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Diffusion. Diffusion: movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration Particles move along a concentration gradient – no energy is used!!! Particles move until distribution of particles is even throughout – dynamic equilibrium. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Diffusion• Diffusion: movement of particles from an
area of high concentration to an area of low concentration–Particles move along a concentration
gradient – no energy is used!!!–Particles move until distribution of particles
is even throughout – dynamic equilibrium
Diffusion is important for cells– Diffusion is one way that substances like
Na+, K+, Ca2+ can move in and out of cells
Focus Activity
1. What are the 3 most common elements in the human body & their %’s?
2. Which of these elements is always found in organic compounds?
Biochemistry
Notes Chapter 6. 3 – Life Substances and Organic
Chemistry• Organic chemistry is the study of Carbon-
based compounds.
• All living things are composed of organic compounds.
What makes Carbon Special?
1. Carbon can covalently bond with up to four other atoms.
2. Carbon can form immensely diverse compounds, such as long
chains and rings
Methane with 1 Carbon atom
DNA with tens of Billions of Carbon atoms
There are 4 Fundamental Organic Molecules used in our bodies
• 1. Carbohydrates (sugars and starches)
• 2. Lipids (fats, waxes, oils, steroid hormones)
• 3. Proteins – (enzymes, muscles tissue, cell structures)
• 4. Nucleic Acids – (DNA and RNA which are our genetic material)
Fundamental Biomolecules“CHNO”
Amino acids Monosaccharides Nucleotide Fatty Acids
Proteins Nucleic Acids LipidsCarbohydrates
monomermonomer
monomermonomer
Function Function Function Function
1. Energy storage 2. Plant cellulose
1. Enzymes2. Cell Structural components 3. Immunity
1. Long term energy storage2. Protective coverings 3. Insulation
1. Genetic material
Examples of Proteins• Enzymes
• Muscle tissue
• Keratin (hair, fingernails, horns)
Special Notes for Proteins• Enzymes
– Speed up chemical reactions in the body– function using the Lock and Key Model– Enzymes usually end in ASE
• Protein test is Biuret’s reagent
Examples Carbohydrates
• Glucose
• Sucrose
• fructose
• starches
• glycogen
Special Notes for Carbohydrates
• Ratio of C:H:O is 1:2:1 (C6H12O6)
• Starch Test is Iodine
• Sugar Test is Benedict’s Reagent
• Oftens ends in OSE
Examples of Nucleic Acids• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
• RNA (ribonucleic acid) is used for making proteins
Special Notes for Nucleic Acids
• Nucleotide always consist of three parts
Examples of Lipids
• Cell membrane
• Fats
• Oils
• Sterols– Cholesterol
Special Notes for Lipids• Saturated fats have
no double bonds
• Unsaturated fats have 1 double bond
• Test is the paper bag test (look for a grease spot)
Osmosis• Type of diffusion in which only water moves• Water will move from a high concentration to a
low concentration• Useful in cell membranes that are selectively
permeable – Only certain materials are allowed to move freely in
and out of the cell through the membrane
Nucleic Acids• Consist of C, H, O, nitrogen, and phosphorus
• Building blocks (monomers) are nucleotides
• Each nucleotide consist of three parts:– Phosphate– Sugar– Nitrogenous bases
Lipid functions• Long term Energy storage• Insulation• Protective coverings• Cell membranes
• Tested for using the paper bag or grease spot test