Upload
clement-turner
View
219
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Why Study Digital Design? Look “under the hood” of computers
Solid understanding --> confidence, insight, even better programmer when aware of hardware resource issues
Electronic devices becoming digital Sound recorders, cameras, cars, cell phones... Known as “embedded systems”
Thousands of new devices every year Computers as integral parts of other products Designers needed
1995
Portablemusic players
1997
Satellites
1999
Cell phones
2001
DVDplayers
Videorecorders
Musicalinstruments
2003
Cameras TVs ???
2005 2007
Computer Engineering
concentrate more on the computational process at an abstract level as opposed to how the computation is accomplished with metal and silicon (wires and transistors).
views a computing system in terms of what it can do rather than how.
they often employ sophisticated abstract mathematical or logic-based models of computing systems as way to understand their capabilities.
Theory & Practice• Abstraction
• Analysis & design of digital electronic circuits
• Fundamental concepts in the design of digital systems
• Basic tools for the design of digital circuits
• Designed by Charles Babbage from 1834 – 1871
• Considered to be the first digital computer
• Built from mechanical gears, where each gear represented a discrete value (0-9)
• Babbage died before it was finished
The Analytical Engine
• Introduced binary variables
• Introduced the three fundamental logic operations: AND, OR, and NOT.
George Boole, 1815-1864
John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain
• Invented in 1947 the first transistor
• Jointly awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect."
John Bardeen, William Shockley and Walter Brattain at Bell Labs, 1948.
Moore’s Law
Exponential growth
Transistor count will be doubled every 18 months Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder
42millions
2,250
1.7 billions
Bill Gates, Microsoft founder
“No one will need more than 637 kb of memory for a personal computer. 640K ought to be enough for anybody.” 1981
“I think there is a world market for maybe five computers.” 1943
Thomas Watson, IBM Chairman
Epic Fail
DIGITAL & COMPUTER SYSTEMS - Digital System
• Takes a set of discrete information inputs and discrete internal information (system state) and generates a set of discrete information outputs.
System State
DiscreteInformationProcessingSystem
DiscreteInputs
DiscreteOutputs
Types of Digital Systems No state present
Combinational Logic SystemOutput = Function(Input)
State present State updated at discrete times => Synchronous Sequential System State updated at any time =>Asynchronous Sequential SystemState = Function (State, Input)Output = Function (State) or Function (State, Input)
Digital System Example:
A Digital Counter (e. g., odometer):
1 30 0 5 6 4Count Up
Reset
Inputs: Count Up, Reset
Outputs:Visual Display State: "Value" of stored
digits
Synchronous or Asynchronous?
Digital Computer Example
Synchronous or Asynchronous?
Inputs: keyboard, mouse, wireless, microphone
Outputs: LCD screen, wireless, speakers
Memory
Controlunit Datapath
Input/Output
CPU
Hierarchy of Computation
ProblemProblem AlgorithmsAlgorithms
Programming inHigh-Level LanguageProgramming inHigh-Level Language
Compiler/Assembler/LinkerCompiler/Assembler/Linker
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) BinaryBinary
System architectureSystem architecture
Target Machine (one implementation)Target Machine (one implementation)Micro-architectureMicro-architecture
Functional units/Building blocksFunctional units/Building blocks
Gates Level Design Gates Level Design
TransistorsTransistors ManufacturingManufacturing
Hierarchy of Computation
ProblemProblem AlgorithmsAlgorithms
Programming inHigh-Level LanguageProgramming inHigh-Level Language
Compiler/Assembler/LinkerCompiler/Assembler/Linker
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) BinaryBinary
System architectureSystem architecture
Target Machine (one implementation)Target Machine (one implementation)Micro-architectureMicro-architecture
Functional units/Building blocksFunctional units/Building blocks
Gates Level Design Gates Level Design
TransistorsTransistors ManufacturingManufacturing
System LevelSystem Level
Human LevelHuman Level
RTL Level RTL Level Logic Level Logic Level Circuit Level Circuit Level Silicon Level Silicon Level
OUR SCOPE IN THIS COURSEOUR SCOPE IN THIS COURSE