Digital Camera Digital Camera BasicsBasicsPresented by Presented by

Stephen SchneiderStephen Schneider

June, 2013June, 2013

It IS Rocket Science! (so to speak)

• For what did Albert Einstein win his Nobel Prize?… not Special Relativity

… not General Relativity

… not Brownian motion

• The “photoelectric effect”: photons (light) interacting with matter release electrons – basis of the digital camera.

• In fact Einstein was also an inventor with many patents including an early camera.

US Patent #2058562 October 27, 1936 Albert Einstein & Gustav Bucky

Light Intensity Self-Adjusting Camera

A photography glossary• Pixel – picture element

(smallest patch all of one color)

• Exposure – total amount of light onto image (under-exposed, over-exposed)

• CCD/CMOS chips – electronic/photoelectric detectors that turn light into electronic signals

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Focal Length / Zoom

• Lenses are usually listed with a focal length in mm.12mm – fisheye

200mm – telephoto

• The focal length is the equivalent distance of a pinhole from the CCD or film.

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• Lenses usually list a focal length in mm.12mm – fisheye 50mm – normal 200mm – telephoto

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• As the focal length increases, you reduce your “field of view” (typically width ~ 2000°/f). Check your own!

CapturingTime & Space

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Time & Space – 2 • Shutter speed – length

of time shutter is open as 1 second/“speed” so 30 = 1/30 sec. Time blur or freeze action?

• f-stop, f-ratio, f-number –how big “aperture” is compared to the focal length. f/4 means the diameter is ¼ the focal length. Pinhole (f/∞) focuses at all distances.

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Film SpeedDetector Sensitivity• ISO (International Standardization Organization)

was a way of describing sensitivity of film, and today is used for detector chips.

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• ISO 100 is considered “normal”; higher ISO is more sensitive, but more noisy or grainy.

• The “exposure triangle” is set balancing ISO, shutter speed, & f-stop.

ISO 3200 – very “grainy”

The Blessing/Curse of Automation• Modern cameras choose a lot

of these settings for you automatically, and they’re often right, but sometimes they frustrate your efforts.

• Learn how you can trick your camera by getting other light/dark sources in the image. You can improve the definition of light parts by adding more light.

• Check for camera “modes.”

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ISO 3200 – very “grainy”Saturn? No! crescent moon.

White Balance• Our eyes (and brains)

adjust to the ambient light, so the color white is somewhat arbitrary.

• Digital cameras try to adjust white balance by looking at brightest spots in image (and can sometimes be fooled).

• Maintain consistent lighting in experiments!

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Tungsten light is yellowish

This is closer to perceived daylight color

Exploring Your Images• Cameras save all this info in something called an

EXIF (Exchangeable Image File format) header.

• The EXIF header includes time, date, exposure, and all sorts of other info—sometimes even white balance corrections.

• Most photo programs read this info, but not all image formats save the EXIF data: JPG, TIF, PNG

• Some do not save (or are inconsistent about saving) EXIF data: BMP, GIF

• There are extensions for Firefox and other browsers that will show the EXIF data.

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Example of EXIF DataEXIF Sub IFD

Exposure Time (1 / Shutter Speed) = 1/40 second ===> 0.025 second

Lens F-Number / F-Stop = 26/10 ===> ƒ/2.6

Exposure Program = aperture priority (3)

ISO Speed Ratings = 100

EXIF Version = 0220

Original Date/Time = 2013:06:24 14:28:45

Digitization Date/Time = 2013:06:24 14:28:45

Components Configuration = 0x01,0x02,0x03,0x00 / YCbCr

Shutter Speed Value (APEX) = 1362/256

Shutter Speed (Exposure Time) = 1/39.96 second

Aperture Value (APEX) = 276/100

Aperture = ƒ/2.6

Brightness (APEX) = 813/256

Brightness = 9.04 foot-lambert

Exposure Bias (EV) = 0/10 ===> 0

Max Aperture Value (APEX) = 276/100 ===> 2.76

Max Aperture = ƒ/2.6

Metering Mode = center weighted average (2)

Flash = Flash did not fire

Focal Length = 37/10 mm ===> 3.7 mm

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User Comment Character Code = unknown

FlashPix Version = 0100

Colour Space = sRGB (1)

Image Width = 3264 pixels

Image Height = 2448 pixels

Exposure Mode = auto exposure (0)

White Balance = auto (0)

Scene Capture Type = standard (0)

Image Unique ID = ZKFJ03

EXIF IFD1

Image Width = 160 pixels

Image Length = 120 pixels

Compression = JPEG compression (6)

Picture Orientation = rotated 270° (8)

X-Resolution = 72/1 ===> 72

Y-Resolution = 72/1 ===> 72

X/Y-Resolution Unit = inch (2)

Embedded thumbnail image:

EXIF Interoperability IFD

Interoperability Index = R98

Interoperability Version = 0100

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12