DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012

DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes

James P. Wojtowicz, CCICADA/Rutgers University March 26, 2012

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomeswelcome & acknowledgements

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes

Big Data Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & MethodologiesPractice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problemsmotivation


Big Data Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & Methodologiesmotivationsophisticated approaches and techniqueschallenge of meeting mission responsibilitiesPractice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problems


Big Data Analytics: Theoretical Knowledge,Research & Methodologiesmotivation advance science address of real-world problemspotential mutual benefitPractice:Complex OperationalResponsibilities/Issues/Problems


attempt to formulate a real-world question in the context of . . .goal

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesobjectives

provide a foundation of the mission (and other) components of practicedescribe an issue in terms of practice and scienceuse correctional system as exampleengage discussion and feedback from . . .

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesexample taken from:

Preliminary Flow Analysis of the New Jersey State Correctional System(Partners: Fretz, Boros, Altiok & Wojtowicz)

analysis of offender flow (intake to discharge)process simulation - - resource (and mission) optimization

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesunderstanding the operational entity

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesgeneral components

constituentsrules, regulationsmissionphilosophiesdefinition

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescomponents of corrections

definition: loss of libertydefines primary function


constituentsrules, regulations (documentation)philosophiesincapacitationpunishmentrestorationrehabilitationpublicoffendersvictimstaxpayersfamiliesregulationslawspoliciesguidelines

NJAC 10A:NJSA Title 2CP & PBrimage plea agree.provide definitions, logic, constraintsstakeholdersinsight: internal & external influences


defines entity prioritiesmissiondefines the outcomes, measures and objectives


correctional mission (dual)Safety & Securityof custody, staff public and offender

Offender care & Rehabilitation


correctional mission (dual+)safety & securityof custody, staff public and offender

offender care & rehabilitation

financial management(responsibility)

security vs. economics


correctional mission (dual+)safety & securityof custody, staff public and offender

offender care & rehabilitation

financial management(responsibility)

criminal justice system mission

public safetyadministration of justiceenforcement of lawsreduction of crimemaintain basic rules of civil societysafeguard Constitutional rights

all these have to be considered


constituentsrules, regulationsmissionphilosophiessystemdefinition

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesviewing corrections as a system

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesThe Challenge of Crime in a Free Society: A report by the Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice, US Government Printing Office, February 1967

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections is a system

EXIT- volume rates feedback

ENTRY- volume- ratesFLOW-PROCESS resources capacities utilization bottlenecks costsENTITIES participants attributestime driven - - movement driven

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomessystem definitions & components

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomescorrections system

intake - entryidentifiable rate - volumeCJ systemlaw enforcement laws priorities prosecutiondiversion programs- drug courtpreventionsentencing


entities offenders - characteristicsintake - entryidentifiable rate - volumeCJ systemlaw enforcement laws priorities prosecutiondiversion programs- drug court substance involvementrisk factors (static and dynamic)educationcriminal historydemographicpreventionsentencingskills (employment)behavior (inst. adjustment, program participation, etc.healthmotivationfaithNote: flow analysis proposal planned for ~51,000 entities for the period 1/1/07 to 12/31/10


entities offenders - characteristicsintake - entryidentifiable rate - volumeCJ systemlaw enforcement laws priorities prosecutiondiversion programs- drug courtsubstance involvementrisk factors (static and dynamic)educationcriminal historydemographicpreventionsentencingskills (employment)behavior (inst. adjustment, program participation, etc.healthmotivationfaithrelease - exitidentifiable rate - volumetypes

diversion programs ISP alternativesearly release paroleParole Max Death EscapeWalkaway ISPPardon CourtMedical Interstate

process


flow-processresourcesapproximately 150 bed locations/typeshousinglocations- county jails reception prison complex community correctionstypes male vs. female youth vs. adult specific purpose community corrections: assessment centers, work release, substance abuse, treatment, special needssecurity levels- close max medgang min full min community corrections

Source: NJAC 10A:9


flow-processresourceshousing capacity - utilizationunknown

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomeshousing capacities & utilization (?) reported populationLimited information on varying bed typesTOTAL INMATES IN NEW JERSEY STATE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND SATELITE UNITSSource: OFFENDER CHARACTERISTICS REPORT ON JANUARY 3, 2012 (www.state.nj.us/corrections/pages/offender_stats.html)

TOTAL INMATES23,810

PRISON COMPLEX16,867YOUTH COMPLEX3,893ADTC713GARDEN STATE TOTAL1,801Bayside 1,177MOUNTAINVIEW TOTAL1,054Bayside Farm693Wagner 609Bayside Ancora317Wagner Ad Seg290BAYSIDE TOTAL2,187Wagner Minimum Units139CRAF Jones Farm278WAGNER TOTAL1,038CRAF Reception639OTHER FACILITIES3,050CRAF TOTAL917Central Medical Unit8East Jersey 1,364178 Camp113Halfway Houses2,864TOTAL 1,477EDNA MAHAN TOTAL747MIDSTATE TOTAL690NJ State Prison Ad Seg Female27NJ State Prison 1,922NJ STATE PRISON TOTAL1,949Northern State 1,918Northern State Ad Seg Male556NORTHERN STATE TOTAL2,474SOUTHERN STATE TOTAL2,337SOUTH WOODS TOTAL 3,376


flow-processresourcesprogramminglocations reception prison complex community correctionstypes educational vocational drug treatment drug education job readiness reentry parenting demonstrations victim based community corrections: assessment centers, work release, substance abuse, treatment, special needssecurity levels- close max medgang min full min community corrections

settings institutional residential classroom integrationcapacities and utilization: some known - - some unknown Source(s): www.state.nj.us/corrections & www.nj.gov/transparency/performance/corrections/


challenges of a correctional programming

fidelitysettingmotivationphilosophiesPriorities (time vs. movement)


flow-processprocessassessmentstypes- med./psych.- addiction- education- risk- others . . .locations reception prison complex community correctionsfrequency not at all multiple times voluntary


flow-processprocessclassification- objective classification system: OCS (risk of inst. infraction research based)- scoring system (neg. 0 positive) static and dynamic factors set cut points security levelsa OCS = maxb OCS < a = medOCS < b = minb < a- initial, periodic and cause (offenders will have many score values over time)- dynamic: score can lower, score can raise - score overrides: no security level progression despite appropriate score or security level progression without appropriate score


flow-processprocesstime

with certain exceptions (mandatory minimums), an offenders time in the system is dynamic distribution of time in the system over all participants time credits to reduce the maximum sentence term (behavior, job, custody status) parole eligibility formula parole decision infractions and penalties programs have set durations or ranges assessment completion time time criteria for program participation time restrictions on custody status movements time restrictions on community corrections participation


flow-processprocessmotionoffenders travel from intake to release


flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsCOST POPULATIONrecent cost figure: $49,000/year/offender (Gov. Christie: AP 2/27/12)Source: state.nj.us/governor


flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostshousingrelated to the level of security - supervision (see NJAC 10A:9): assume - - close max med gang min full min ( community*)programmingmedicaloperationaltransportationadministrativeotherassessmentshousing state offenders in county jails is expensive (bottleneck)


flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsCOST POPULATIONPOPULATION MANAGEMENT


flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsPOPULATION MANAGEMENTCORRECTIONSPre-incarcerationPost-confinement


flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsPOPULATION MANAGEMENTCORRECTIONSPre-incarcerationPost-confinementDiversionary programsSentencing reformDrug CourtPrevention strategiesLaw Enforcement PrioritiesDiversionary programsIntensive Supervision Program(ISP)Early ReleaseAlternatives to IncarcerationParole release


flow-process - measuresprocess-measurescostsCOST TRAJECTORYoffenderhigher costlower costCORRECTIONS..


trajectories impact costs


flow-process - measuresprocess-measuresoutcomesrecidivismre-arrest, reconviction, re-incarcerationemploymenthealthstabilityhousingbehavior institutional adjustmentrecoverycommunity, familyinternal and/or external


flow-process - measuresprocess-measuresoutcomesPROGRAMMING OUTCOME

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes PROGRAMMING OUTCOME

James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomes PROGRAMMING OUTCOME

James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88addiction is complex


The five year re-arrest alternative presentation

James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88Offender Drug AssessmentTreatment Need (57%)No Treatment Need (43%)Treatment Placed (x%)No Treatment (x%)Complete + A-care (x%)Complete(x%)Dropout (x%)Success: 48%Success: 42%Success: 28%Success: 23%Success: (?)%Fail: 52%Fail: 58%Fail: 72%Fail: 77%Fail: (?)%


The five year re-arrest alternative presentation

James A. Inciardi, Steven S. MartIn and Clifford A. Butzin, Five-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment of Drug-Involved Offenders after Release from Prison, Crime & Delinquency 2004 50: 88Offender Drug AssessmentTreatment Need (57%)No Treatment Need (43%)Treatment Placed (x%)No Treatment (x%)Complete + A-care (x%)Complete(x%)Dropout (x%)Success: 48%Success: 42%Success: 28%Success: 23%Success: (?)%Fail: 52%Fail: 58%Fail: 72%Fail: 77%Fail: (?)%QUESTION: false positives false negativesQUESTION: voluntary vs. coercedQUESTION: fidelity in treatmentQUESTION: completion rate 100%


trajectories impact outcomes


challenges of a correctional flow analysis

datahuman subjects researchhuman behaviordynamicfunding

Enhancing correctional efficiencies, effectiveness and outcomesformulate the question


QUESTION: how do we MINIMIZE COSTSIDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/COST BENEFITS (financial)ENSURE SAFETY & SECURITY (internal)IDENTIFY & MAXIMIZE TRAJECTORIES W/SUCCESS INDICATORS (rehabilitation)ENSURE PUBLIC SAFETY (CJ mission)within the correctional system as defined (resources, processes, flow, costs, time, motion, attributes)?

. . . and satisfyconstituents and internal/external influences


discussion Q & A


thank you

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Documents

DIMACS/CCICADA Interdisciplinary Seminar Series, Spring 2012