Dimensions of Sustainable Development - eolss

©Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS)

CONTENTS

DIMENSIONS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Dimensions of Sustainable Development - Volume 1 No. of Pages: 408 ISBN: 978-1-84826-207-2 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-657-5 (Print Volume) Dimensions of Sustainable Development - Volume 2 No. of Pages: 438 ISBN: 978-1-84826-208-9 (eBook) ISBN: 978-1-84826-658-2 (Print Volume) For more information of e-book and Print Volume(s) order, please click here Or contact : [email protected]

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CONTENTS Preface xiv

VOLUME I Dimensions of Sustainable Development 1 Kamaljit S. Bawa, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA Reinmar Seidler, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, USA 1. Introduction 2. Definitions of Sustainable Development

2.1. Economic definitions of sustainable development 2.2. Ecological-economic definitions of sustainability 2.3. Ecologists and economists: collaborative redefinitions

3. Capital Resources Needed for Sustainable Development 3.1. Natural capital 3.2. Human capital 3.3. Manufactured, technological, and financial capital

4. Management for Sustainable Development 4.1. Complexity and uncertainty 4.2. Adaptive management 4.3. Monitoring and sustainability indicators 4.4. National accounts

5. Legal Issues 6. Images: The Future of Sustainable Development

6.1. Steady-state economy 6.2. Dematerialization 6.3. Energy 6.4. Community, free trade, and the global economy

6.4.1. Free trade versus free capital mobility 6.4.2. Communities and corporate entities 6.4.3. National and global environmental security 6.4.4. North–South relations 6.4.5. Human nature

Basic Principles of Sustainable Development 21 Jonathan M. Harris, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA 1. The Concept of Development 2. Sustainable Development: Defining a New Paradigm 3. The Economic Perspective 4. The Ecological Perspective 5. The Social Perspective 6. A Synthesis of Perspectives? 7. New Goals and New Policies for the Twenty-First Century Sustainable Development Indicators for Decision Making: Concepts, Methods, Definition and Use 41 Andrew Farrow, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia Manuel Winograd, International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia 1. Introduction 2. The Concepts of Sustainable Development and Decision Making

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2.1. Sustainable Development 2.2. The Decision Making Cycle

3. Methods: How to Define Sustainable Development Indicators 3.1. The Pressure-State-Response Model 3.2. Basic Orientors Model 3.3. Barometer of Sustainability Model 3.4. The Project-Based Model 3.5. Problems and Components Model 3.6. Aggregation Models

4. Methods: How to Use Sustainable Development Indicators? 4.1. Indicator Selection Criteria 4.2. Temporal and Spatial Dimensions 4.3. Synthesis, Aggregation, and Visualization of Information

5. Definition of Sustainable Development Indicators: Examples of Application 5.1. Indicator Set at Global Level 5.2. Indicator Set at Regional Level 5.3. Indicator Set at National Level 5.4. Indicator Set at Local Level 5.5. Indicator Set at Sectoral Level

6. Use of Sustainable Development Indicators: Examples of Application 6.1. Tabulated Data Approach 6.2. Geo-referenced Data Approach

Human Capital for Sustainable Economic Development 74 G. Edward Schuh, Humphrey Institute of Public Affairs, Minneapolis, USA 1. Introduction 2. Historical Evolution of the Concept of Human Capital 3. How Human Capital Contributes to Economic Development 4. The Household as the Delivery Point for Development Assistance 5. Some Issues in the Production of Human Capital

5.1. The Role of Depreciation and Obsolescence 5.2. The Changing Economics of Human Capital 5.3. Income Distribution 5.4. A New Perspective on Economic Development 5.5. Changes in Comparative Advantage 5.6. Sustained Economic Development

6. Concluding Comments Social Capital Research: A Contested State-of the-Art 92 George Gray-Molina, Nuffield College, UK 1. Introduction 2. The Conceptual Debate

2.1. New Institutional Approaches 2.2. Sociological Critiques 2.3. Political Critiques

3. The Empirical Record 3.1. Poverty, Growth and Social Capital 3.2. Democracy, Participation and Social Capital 3.3. Voice, Development and Social Capital

4. One or Many Social Capitals? 4.1. Generality 4.2. Aggregation 4.3. Discontinuity 4.4. Artifactuality

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4.5. Goodness 5. Conclusions Institutional and Human Resources for Sustainability 110 Stephen Dovers, Senior Fellow, Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia 1. Introduction 2. The Demands of Sustainability 3. Institutional Resources for the Future 4. Reforming Global Institutions 5. Human Resources for the Future 6. Research and Development 7. Conclusion Social and Cultural Information Supporting Sustainability and Sustainable Institutional Structures 125 P. G. Vijaya Sherry Chand, Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India 1. Introduction 2. Information and Indicators 3. Culture and Cultural Information 4. “Knowledges” as Assets

4.1. The Knowledge Network as a Future Development Strategy 5. Community and Micro-Level Sociocultural Information 6. Developing Institutional Capacities 7. Principles of Sustainability and Local Institutions 8. Sustainability of Educational Structures Sustainable Cities: A Minimum Agenda 142 Ben G. Wisner, Environmental Studies Program, Oberlin College, Oberlin, USA 1. Introduction

1.1. Defining "Sustainability" 1.2. Sustainable Cities: Green? Healthy? Eco?

2. The Human Ecology of Human Settlements 2.1. Time and Space: Constructing a Second Nature 2.2. The Modern City 2.3. An Urbanizing World

3. Present Challenges to Sustainability of Settlements 3.1. Universal Challenges 3.2. The Situation of the Third World City 3.3. Cities in Extremis

4. Current Models and Approaches to Sustainable Cities 4.1. City as Partnership 4.2. City as Ecosystem

4.2.1. Urban Ecology: Design with Nature 4.2.2. Healthy Cities 4.2.3. Disaster Resilient Cities

4.3. City as Struggle 4.3.1. Environmental Justice Movement 4.3.2. Risk Society? On Ecological Democracy

5. Conclusions: A Minimum Agenda 5.1. Medium Term Agenda (There is Not Enough Time for "Long Term") 5.2. Short Term Agenda

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5.2.1. Precautionary Measures (O'Riordan, 1994) 5.2.2. Restorative Measures (Mitchell, 1996) 5.2.3. Capacity Building Measures (Eade, 1998) 5.2.4. Democratizing Measures (Beck, 1994)

Trade and Sustainable Development 169 Nevin Shaw, President, Export Growth Pathfinders, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Challenges of Sustainability Even under Maximum Cooperation 3. Erosion of Social Development Policy in Rich Countries and Consequent Distress 4. Guidance given by the Earth Summit and its Rejection by the Rich 5. Asymmetries and Systemic Biases in the Trading System against Weaker Members 6. Rich Country Civil Societies Attack and Undermine International Intergovernmental Organizations 7. Sustainable Development reduced to Environment and Trade by Rich Country Civil Society 8. Trade Rules are being changed even when they challenge very few Environmental Regulations 9. Multilateral Environmental Agreements Must Respect the Poor 10. Conclusions International Competitiveness and Sustainable Development 224 Sylvie Faucheux, C3ED, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France Isabelle Nicolaï, C3ED, Université de Versailles Saint Quentin en Yvelines, France 1. Introduction: The New Paradigm of Competitiveness and the Emergence of the Concept of

Sustainable Development 2. International Competitiveness, Sustainable Development and Technological Innovation

2.1. "Win-win" Strategies or Environmental Regulation as a Motor of Competitiveness 2.2. The Apparent Symbiosis of Technological Innovations and Sustainable Development Policy 2.3. Technological Innovation and Sustainability: An Ambiguous Relationship 2.4. A Dynamic Perspective of Competitiveness and Environmental Technological Change

3. The Competitiveness of Firms as the Main Motivation in the Internalization of Environmental Technological Change 3.1. A Typology of Environmental Strategies Used by Firms 3.2. Competitiveness Based on Proactive Environmental Strategies and the Risk of Accentuation of

Economic Globalization 3.3. Social and Institutional Tensions within the "Win-win" Strategies

4. From "Win-Win" Strategies to a Concertative Governance for Sustainable Development 4.1. From Exclusive to Inclusive Governance 4.2. Towards a State Delegation on Public Policy Networks: A New Constitutive Role for Public

Institutions and Regulations 5. Conclusion Sustainable Development: Legal Issues and Incentives 248 Jack H. Archer, Graduate Department of Environmental, Coastal, and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA C. A. Biegel, Graduate Department of Environmental, Coastal, and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA M. P. Eppling, Graduate Department of Environmental, Coastal, and Ocean Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Boston, USA 1. Introduction 2. Background

2.1. The Rio Conference 2.1.1. The Rio Declaration 2.1.2. Agenda 21

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2.2. The Road to Rio 2.3. After Rio

2.3.1. International Institutional Developments 2.3.2. International Legal Developments 2.3.3. Evaluating Progress Since Rio

3. Critical Issues 3.1. Identifying Sustainable Development Law 3.2. Definitional Issues 3.3. Intergenerational Equity

4. The Capacity of Sustainable Development Principles to Generate Standards 5. Compliance and Enforceability

5.1. Nature of Legal Instruments 5.2. Political, Institutional, and Monitoring Requirements 5.3. Enforcement of and Compliance with International Environmental Regimes 5.4. Transboundary Issues

6. Incentives for Sustainable Development 6.1. Command and Control Policies 6.2. Economic Instruments

6.2.1. Environmental Taxes 6.2.2. Transferable Discharge Permits 6.2.3. Deposit-Refund Systems 6.2.4. Subsidies 6.2.5. Property Rights

6.3. One Size Does Not Fit All: The Need for an Integrated Approach 6.4. Incentives for Developing Countries

7. Conclusions The Future of Sustainable Development 277 Paul Ekins, School of Politics, International Relations and the Environment, Keele University, UK 1. Introduction 2. Limits to Growth and Sustainable Development 3. The Two Components of Sustainable Development

3.1. Development 3.2. Sustainability

4. Indicators and standards of sustainability 5. The Future of Sustainable Development Biophysical Constraints to Economic Growth 306 Cutler J. Cleveland, Department of Geography and Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Boston University 1. Introduction 2. The Standard Model of Economic Growth 3. The Ecological-Economic View of the Economy 4. Limits of the Market and Technology

4.1. The Role of Energy in Technical Change 4.2. Do Rising Incomes Improve Environmental Quality? 4.3. Countervailing Forces: Rising Affluence and the Rebound Effect 4.4. Thermodynamics Limits Substitution 4.5. Complementarity Limits Substitution 4.6. Physical Interdependence and Scale Limits Substitution 4.7. Irreversibility Limits Substitution 4.8. Market Signals Aren’t Always a Reliable Compass 4.9. Uncertainty, Ignorance, and the Unintended Side Effects of Technology

5. Is There a Carrying Capacity of the Earth For Humans?

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5.1. Indicators of Scale and Carrying Capacity 6. Alternative Models of Production, Wealth and Utility

6.1. Will resource depletion limit growth? 6.2. Will the environment’s ability to process wastes limit economic growth? 6.3. To what degree can human-made capital substitute for natural capital? 6.4. To what degree can an educated work force substitute for natural capital?

7. The Search for Prometheus III 8. Conclusions The Limits of Capital Substitution: Strong Vs Weak Sustainability 324 Reinmar Seidler, Department of Environmental Biology, University of Massachusetts at Boston, USA 1. Introduction 2. Production Factors and Functions 3. Complementarity: The Ecology of the Economy 4. “Strong” versus "Weak" Sustainability 5. Further Aspects of the Substitutability Debate

5.1. Are Energy and Capital Substitutes? Index 335 About EOLSS 341

VOLUME II

Adaptive Management: Strategies for Coping with Change and Uncertainty 1 J. Brian Nyberg, British Columbia Forest Service, Victoria, Canada 1. Introduction 2. Principles and Practice

2.1. Historical Development 2.2. Key Concepts

2.2.1. Uncertainty 2.2.2. Learning as a Goal of Management 2.2.3. Experimentation as a Management Tool 2.2.4. Passive and Active Adaptive Management 2.2.5. Dynamics and Resilience of Ecosystems

2.3. Techniques 2.3.1. Adaptive Environmental Assessment and Management Workshops 2.3.2. Collaborative Partnerships and Co-management 2.3.3. Modeling 2.3.4. Experiments and Statistics in Adaptive Management 2.3.5. Decision Analysis 2.3.6. Monitoring Methods

2.4. Examples of Adaptive Management in Application 2.4.1. Ocean Fisheries 2.4.2. Fresh Water Management 2.4.3. Forest Management 2.4.4. Biodiversity Conservation in Developing Countries 2.4.5. Waterfowl Harvest Management 2.4.6. Management of Human Behavior

2.5. Appropriate Use of Adaptive Management 3. Conclusions

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Management of Technological Resources for Sustainable Development 33 Yukiko Fukasaku, Science and Technology Policy Division, Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, OECD, Paris, France 1. Introduction 2. Role of Technology and Innovation for Sustainability 3. Obstacles to Good Management of Technological Resources 4. Drivers of Innovation for Sustainability in Industry 5. Designing Environmental Policies to Stimulate Innovation 6. Management of Research and Innovation for Sustainability 7. Harnessing and Assessing Emerging Technologies

7.1. Information and Communications Technology 7.2. Biotechnology 7.3. Addressing Negative Impacts of New Technology

8. Enhancing Innovation for Sustainable Development in Developing Countries 9. Conclusions The Precautionary Principle in Sustainable Environmental Management 48 Joel A. Tickner, Director, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA 1. Introduction 2. Rationale for Precaution 3. Inadequacies of Risk-Assessment Methodologies for Supporting Sustainable Development

3.1. Uncertainty: The “Elephant in the Closet” 3.2. The Response to Uncertainty: Risk Assessment and Risk-Based Regulations 3.3. The Impacts of Uncertainty on Environmental Decision Making and Sustainable Management

of Resources 4. The Precautionary Principle: A New Paradigm for Decision Making under Uncertainty 5. History of the Precautionary Principle 6. Applying Precaution in Practice 7. Toward a Framework for Applying the Precautionary Principle 8. Conclusion Cultivated Capital: Agriculture, Food Systems, and Sustainable Development 74 Patrick Webb, Professor, Director of the Food Policy and Applied Nutrition Programme, School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, USA 1. Introduction 2. Critical Links between Food Insecurity, Poverty, and the Environment

2.1. Concepts and Linkages 3. Food Insecurity and Agricultural Growth

3.1. Global Food Needs 3.2. Food Supply and Future Demand

4. Farm Technologies and Natural Capital Decline 5. Sustainable Food Systems in the Twenty-First Century

5.1. Examples of Sustainable Systems? 5.2. Potential Contributors to Sustainability

6. Conclusions Global Warming, Climate Change, and Sustainability 90 William R. Moomaw, International Environment and Resource Policy Program, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University, USA 1. The Earth’s Climate

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1.1. Sustainability and Climate Change 1.2. Climate Science 1.3. The Atmosphere 1.4. Variability of the Earth’s Climate System

2. Human-Induced Climate Change 2.1. Human Activities and Climate Change

3. Impacts of Climate Change 4. Technological and Economic Potential to Mitigate and Adapt to Climate Change

4.1. Energy and Carbon Dioxide 4.1.1. Buildings 4.1.2. Industry 4.1.3. Transportation 4.1.4. Electric Power Production

4.2. Agriculture Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, and Methane 4.3. Industrial Gases 4.4. Gases from Waste

5. Policy Options 5.1. International Treaties 5.2. National Action 5.3. The Role of Civil Society

6. Conclusions Advanced Sustainability Analysis 110 Jari Kaivo-oja, Researcher, Finland Futures Research Center, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Turku, Finland Jyrki Luukkanen, Senior Researcher, Department of Regional Studies and Environmental Policy, University of Tampere, Finland Pentti Malaska, Professor of Managerial Mathematics, Finland Futures Research Center, Turku School of Economics and Business Administration, Turku, Finland 1. The Discourse on Sustainable Development

1.1. Roots of the Discourse 1.2. Sustainable Development and Economics

1.2.1. Mainstream Views 1.2.2. Ecocentric Views

2. Ethos of Sustainable Development 3. Sustainability Approaches

3.1. Hicks–Page–Hartwick–Solow Approach 3.2. London School Approach 3.3. Safe Minimum Standard Approach 3.4. Daly’s Steady-state Approach 3.5. World Bank Approach 3.6. Wuppertal Approach 3.7. Total Environmental Stress Approach of FFRC

4. Conceptualization of Advancing Sustainability 4.1. The Postulates of Advancing Sustainability with Total Environmental Stress and Welfare 4.2. The Theoretical Framework of Identities

4.2.1. Production Master Equation 4.2.2. Employment Master Equation 4.2.3. Structural Shift Master Equation 4.2.4. Welfare Master Equation

5. Theoretical Views 5.1. Dematerialization of Production 5.2. Employment, Automation, and Structural Shift 5.3. Immaterialization of Consumption 5.4. Welfare Productivity of GDP

6. Empirical Analyses

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6.1. TES Data 6.2. Dematerialization and Sustainable Economic Growth 6.3. Welfare Dilemma 6.4. Employment and Automation Dilemma: The Case of Finland 6.5. Structural Shift as a Sustainability Solution: The Case of Finland

7. Conclusions Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development 149 U. Colombo, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italy D. Siniscalco, University of Torino and Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, Milano, Italy 1. Introduction 2. Environment and Sustainable Development 3. Transnational Dimension, Game Theory, and Coalition Formation 4. Uncertainty and the Role of Information 5. Other Complementay Contributions

5.1. Environmental Management Science 5.2. Urban Socioeconomic Studies

6. Environmental Economics Literature—Research Surveys 7. What can Economists do for the Environment? Environmental Economics and Sustainability in the Age of Global Change 164 P. Klemmer, Department of Economic Policy, Ruhr-University, Bochum and Rhine-Westphalian Institute for Economic Research, Essen, Germany D. Becker-Soest, Ruhr Research Institute for Innovation and Regional Policy, Bochum, Germany R. Wink, Ruhr Research Institute for Innovation and Regional Policy, Bochum, Germany 1. Imperatives of Environmental Economics and Environmental Policy-making

1.1. Environmental Economics and Life Support Systems 1.2. Modern Environmental Conflicts and the Expanded Time-Space Dimension 1.3. The Contribution of Environmental Economics Towards Solving Complex Coordination

Problems 2. The Neoclassic Approach to Environmental Economics

2.1. Starting Point: Optimal Protection of the Environment and the Failure of Private-Sector Markets 2.2. Basic Features of Neoclassic Environmental Economics

2.2.1. Cost-benefit Analyses as the Answer to Informational Problems 2.2.2. The Unbridgeable Gap between Positivism and Implicit Value Judgments 2.2.3. Implementation as a Sociotechnical Process

2.3. Issues Unresolved by the Neoclassic Research Paradigm 2.3.1. Limits to the Reliability of Current Knowledge about Uncertainty? 2.3.2. Normative Decisions as Exogenous Parameters? 2.3.3. Environmental Policy: A Benevolent Dictator?

3. Ecological Economics 3.1. Starting Point: Demarcation vis-à-vis Neoclassic Environmental Economics 3.2. Basic Features of Ecological Economics

3.2.1. Epistemic Communities and the Precautionary Principle as ways to Overcome Information Gaps

3.2.2. Sustainability Councils as Promoters of the Normative Equity Discourse 3.2.3. Corporatist Meritization – Regulation Through Education?

3.3. Issues Unresolved by the Ecological–Economic Research Paradigm 3.3.1. More Knowledge Equals More Damage? 3.3.2. Equity in Discourse: A Topic for Experts? 3.3.3. Education via Financial Incentives: An Efficient Regulatory System for a Modern

Society? 4. Institutional Environmental Economics

4.1. Starting Point: Institutions as a means of Coordination in Conditions of Uncertainty

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4.2. Basic Features of Institutional Environmental Economics 4.2.1. Institutions as Triggers for Search and Discovery Processes in Society 4.2.2. Sustainability as a Regulative Idea 4.2.3. Coordination by Environmental Protection Markets rather than Environmental

Protection against the Market 4.3. Open Issues

4.3.1. Guide Rails for Delineating Non-accepted risks? 4.3.2. Race to the Bottom Instead of Common Concern about Intra- and Intergenerational

Equity? 4.3.3. Crises as Catalysts of Reform?

5. Final Remarks Civil Economy and Civilized Economics:Essentials for Sustainable Development 200 Neva R. Goodwin, The Global Development and Environment Institute, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA 1. Introduction 2. The Civil Context

2.1. Goals, Values, and Ethics as Social Capital 2.2. Ethics in Civil Society 2.3. An Example: The UN Conferences 2.4. Ethics as Behavior Rules for Situations of Interdependence

3. A New Kind of Science for the Current Mess 3.1. Characteristics of the Environmental Mess 3.2. Responses to the Environmental Mess: Starting with Values 3.3. Participatory Science 3.4. Mixing "Is" and "Ought To Be"

4. How Sustainable Development is Saving Economics from Itself 4.1. Some Problems in Mainstream Economics 4.2. Enter Sustainable Development 4.3. Defining the Goals 4.4. Additional Contrasts between Mainstream Economics and Sustainable Development

5. The Reciprocal Influence Between Economic Ideas and Social Realities 5.1. The Danger of a Particular Bias in Economic Theory 5.2. A First Step to Reforming Economics 5.3. The Limits to Internalizing Externalities

6. A Balance Between Equity and Efficiency 6.1. Some Reasons for Optimism 6.2. Why Justice is Necessary for Sustainability

6.2.1. The Need to Reduce the Material Flow 6.2.2. Can Economic Growth Continue Indefinitely? 6.2.3. Four More Reasons for SAEJAS Development

7. Conclusion: Looking Beyond Civil Society, to Government and Business 7.1. Economic Theory and Recent Events 7.2. Starting with Less Restrictive Psychological Assumptions 7.3. Three Useful New Emphases in the Social Sciences 7.4. A Vision of Transparency in Business 7.5. Turning the Vision into Reality 7.6. An Example: The Global Reporting Initiative 7.7. Theory Needs to Catch Up with Reality

The Economics of Ecology and Circulation for Coexistance Between Humanity and Nature 230 Katsuya Fukuoka, Rissho University, Japan 1. Introduction

1.1. Global Environment Heading Toward Destruction

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1.2. The Theory of Economy which Preserves Global Environment 2. Classification of Resources

2.1. Renewable Resources 2.2. Nonrenewable Resources

3. Classification of Wastes 3.1. Industrial Wastes 3.2. Household Wastes

4. Maximization of Environmental and Social Welfare 4.1. Environmental Benefits 4.2. Maximum of Social Welfare 4.3. Fundamental Theory of Environmental Economics 4.4. Sustainable Development 4.5. Policy Principles to Realize Environmental Economy 4.6. The Earth Age: A New Concept for the Conservation of Nature

5. Sustainable Management 5.1. Optimal Control of Natural Resources 5.2. Environmental Value of Natural Resources 5.3. Sustainable Management of Natural Resources 5.4. Environmental Economic Welfare

6. Evaluation of Environmental Risk 6.1. Evaluation of Environmental Impact 6.2. Cost-Benefit Analysis

7. Strategic Instruments for Environmental Policy 7.1. Charges 7.2. Deposit-refund System 7.3. Marketable Permits 7.4. Subsidy 7.5. Tax Incentives 7.6. Application of Soft Loans 7.7. Price Policy for Recyclable Resources

8. “Ecobusiness”: Towards the Earth Age for the Conservation of Nature Natural Resources and Ecological Tax Reform 255 Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker, President, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and Energy, Germany, and Member of Parliament (Bundestag), Germany 1. Three Ecological Challenges

1.1. Sustainable Development 1.2. Biodiversity 1.3. Climate Change

2. Efficiency Revolution: A New Direction for Technological Progress 3. Let Prices Speak: Ecological Tax Reform 4. Green Taxes: The Most Elegant Instrument 5. How Much Has Been Achieved? Accounting For Sustainability:Greening the National Accounts 272 Peter Bartelmus, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment, and Energy, Germany 1. Sustainability: A Dichotomy of Approaches

1.1. Ecological vs. Economic Sustainability: Two Sides of the Same Coin? 1.2. Overcoming the Dichotomy: A Framework for Environmental and Economic Accounting

2. Greening the National Accounts: Extending the System Boundaries 2.1. Replacing the Conventional Accounts? 2.2. Incorporating Nature’s Assets 2.3. Pricing the Priceless: The Valuation Controversy

3. Policy Use and Applications

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3.1. Score Keeping: Has Growth been Sustainable? 3.2. Steering with a New Compass: Maintaining Natural Wealth 3.3. Accounting for Accountability: Ecoefficiency and Sufficiency in Production and Consumption

4. Outlook: From Valuation to Evaluation Implementing Sustainable Development in a Changing World 298 Klaus Toepfer, Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme, Kenya 1. Introduction 2. Socioeconomic Linkages 3. Environmental Policies 4. Cooperative Action 5. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) 6. Conclusion Growth, Sustainability, and the Power of Scale 308 John H. Bodley, Professor, Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA 1. Why Scale Matters

1.1. Chiefdom Organization: Simple Political Scale Systems 1.2. States, Ancient and Modern

2. Growth, Power, and Cultural Process 2.1. The Sapienization Process 2.2. The Politicization Process 2.3. The Commercialization Process

3. Growth and Sustainability 3.1. Growth and Power in Washington State 3.2. Global Trends

4. The End of Growth

Sustainable Consumption Indicators 339 Matthew D. Bentley, Consultant,UNEP, Australia Bas de Leeuw, Co-ordinator, Sustainable Consumption Programme, Division of Technology, Industry and Economics, United Nations Environment Programme, France 1. The Building Blocks

1.1. An Evolving Global Consumer Culture 1.2. What is the Problem with Consumption? 1.3. Getting to the Point… 1.4. What is Sustainable Consumption? 1.5. Why Develop Indicators? 1.6. Integrating the Two Themes

2. In the Beginning, There Were Seventeen 2.1. Indicators for Key Resources

2.1.1. Energy 2.1.2. Materials, Material Flows and Waste 2.1.3. Water 2.1.4. Land

2.2. Indicators for Consumption Clusters 2.2.1. Mobility 2.2.2. Consumer Goods and Services 2.2.3. Buildings and Housekeeping 2.2.4. Food 2.2.5. Recreation

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3. Practically Speaking… 3.1. Selecting the Right Indicators 3.2. Measurability of the Indicators 3.3. An Embryonic Stage 3.4. Uncomplicated and Attractive 3.5. Limits of Use 3.6. Policy Relevance

4. On The Horizon Index 367 About EOLSS 375

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Dimensions of Sustainable Development - eolss