Karmi I., e Jewish Community of Istanbul in the Nineteenth Century. Social, Legal and Administrative Transforma-tions, Istanbul 1996, pp. 33-34.

10 On the Phanariot class, see, among others, LEpoque Phanariot, Symposium, 21-25 Octobre 1970, Tessaloniki1970, S.C. Zervos,Recherches sur les Phanariots et leur idologie politique (1666-1821), Tse de doctorat nouveau,2 vols., Paris 1990.

11 See or this issue, G.F. Mge,Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire. Ottoman Westernization and Social Change,New York Oxord 1996, pp. 92-97.

12 E. Hobsbawm,Nations and Nationalism since 1780: programme, myth, reality, Cambridge 1992.13 A. Smith, e Ethnic Origins of Nations, Oxord-Malden 1987.14 P.M. Kitromilides, Orthodox culture and collective identity in the Ottoman Balkans during the Eighteenth Century ,-

[Bulletin o the Asia Minor Studies Centre] pp. 82-95, and especially pp. 89-93.15 For the limits o the pursued reorms, see the interesting article o James J. Reid, Was there a Tanzimat Social Reform,

Balkan Studies, 40, 1999, pp. 173-208.16 V. Artinian, e Armenian Constitutional system in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1863, London 1970, p. 21.17 Ibid.18 C.A. Frazee, e Orthodox Church and independent Greece, 1821-1852, London 1969.19 On the Camondos amily, see N. Seni, e Camondos and their imprint on 19th century Istanbul, International

Journal o Middle Eastern Studies, 26, 1994, pp. 663-675.20 A.H. Erolu, Osmanl Devletinde Yahudiler (XIX. Yzyln Sonuna Kadar) [Jews in the Ottoman State (up to the

end o the 19th century)], Ankara 2000, pp. 185-198.21 B. Lewis, e Jews of Islam, Princeton, New Jersey 1984, pp. 174-175. For a brie description o the Jewish popula-

tions in the most important cities o the Ottoman Empire, see also Erolu, Osmanl cit., pp. 94-108.22 Karmi, e Jewish Community of Istanbulcit., p. 34..23 On the Crimean War and its eects on the Ottoman Empires oreign policy, both with regard to Greece and the

major European powers, see B. Jelavich,A century of Russian foreign policy, 1814-1914, New York 1964, p. 113 .;J.V. Koas, International and Domestic Politics in Greece during the Crimean War, New York 1980, D. Wetzel, eCrimean War: a diplomatic history, New York 1985; Y. Yel - A. Sevim, Trkiye Tarihi [Turkish History], vol. 4,Ankara 1992, pp. 271-288.

24 On the rise o the Pan-Slavic movement during the period in question and on its increasing infuence on the exerciseo Russian oreign policy, see B.H. Sumner,Russia and the Balkans 1870-1880, Oxord 1937; M.B. Petrovich, e

emergence of Russian Panslavism, 1856-1870, London-New York 1956; H. Kohn,Pan-Slavism, its history and ideol-ogy , Notre Dame 1953, J. Milojkovi-Djuri, Panslavism and national identity in Russia and in the Balkans, 1830-1880: images of the self and others, ColoradoNew York 1994. In the urkish bibliography, see S. Kocaba,AvrupaTrkiyesinin kaybi ve Balkanlarda Panislavizm, [Te loss o European urkey and Pan-Slavism in the Balkans],Istanbul 1986.

25 Ch. Papastathis, , [eRegulations of the Greek Orthodox Communities in the Ottoman State and Diaspora], Tessaloniki 1984,pp. 21-26,containing a reprint o Hatt-i Hmayn by . , , [Ottoman Codices], vol. III, pp.2858-2866. A French translation o the text can be ound in E. Engelhardt,La Turquie et le Tanzimat, Paris 1882,pp. 260-270.

26 On the question o progressive concessions o privileges to the Ecumenical Patriarchate, see P. Konortas,From tifeto milletcit., pp. 315-361.

27 Papastathis, cit., p. 22.28 R. Davison,Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Princeton 1963, p. 56.


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29 A. Feroz, e making of modern Turkey, London- New York 1993.30 . , [History o Modern Hellenism], vol. 2, Athens 1892, p. 40; Davison,

Reform in the Ottoman Empire cit., p. 114 .31 N. Berkes, e development of secularism in Turkey, Montreal 1964.32 Davison,Reform in the Ottoman Empire cit., p. 115.33 For the establishment o the Gerontismos regime, see T.H. Papadopoullos, e History of the Greek Church and

people under Turkish domination, Brussels 1952.34 Stamatopoulos cit., pp. 121.35 Stamatopoulos cit., pp. 185-193.36 Z. Markova,Blgarskata Ekzarhija [e Bulgarian Exarchate], 1870-1879, Soa 1989.37 E. Skopetea, . (1830-1880) ,

[Te Pattern Kingdom and the Megali Idea. Aspects o the National Issue in Greece,(1830-1880)], Athens 1988,pp. 309-324.

38 Te re-election o the patriarch Joachim II in 1873 conrmed the hegemony o the circle o bankers (who in themeantime had also gained social predominance through their energetic participation in the collective organizing o

the Greek Orthodox communities in the Ottoman Empire) in the political sphere o the Ecumenical Patriarchate.Tis hegemony continued with the election o Joachim III in 1878 ollowing the death o Joachim II. Te Pan-Or-thodox policies o these two Patriarchs, as well as G. Zaris 1878 plan or the creation o a unied Greek-Ottomanempire along the model o the Austro-Hungarian one, demonstrated that this circle had by no means abandoned itsdeense o the imperial-ecumenical model. However, it was clear that aborting the consequences o the Schism pre-supposed the Patriarchates making an advance to Russia; in contrast, the attempt at Greek-Ottoman coexistencewas based on repulsion o the Slavic threat. Te contradictory nature o these political choices between the circleo bankers and the clerics who represented them to the Patriarchate must be sought in the quality o dependencyrelations obtaining between laity and clergy: see Stamatopoulos cit., pp. 349-352.

39 H. Barsoumian, e dual role of the Armenian Amira Class within the Ottoman Goernment and the Armenian Mil-let (1750-1850), in Braude - Lewis, Christians and Jews cit., p. 180.

40 Davison,Reform in the Ottoman Empire cit., p. 118.41 Artinian, e Armenian Constitutional system cit., pp. 20-21.42 Ibid., pp. 53-54.43 Ibid., p. 53.44 Ch. Clay, Gold for the Sultan. Western Bankers and Ottoman Finance 1856-1871: A Contribution to Ottoman and to

International Financial History, London-New York 2000, pp. 18-19.45 Artinian, e Armenian Constitutional system cit., p.58.46 On all this, see G.A. Bournoutian,A Concise History of the Armenian People, Costa Mesa 2003, p. 202.47 Clay, Gold for the Sultan cit., pp. 24-25.48 Karmi, e Jewish Community of Istanbulcit., pp. 33-45.49 D. Selim, e Well-Protected Domains: ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909,

London-New York 1998. See also K.H. Karpat, e politicization of Islam: reconstructing identity, state, faith, andcommunity in the late Ottoman state, Oxord-New York 2001.

50 E. Koos,Patriarch Joachim III (1878-1884) and the irredentist policy of the Greek state,Journal o Modern GreekStudies, 4, 1986, pp. 107-120.

51 Bournoutian,A Concise History cit.,pp. 257-258. See also Bilal Osmanl cit.,pp. 186-202.52 A. Davison, Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey. A Hermeneutic Reconsideration, New Haven-London 1998, pp. 90-133.

BiBliography

Angn S., e Passage om the Ottoman Empire to the Nations-States, Inb 2004.

Ann V.,e Armenian Constitutional system in the Ottoman Empire, 1839-1863

, Lndn 1970.Bde B. - Lew B. (ed.), Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire: the function of a plural society, v. 2, NewYk 1985.


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Bnn G.A.,A Concise History of the Armenian People, C Me 2003.

Bzk G., Alman-Ingiliz Belgerinin ve siyas gelimelerin isii altnda: Gayrimslim Osmanl vatandalarnnhukuk durumu (1839-1914) [Te eg he nn- On bjec nde he gh he Ge-n-Engh dcen nd c deveen], Ank 1989.

Dvn A., Secularism and Revivalism in Turkey. A Hermeneutic Reconsideration, New Hven-Lndn 1998.

Dvn R.,Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876, Pncen 1963.Deng S., e Well-Protected Domains: ideology and the legitimation of power in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1909, Lndn-New Yk 1998.

E A.H., Osmanl Devletinde Yahudiler (XIX. Yzyln Sonuna Kadar) [Jew n he On Se ( he end he 19h ceny)], Ank 2000.

Eyz B., Osmanl Devletinde Gayrimlim tebaanin yonetimi [Te dnn he nn- bjecn he On e], Inb 1996.

Fzee C.A., e Orthodox Church and independent Greece, 1821-1852, Lndn-Cbdge 1969.

Gndc D. - Iw C. (ed.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism: Politics, Economy and Society in theNineteenth Century, Pncen 1998.

K I., e Jewish Community of Istanbul in the Nineteenth Century. Social, Legal and Administrative Transfor-mations, Inb 1996.

Kn P., , 17 20 [On eecven he Ecenc Pche, 17h begnnng he 20h ceny], Ahen 1998.

Mkv Z.,Blgarskata Ekzarhija1870-1879 [Te Bgn Exche1870-1879], S 1989.

Pd T.H., e History of the Greek Church and people under Turkish domination, Be 1952.

S D., : 19 [Re nd Seczn: wd ecncn he Hy Ecenc Pche nhe 19h ceny] Ahen 2003.

Sg P., Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354-1804, Whngn 1977.

sources

R MeArticle no. 8 of the First Regulation, concerning the Election of the Orthodox Patriarch (tran-slation om the Greek text of the General Regulations of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, 1860-1862):Gven h he en wh w bece Pch, he ede he ecce-c eve, h ed he Hgh Gvenen he c eve eenng decn egdng he ec Chn bengng h Pche hen, egd he nnn he cbe ndvd v--v nd n-

n , he eecn (vz., he Pch) beng he nd y ede bnch he Hgh Gvenen de n wh nd e ced exece ngh excde cndde cced by cn eecn he n Pch, heL egbe ndvd () hd edey be dched he Sbe Pe nd , ng he ncded n h L, hee be e n cndeed cbe egd hec eve, hen he Sbe Pe, hvng excded he he L, h n hePche () h he eecn he Pch y ke ce ng he e-nng cndde.

Aenn MeFive of the nine points found in the report of the Armenian National Committee, on which was

based the revised version of the Armenian National Constitution (1863) (Azgayin Sahmana-drutiwun Hayoc):


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Te ce he Pch he ed beween he nn nd he Sbe Pe hden w n he d yeTe gnzn he Nn (e-) Gene Aeby hd be eed. Te n-n deege, ned beng eeced by he en, hd be eeced by he deen Q-

e n InbTe dnn eg hd beng he Reg Cnc, nd h xed he Mxed Cnc, whch h cn he w Cnc gehe.Te Reg nd Pc Cnc hd nge hgh ned cee n-n ncdng chche, ch, h, nee, nd he nn n-n.Te dnve cene hd be he nn Pche. Te ch, he ched he Pche, hd ede ve bh he Nn Gene Aeby nd hew Cnc nd, nde he necn he Nn Gene Aeby, he hd nge cncenng he nn, decy ndecy.()

Jewh MeAnonymous, e Jews of the East, originally published in e Occident and American JewishAdvocate, Volume I, No. 1 Nisan 5603 / April 1843A he Jew Cnnne e nde he cn Gnd Rbb, (Hh B)wh, dngh h he bb, ced Hh Hke. He eeen he wh-e nn (e) he On Pe, eceve he cn x, nd jdge n hecv nd eg cnvee he Jew. Even he Chn, n he qe wh heJew, wy ee h, h ncny hvng ng enjyed chce c -y n h decn; h vedc evcbe; he h he we de he ncn

he bnd, b n nnce enence deh. Te Gvenen w h wde exece h cnd; he y k e nce, be eqed. He enjyhe vege he he ncne he cny, nd nd n he e ng hech he he Rjh. In cnc h ce bve he, nd he e e h; cey hghy eced ng Een nn. He ed by nhedn bb, wh, hweve, hve ny debeve vce. I n be eed h heGnd Rbb wy chen beng he negen nd he . When he be eeced, he eeenve he deen cne (ech qe h cny)ebe eec h, nd he chce geney ved by he Pe. Te he Rjhhve c nence, nd n he eecn he ch de nd cb fen c-

c, cy ng he bd egn we. B n n he eecn heGnd Rbb. Te eeenve geney che n wh hey hnk hey cn nen-ce; hey even exc e h h eec. I he hd fewd ee cywh h e, n cn h d ce cn ey be de, nd w be geney ced wh. Te Gnd Rbb de n eceve vey ge y, bengny b 500 nc; b he eceve ny een.

Chc eFrom the Imperial Edict ( ferman) which established the Catholic Millet in the Ottoman Empire(Artinian, e Armenian Constitutional system cit.,p. 38):Whee he x-yng Chc he Ee hve hhe been nde he jdcn he Geek nd Aenn ch, wh bh he wn, nd n ccn heChc e beng deen he Geek nd Aenn ge, hve been nbe


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beve he wn e, nd ceed eqen he chche he egne nd khe e he ge nd he e, hve exeenced ge de nd e-ng.Teee, I, n h 21 dy he nh Rejeb, n he ye 1246 [My 24, 1831], n de

h hey y en endng he chche he egne nd be be ehe e n he wn chche, hve ned Ykb Cxen episkopos ve Ch-c vng n y e Cy nd he y dnn.

Pen eFrom the Imperial Edict ( ferman) which established the Protestant Millet in the Ottoman Em-pire (Artinian, e Armenian Constitutional system cit., p. 42):Whee, hhe he y Chn bjec wh hve ebced he Pen h, ncneqence he n beng nde ny ecy ned enendence, nd n cne-qence he ch nd e he e ec, whch hey hve ennced, n-y n beng be end he , hve eed ch ncnvenence nd de.Whee, by en he h, he bveenned e edy ee cny,heee y Ry cne w, h eecbe nd why en, c-cebe nd chen by heeve, ng he wn nbe, be ned whhe e Agen he Pen, wh h be ched he Peece he Pce[Nvebe 27, 1850].


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