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DIFFERENCES OF WOMEN’S GOSSIP AND MEN’S GOSSIP
IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE
A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree
in English Language Education
By
Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas
Student Number: 121214162
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
201
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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY
I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work
or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the
references, as a scientific paper should.
Yogyakarta, 11 September 2017
The Writer
Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas
121214162
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama : Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas
Nomor Mahasiswa : 121214162
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
DIFFERENCES OF WOMEN’S GOSSIP AND MEN’S GOSSIP
IN PITCH PERFECT MOVIE
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan
kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan
data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau
media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya
maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencamtumkan nama saya
sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 11 September 2017
Yang menyatakan
Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas
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ABSTRACT
Ardhyningtyas, Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas. (2017). Differences of
Women‟s Gossip and Men‟s Gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. Yogyakarta: English
Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.
This research analyzes the difference of language used by a certain group
of women and men in Pitch Perfect movie. The difference of language used by a
group of women and men in that movie could be clearly seen through its
conversations. Therefore, the researcher is motivated to do a deeper study in order
to discover the real differences of language used by women and men when they
talk to the same gender in a certain group. Moreover, the researcher tried to prove
that not only women do gossip but men also do that.
In this study, there are two research problems which are going to be
analyzed: (1) Which linguistic features are used by women and men in Pitch
Perfect movie‟s speech? (2) What are the differences between women‟s gossip
and men‟s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie? To answer those two research problems,
the researcher uses Lakoff‟s (1975) theory about women language and Tannen‟s
(1990) theory about the definition and the function of gossip in society.
The researcher uses qualitative research method in which discourse
analysis and document analysis were used during the study. The document needed
in this study is not only books as the references but also movie‟s script of Pitch
Perfect also used as a tool to analyze the data. In this study, the researcher also
takes a role as a „human instrument‟ who is involved significantly in conducting
the data.
Based on the study result, the researcher found some terms that show the
difference of women‟s language and men‟s language that commonly used in daily
conversations. The researcher also found the difference of women‟s gossip and
men‟s gossip related to its content based on the movie. Moreover, the researcher
could prove that not only women do gossip, but men also do that even the content
they discussed is not similar to women‟s have.
Keywords: Pitch Perfect movie, women‟s gossip, men‟s gossip, gender language
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ABSTRAK
Ardhyningtyas, Francisca Romana Maria (2017). Differences of Women‟s Gossip
and Men‟s Gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Penelitian ini menganalisis perbedaan bahasa yang digunakan oleh
sekelompok perempuan dan laki-laki dalam film Pitch Perfect. Perbedaan bahasa
yang digunakan antara sekelompok perempuan dan laki-laki dalam film ini sangat
terlihat melalui beberapa percakapan. Oleh karena itu, peneliti terdorong untuk
melakukan penelitian tentang perbedaan bahasa yang digunakan oleh perempuan
dan laki-laki. Serta membuktikan bahwa tidak hanya perempuan saja yang
bergosip tetapi laki-laki juga melakukannya.
Dalam penelitian ini, ada dua rumusan masalah yang dianalisis: (1) Fitur
linguistik apa yang digunakan oleh perempuan dan laki-laki dalam film Pitch
Perfect? (2) Apa perbedaan gosip perempuan dan gosip laki-laki dalam film Pitch
Perfect? Untuk menjawab kedua rumusan masalah tersebut, peneliti
menggunakan teori Lakoff (1975) tentang bahasa wanita, teori Tannen (1990)
tentang definisi dan fungsi gosip dalam masyarakat.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif di mana analisis
wacana dan dokumen digunakan selama penelitian berlangsung. Dokumen yang
diperlukan dalam penelitian ini tidak hanya buku sebagai referensi, namun
transkrip film Pitch Perfect juga digunakan sebagai alat untuk menganalisis data.
Peneliti berperan sebagai „human instrument‟ yang terlibat secara signifikan
dalam pengumpulan data yang diperlukan dalam penelitian.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, peneliti menemukan beberapa hal yang
menunjukkan perbedaan antara bahasa perempuan dan bahasa laki-laki yang
sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Peneliti juga menemukan
perbedaan isi dalam gosip antara perempuan dan laki-laki yang ditarik
berdasarkan film tersebut. Terlebih lagi, peneliti berhasil membuktikan bahwa
tidak hanya perempuan saja yang bergosip, namun laki-laki juga melakukannya
meski dalam cara yang berbeda dan topik yang mereka bicarakan tidak sama
dengan yang dibicarakan oleh wanita.
Kata kunci: Pitch Perfect movie, women‟s gossip, men‟s gossip, gender language
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My deepest gratitude to Jesus Christ for blessing and guiding me during I
working on my thesis. I dedicate my thesis to my special mama and papa
(Geoveva Sumartiningsih and Dominikino Suwardi) who strengthen me up
through their everyday prayer. For all my sisters, Regina Ardhy, Maria Ardhy
and Rossa Ardhy. I thank them who are never tired in giving me support and
helping me to solve my problems.
I would like to express my special thanks to my thesis advisor, Drs. Barli
Bram, M.Ed., Ph.D., for guiding me to finish my thesis. He kindly encouraged
me in my working to always give the best on my thesis. I would also like to thank
to all my lecturers in ELESP for invaluable knowledge that I have learned
during my study in Sanata Dharma University. They give me many things to be
learned. My appreciation goes to Rian, who has spared her busy time to help me
proofread my thesis.
For all my friends in ELESP USD, I thank them for accompanying me
from the very first semester until I finish my study in Sanata Dharma University.
To all my friends, I appreciate for teaching me many things, both in academic and
non academic study. My biggest thanks go to my special one Vebry Prakoso who
always accompanies me in my up and down. He never stops in giving me support
to jump over the barriers. I would also like to thank everyone who has taken parts
during these five years study.
Francisca Romana Maria Ardhyningtyas
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER PAGE ........................................................................................................ i
APPROVAL PAGE................................................................................................ ii
STATEMENT OF WORK‟S ORIGINALITY ............................................................iv
PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ............................................................. v
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................vi
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................................................................................... viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................ ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................................. xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ............................................................................. 1
A. Research Background ........................................................................... 1
B. Research Problems ............................................................................... 5
C. Problem Limitation .............................................................................. 5
D. Research Objectives ............................................................................. 6
E. Research Benefit .................................................................................. 6
F. Definition of Terms .............................................................................. 7
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ........................................... 8
A. Theoretical Description ....................................................................... 8
1. Language ....................................................................................... 9
2. Linguistic Features of Language ................................................... 9
3. Gossip As Language Variation ................................................... 14
4. Characteristic of Gossip .............................................................. 16
5. Function of Gossip ...................................................................... 21
B. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 23
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...................................................... 25
A. Research Method ................................................................................ 25
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B. Research Setting ................................................................................. 27
C. Research Data ..................................................................................... 28
D. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique ........................................ 29
E. Data Analysis Technique ................................................................... 30
F. Research Procedure ............................................................................ 31
CHAPTER IV RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION............................... 33
A. The Difference of Linguistic Features Used by Women and Men in
Pitch Perfect Movie ........................................................................... 33
1. Women‟s Linguistic Features ..................................................... 34
2. Men‟s Linguistic Features ........................................................... 37
B. The Difference of Women‟s Gossip and Men‟s Gossip in Pitch
Perfect Movie ..................................................................................... 39
1. Women‟s Gossip ......................................................................... 39
2. Men‟s Gossip .............................................................................. 42
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND
RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................... 46
A. Conclusions ........................................................................................ 46
B. Implications ........................................................................................ 48
C. Recommendations .............................................................................. 48
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 50
APPENDICES ...................................................................................................... 53
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
APPENDIX. A .................................................................................................... 53
APPENDIX. B .................................................................................................... 58
APPENDIX. C .................................................................................................... 62
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter consists of six sections. The first one is the research
background which is concerned about the reasons why the researcher chose the
topic. The second research problems which is deal with the problems that will be
analyzed in chapter four. The third section is problem limitation which becomes
the scope and the focus of the study. The fourth section is about the objectives of
the study which provide the purpose of this study. The next part is the benefit of
the study which contains the use of study. The last part is the definition of terms
which consists of an explanation related to the important terms in this study.
A. Research Background
Language has always been an important part in human life. People need
the language to express their emotions, ideas, feelings, and thoughts by using
speech. The language has some functions, Holmes (2013) states that “though
language serves many functions, language can convey objective information of a
referential kind, and it can also express how someone‟s feeling” (p.10). It makes
people are capable in interacting and communicating with one another for
whatever they do in their everyday life. Thus, it can allow people to maintain
social relationships with other people. However, the way individual speaks is
different from one another, especially men and woman.
Holmes (2013) says that languages provide a variety of ways of saying the
same thing – addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying
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compliments. Therefore, even though women and men are saying the same thing
to the same receiver, they will deliver it in a different way and also in a different
style. It occurs because of the gender differences in linguistic features and its
functions. Some research had proven that some characteristics show the
differences between women‟s language and men‟s language. Even if they grow up
in the same neighbourhood, on the same block, or in the same house, girls and
boys grow up in different worlds of words (Tannen, 1990). Thus, even though
there is a woman and a man who are siblings as brother and sister, they were born
to be different as man and woman. Holmes (2013) adds that men and women may
use language for different social purposes, having been socialised in different
ways from earliest childhood. Those factors may influence both men and women
to speak in a different way. In a real social life, both women and men are naturally
act differently, especially in the way they deliver something.
People who speak in a different style from one another might accept
others‟ talk in a different assumption and might interpret it in different meanings
too. In perceiving others‟ speech, men and women have different ways to take.
Sometimes, men choose to use language as a tool to give comment on others‟
opinion when others‟ argument is not the same with their idea. In contrast, women
are more likely to be silent when others start to invite them into a debate. Silence
may be the best ornament of a woman, but it is one she all too seldom wears
(Holmes, 2013). However, we could not decide directly when both women and
men are silent, it means that they avoid to have a debate with others. Silence has
different meaning for women and men, in case of perceiving other‟s saying. If a
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man is silent, this may well be seen to confirm his authority and potency; if a
woman is silent, this may be taken as a confirmation of her weakness or timidity
(Holmes, 2013).
The use of language itself can be varied based on the individuals who use
it. Therefore, in this research, the researcher is going to prove one of language‟s
use as a gossip in human life, especially for both women and men. Most people in
this world have the same perception about gossip in which women are the one
gender who are likely to do gossip rather than men. Moreover, since there is a
myth which says that the one who most do gossip is women, the researcher is
motivated to change the statement related to that myth. That myth has
successfully influenced the way people think about who frequently do gossip.
This occurrence becomes the reason for the researcher to change the way people‟s
perspective related to that myth. Furthermore, people‟s understanding about the
meaning of gossip itself is not totally true. For most people, gossiping is talking
about someone else or an absent third party. Nevertheless, the way people define
the meaning of gossip is similar to the definition of gossip in a dictionary which
says that gossip is an informal talk about other people, especially about other
private lives. Meanwhile, there are some meanings of gossip asides from it. Each
expert describes the different meaning of gossip based on their own theory. Some
studies have already shown that men are talking much more than women in
reality. There is abundant evidence that men talk more than women (Holmes,
1990). In the same situation, Tannen (1990) argues that men think women talk a
lot because they hear women talking in a situation where men would not. In fact,
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men actually do gossip, but they choose to gossip with their fellow who are in the
same gender rather than talking with women. Thus, the researcher tries to learn
deeper about language and gossip, especially about gossip and its function for
women and men.
Hence, the researcher has checked the previous research which is
conducted by English education‟s students in the same university. As a result,
most of the studies are talking about women‟s language only, without comparing
it with men‟s language. The contain of the study defines about the linguistic
features of women‟s language only. For this reason, the researcher tries to
compare the linguistic features used by women and men in their speech, and tries
to analyze the difference of gossip talked by women and men. As an English
learner, it is good to understand about language used by women in their speech,
but it is better to understand the language used by both women and men in their
speech. Not only understand about language and its linguistic features only, but
also learn to understand about the variation of language use in social life is good
for English learners.
To understand about gossip as one of language variations, the example of
women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip is shown in Pitch Perfect movie in which there
are some dialogues of women‟s speech and men‟s speech which could be
categorized as gossip. Those speeches show that women‟s speech and men‟s
speech in the movie is not similar. Moreover, the content of women‟s speech and
men‟s speech is different, especially when both women and men is talking in a
all-female group or all-male group. Thus, in this study, the researcher is interested
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in analyzing the differences of women‟s speech and men‟s speech in Pitch Perfect
movie.
B. Research Problems
1. Which linguistic features are used by women and men in Pitch Perfect
movie‟s speech?
2. What are the differences between women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip in
Pitch Perfect movie?
C. Problem Limitations
This research focuses on two points. The first is the differences in
women‟s speech and men‟s speech in Pitch Perfect movie. Another one is the
differences between women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. To
gather the data of this study, the researcher only focuses on analyzing the
dialogue done by the two main groups of all-female capella group and all-male
capella group who appear frequently in the movie.
The character‟s speech among both women and men is analyzed only
through their dialogues. There are some linguistic features that indicate the
differences between women‟s speech and men‟s speech and there are some
characteristics that indicate the differences between women‟s gossip and men‟s
gossip in Pitch Perfect movie.
D. Research Objectives
The aim of this study is to describe how women‟s speech differs from
men‟s speech which shows in a certain movie. This study is done to find the
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linguistic features used by women and men in their speech and also the content of
their speech. Moreover, the aim of this study is to prove that in fact, not only
women do gossip but men also do it.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher believes that this study will be beneficial for the readers
and for those who deal with language education. They are:
1. English Language Education Study Program (ELESP) Students
This study will be useful for ELESP students because this study will help
the students know more about the differences of women‟s speech and men‟s
speech. Through this study, the students could also understand that there are not
only women who do gossip, but men also do that, even in different ways and
different contexts. Moreover, this study could be the reference for the students in
order to know about one of some branches in sociolinguisticss that commonly
done by the majority of society, and it is called gossip.
2. English Lecturers
The result of this study is expected to be useful not only for the ELESP
students but for the lecturers also. Hopefully, this study could be one of learning
sources in teaching English or other related subjects. Since this study is analyzed
about gossip and proved that not only women do gossip, but men also, it might be
one of interesting topics to be learned by the students.
3. Readers
This study is about sociolinguisticss which is relevant not only with
linguistic terms, but also with society. Thus, it might be useful for everyone who
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read it. For those who do not concern about linguistic, this study can give the
readers information related to the differences of gender language.
F. Definition of Terms
In order to help the readers in understanding the content of this research,
the terms used in this research are defined as follows:
1. Gossip
Gossip is informal talk about other people especially about their private
lives (Oxford Dictionary, 2008). In other sides, Foster (2004) describes gossip as
efficient and at time exclusive means of gathering or disseminating information.
Tannen (1990) argues that “to him (men), talk is for information, but to her
(women), talk is for interaction” (p.38). When gossiping, women are likely to
share about their feeling and try to build a closer relationship with others.
Meanwhile, men are more likely to share about an information rather than talking
about their feelings.
2. Pitch Perfect Movie
Pitch Perfect movie is an American movie, which is created based on a
book by Mickey Rapkin and directed by Jason Moore. This movie tells about two
capella groups which consist of Bellas as the women capella group and Trebles as
the men capella group. They compete to perform at the International
Championship of Collegiate a Cappella.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter consists of two sections. They are theoretical description and
theoretical framework. In the theoretical description, the researcher reviews some
theories to support the researcher‟s ideas in the study. Then, in the theoretical
framework, the researcher elaborates the way how the theories are implied for
analyzing the dialogues in the movie.
A. Theoretical Description
In supporting the idea of the analysis, some relevant theories are used, as
follows.
1. Language
Holmes (2013) states that “languages provide a variety of ways of saying
the same thing – addressing and greeting others, describing things, paying
compliments” (p.3). The variety of language is able to be seen when a
communication happens between two persons, especially men and women, then
they are saying the same thing, but they deliver it in different ways. Even though
the purpose of those different person are the same, but when the same things are
said by different individual, it could be delivered in a different way too. This
situation caused by individual factors where every person has their own different
character and style in delivering their thought.
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Definition of language by Lado (1957) is the system of speech sound by
which human beings, communicate with one another. However, Tannen (1990),
who wrote the book You Just Don‟t Understand, stated that communication isn‟t
as simple as saying what you mean. The way you say what you mean is crucial
and differs from one person to the next.
According to Cameron (1998), men and women are members of cultures
in which a large amount of discourse about gender is constantly circulating. They
do not only learn, and then mechanically reproduce, ways of speaking
„appropriate‟ to their own gender; they learn a much broader set of gendered
meanings that attach in rather complex ways to different ways of speaking, and
they produce their own behavior in the light of these meanings.
By looking at the name quickly, people are able to interpret the meaning of
sociolinguisticss directly without finding out further in a dictionary. We could
easily know that the word comes from society and language, which means there
is a relation between language and in society. In An Introduction to
Sociolinguistics‟s book which is written by Holmes (2013), it supports that
sociolinguisticss studies the relationship between language and society.
Wardhaugh (2006) has described earlier about the definition of
sociolinguistics which means a study that concern about the relation between
language and society with the goal to understand how languages function in
communication. Through the study of language, social relation, and
communication could be better understood.
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Thus, it can be simply concluded that sociolinguisticss means a theory of
language which is used by people in a group of society. Holmes (2013) states that
sociolinguisticss interested in explaining why people speak differently in
different social context. That means sociolinguisticss explains to us why
everyone speaks differently from one another, why people who live in different
area have to speak in different language, why those people in a certain area
always speak in a high intonation, and so on. It is related to the function of
sociolinguisticss, where sociolinguisticss is concerned about identifying the
social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey social meaning
(Holmes, 2013). The theory which is being focused in sociolinguisticss can be
vary, it could be the structure of language, the function of language, or even
various the language politeness in a certain group of society.
Talking about language and society, we could directly think about what
language that people commonly use when they are talking with others in their
own region. For example the language used by a group of people in a certain area
is different from other‟s language which is used in other different areas too. For
majority of Indonesian people, when a native speaker of American is talking
American English, the speech which is talked by American people sounds too
fast and difficult to be understood by Indonesian people. This occurrence happens
because native speakers are talking their language with their own style, and this is
what we called by dialect. According to Yulia and Ena (2006), dialect is simply
linguistic varieties which are distinguishable by their vocabulary, grammar and
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pronunciation; the speech of people from different social, as well as regional
groups, may be differed in these ways.
A certain group of people who lived in different areas certainly speaks in
different languages too. Every country has their own language variety and every
region has their own traditional language which is varied too. Therefore, every
individual could learn diversity from other‟s different language. Through this
diversity, everyone is expected to be able to respect one another, therefore
everyone could build solidarity and loyalty among the society. That solidarity will
always be growing up until there will be no gap between one another.
2. Linguistic Features of Language
Language as a tool for people to communicate with others has linguistic
features to determine the meanings of the language‟s content. Both women and
men have their own different linguistic features of their own language since the
language uttered by them are different from one another. According to Wardaugh
(2006), linguistic variables or linguistic features are items in the structure of a
language, an item that has alternate realizations, as one speaker realizes it one way
and another a different way or the same speaker realizes it differently on different
occasions. Therefore, linguistic features become an important part in the way
people communicate through language and it is functioned to determine the
meaning of language.
The function of language itself is not only to tell the meaning of language
which someone utters, but also to indicate the speaker of the language, whether
the speaker is a man or a woman. Men and women are different psychologically
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12
in the way they act, from the style in which they communicate to the way in
which they attempt to influence others. These gender differences in
communication and influence tactics also have implications for gender differences
styles of men and women. (Merchant, 2012). To differentiate the language made
by woman and man, both woman and man have their own difference linguistic
features.
a. Linguistic Features of Women’s Language
Lakoff (1975) provides a list of ten linguistic features which characterize
women‟s speech. The first one is lexical hedges or fillers, e.g. you know, sort of,
well, you see. The second is tag questions, e.g. she‟s very nice, isn‟t she? The
third is rising intonation on declaratives, e.g. it‟s really good? The fourth is
„empty‟ adjectives, e.g. divine, charming, cute. The fifth is precise color terms,
e.g. magenta, aquamarine. The sixth is intensifiers such as just and so, e.g. I like
him so much. Then the seventh is „hypercorrect‟ grammar, e.g. consistent use of
standard verb forms. The next is „super polite‟ forms, e.g. indirect requests,
euphemisms. The other one is avoidance of strong swear words, e.g. fudge, my
goodness. The last is emphatic stress, e.g. it was a brilliant performance.”
(Holmes, 2001)
Moreover, women are reported to use more polite forms and more
compliment than men (Wardaugh, 2006). Even when communicate with the same
gender or with their opposite gender, women tend to use more polite language
rather than their language will sounds rude by others. Women are somehow
predisposed psychologically to be involved with one another and to be mutually
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13
supportive and non-competitive (Wardaugh, 2006). When women engage with
their partner in a conversation, they tend to support their friend‟s argument and
avoid to against another in order to keep others feeling instead of hurting other‟s
feeling. They also give more responses, little words like mhm, uh-uh, and yeah,
sprinkled throughout someone else‟s talk, providing feedback loop (Tannen,
1990). Tannen (1990) adds that “women respond more positively and
enthusiasticaly by agreeing and laughing” (p.69). Those responses indicate
women in showing their attention as a good listener to others.
Tannen (1990) found a fact that, women also tell jokes even not as much
as men do. Unlike men, women preferred a small audience of one or two, rarely
more than three. It is different from most of men who are freely telling jokes in a
public. In contrast, women tend to refuse if they are asked to tell jokes in a public
or in a larger group. Entertaining others is a way of establishing connections with
them, and telling jokes can be a kind of giving where the joke is a gift that brings
pleasure to receivers (Tannen, 1990).
b. Linguistic Features of Men’s Language
Men and women speak differently. Men‟s speech was seen as logical,
concise and dealing with important topic (Weatherall, 2002). Wardaugh (2006)
says that in cross-gender conversations, men try to control what topics are
discussed and are inclined to make categorical statements. When a father asked
her beloved daughter to continue her study based on the father‟s choices, while in
other sides her daughter has a different idea from him, the father starts to take
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control of their conversations and persuade her daughter to follow his idea.
Moreover, men are more competitive and prone to conflict (Tannen, 1990).
The corresponding strategies of men given fewer listener responses,
making statements rather that asking questions, and challenging rather than
agreeing, can be understood as moves in a contest by incipient speakers rather
than audience members (Tannen, 1990). Most of men are not interested to be a
good listener like most women do. Men have different ways of showing
expression that they are listening to others. Tannen (1990) argues that men tend to
say “yeah” only when they agree.
When a man refrains from expressing negative thought or feelings, he
seems to be overestimating the power of this words to hurt a woman, when,
ironically, she is more likely to be hurt by his silence than his word (Tannen,
1990). Tannen (1990) an American linguist found that men like to tell jokes. Men
preferred and were more likely tell jokes when they had an audience at least two,
often four or more (Tannen, 1990). Men are more confident to tell jokes in a
public, even they are engaged with a group in a same gender or with an opposite
gender. Tannen (1990) argues that the idea that telling jokes is a kind of self-
display does not imply that it is selfish ot self-centered. By telling jokes, men are
getting closer and really involve with people in a group.
3. Gossip as Language Variation
Nowadays, gossip has already been an important part of everyday life for
everyone in who are living in this world. In people real life, gossip has beco``me a
tradition in their society. Whether they realize it or not, most of people do gossip
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in many different ways. Sometimes people are making mistakes in interpreting the
meaning of gossip. Gossip as one of language variation can be transferred in more
than one meaning. The definition of gossip itself, not only about a conversation
which is done by a group of men or women or a tool which is used to spread out a
negative things done by someone or a certain group to give a negative influences
on others.
Foster (2004) says the definition of gossip is a personal information about
an absent third party that is conveyed in an evaluative manner. As what majority
people know so far that gossip is a conversation where the topic is an absent third
party. Aside from the entertaining, the nature of gossip as a form of storytelling,
gossip can be used to transmit information, exert social influence, increase
intimacy, and as a mechanism for social comparison processes (Levin & Arluke,
1987; Foster, 2004; Rosnow & Georgoudi, 1985). Thus, gossip is not only used to
talk about third parties, but also could be used as a tool to disseminate an
information.
Another definition of gossip by Foster (2004) that at the most general
level, gossip behavior includes “idle talk” or “chit chat” about daily life. In reality,
people could not be stayed away from getting conversation with other people
around them. Although the topic people talk is not related to human, but it is still
called by gossip because the topic which is being told is an absent of third party.
In 1990, Tannen said that “troubles talk is just one aspect of the ongoing intimate
conversation that can be called gossip” (p.48). Therefore, the actual meaning of
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gossip is not only for talking about other‟s negative story or other‟s positive
information, but a little conversation belongs to gossip also.
While some studies have found women are more likely than men to gossip
(e.g. Nevo, Nevo, & Derech-Zehavi, 1994), others have suggested this is an
artifact of gender norms and men are simply more likely to underreport the
amount of gossip they engage in. Levin and Arluke (1985) examine gender
differences relating to gossip and found men and women gossiped in fairly equal
amounts, however the topics they gossip about is differed. Men were more likely
to gossip about sports athletes, while women were more likely to gossip about
personal relationships.
4. Characteristic of Gossip
In everyday life, it is sure that someone will have a conversation with one
another, whether the conversation happens between women and women, men and
men, or even women and men. Not only conversation that people could see in a
real life, but also gossip happens in a daily life. Gossip has already become a part
of people‟s daily conversation since a long time. At the most general level, gossip
behaviour includes “idle talk” or “chit chat” about daily life (Foster, 2004).
Myth has successfully influenced people‟s perception to say that the one
who are the most do gossip is women. However, some studies have already
proven that men are much more frequently gossiping than women do. Even
though both men and women do gossip, they will do it in a different way. In their
different style of language, men and women have their own different topic when
they do gossip. Because men and women are regarding the landscape from
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contrasting vantage point, the same scene appear very different to them, and they
often have an opposite interpretation of the same action. (Tannen, 1990). It means
that men and women have different assumption about the place of talk in
relationship (Tannen, 1990).
a. Characteristic of Women’s Gossip
Tannen (1990) writes that women tend to show understanding of another
woman‟s feelings. As we know that most of women in the world have a more
sensitive feeling than men. Wardaugh (2006) adds that when women talked to
women, the equivalent categories were the self, feelings, affiliation with others,
home and family. If women do not have someone to tell their thought and
impression to, they do feel alone (Tannen, 1990). Knowing that they have
someone to share their feelings, it makes them feel that they are not alone. For
most women, getting together and telling about their feelings and what is
happening in their lives is at the heart of friendship (Tannen, 1990). In the recent
year, Waddington (2012) agrees that women were more likely to gossip about
friends and family.
Likewise, a study by DeBacker, Nelissen, and Fisher (2007) found that,
when presented with gossip, women were most attentive to information about the
attractiveness of other women. Telling thing is a way to show involvement and
listening is a way to show interest and caring (Tannen, 1990). That is what women
do when they are engaged with their partner and having such a consultation or a
sharing moment. When a woman meets her friends to tell her problem, then her
friend will kindly listen to her and offer solution. Women show concern by
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following up someone else‟s statement of trouble by questioning her about it
(Tannen, 1990). By giving questions to others who are sharing their feelings, it
shows that the listener is following the discussion. Mutual understanding and
giving advice is symmetrical, and this symmetry contributes to a sense of
community (Tannen, 1990)
In contrary with men who are likely to give an information to others in
order to higher their status, “women are more inclined to be givers of praise than
givers of information” (Tannen, 1990, p.32). Women are known as a language
user who speaks in a polite form. Therefore, most women love to give praise
when they see or hear a good thing.
Women tend to focus on intimacy (Tannen, 1990). Intimacy is key in a
world of connection where individuals negotiate complex networks of friendship,
minimize differences, try to reach consensus, and avoid the appearance of
superiority, which would hilight difference (Tannen, 1990). Women are more
often attuned to the nego
tiation of connections. Since a relation is very important for women, so
most women appreciate their relation with other, and they try to have a good
connection with people around them.
Women expect decisions to be discussed first and made by consensus.
They appreciate the discussions itself as the evidence of an involvement and
communication. Men and women have different concept in making decisions. For
most women, it is natural to have consultations with their friends when they got a
problem, then making decision by having discussion together. However, many
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men feel oppressed by lengthy discussion about what they see as minor decision
and they feel hemmed in if they can‟t just act without talking first (Tannen, 1990).
b. Characteristic of Men’s Gossip
On the contrary, women who are inclined to use their feelings in
responding something, men in the majority commonly use their logic to analyze
something they see instead of using their feeling. It also influences on what usualy
men are talking about. When men talked to men, the content categories of such
talk focused on competition and teasing (Wardaugh, 2005). Likewise, a study by
DeBacker, Nelissen, & Fisher (2007) found that men were attentive to
information about the wealth and status of other men. In the recent year,
Waddington (2012) added that men were more likely to gossip about celebrities
and sports figures.
When most men talk to their friends on the phone, they may discuss what‟s
happening in business, the stock market, the soccer match, or politics (Tannen,
1990). It is different from women where they tend to talk about feeling, men are
more likely to talk about fact. Since men value the position of center stage and
feeling of knowing more, they seek opportunities to gather and disseminate
factual information (Tannen, 1990). Thus, in the way of disseminate information
whether the content is about factual information or not, men also do gossip in the
way they are. They tend to talk about political rather than personal relationships:
institutional power, advancement and decline, a proposal that may or may not get
through the commitee, a plan for making money (Tannen, 1990). By exchanging
one information to another, men are able to get and share knowledge related to
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their daily life and what is going on around them. For man, despite a lack of
information, might still give the experts run for his money and possibly gain the
upper hand by the end (Tannen, 1990).
To say that many men do not exchange secrets about their own and other‟s
lives for the purpose of establishing intimacy is certainly not to say that they do
not have a need and a way to bond with others through talk (Tannen, 1990). Men
do have a moment to tell their secret to their partners, but it is not going on in
turns. When they think that the matters is not a big deal, they will not tell it to
others.
Men tend to focus on independence (Tannen, 1990). In a world of status,
independence is key, because a primary means of establishing status is to tell
others what to do, and taking orders is a marker of low status. Intimacy is key in a
world of connection where individuals negotiate complex networks of friendship,
minimize differences, try to reach consensus, and avoid the appearance of
superiority, which would highlight differences (Tannen, 1990)
Many men are automatically making decisions by their own when they got
a problem, because it is not important for them to have a consultation with their
partner. Men do not respond to each other the way women respond to each other
in troubles talk (Tannen, 1990). For a man, sharing their feelings is not a common
thing for them. Men are more often inclined to focus on the jockeying for status in
a conversation (Tannen, 1990).
For most men, talk is primarily a means to preserve indepence and
negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchical social order (Tannen, 1990).
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5. Function of Gossip
Gossip has become a part of human life in the world. Each individual has
their own perception of the function of gossip in their daily life. Dana (2012) says
that gossip may be used as a tool to gain acceptance in the group, as gossip is an
effective way to express group loyalty and adherence to group norms. Gossip
helps to maintain the unity and the morality of the group involved in the gossip
(Gluckman, 1963). For some people, especially they who are in a marginal group
or even do not have much friends, they are usually disseminating an information
or lets say gossiping to be closer to others. Gluckman (1963) says that gossip
circle maintains group unity, control, aspiring individuals, and make possible the
selection of leaders without embarrasment. It does occur on women in most.
Not all gossip, in all situations, will increase intimacy. Gossip can serves a
crucial function in establishing intimacy-especially if it is not “talking against”
but simply “talking about” (Tannen, 1990). The things which is going to discuss is
something positive instead of saying negative things that could against others.
Moreover, if the goal of gossip is creating a closer bond with the group, the
gossiper needs to be strategic about who they are talking about and what they are
saying, particularly if the gossiper is a peripheral group member. However, if the
gossiper delivers the bad things, it will cause other functions of gossip, such as
social influences instead of building loyalty.
The function of gossip is based on the content of the gossip itself.
However, most of people often gossip in a negative conversation about negative
things. Actually this is totally wrong. Gossip is not always a tool for someone to
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talk about others‟ vice or others‟ guilt, but gossip can be a tool for someone to
disseminate an information. There are some differences about the function of
gossip for men and women.
Foster (2004) argues the function of gossip as efficient and at time
exclusive means of gathering or disseminating information. It is true that through
gossip, people could gather or disseminate much information, and it could be
positive and negative for people who are engaged in. One gossip that could be
seen clearly which has a function to disseminate an information is the one which
is shown on television. In addition to provide the listener with information, the act
of gossiping is likely to increase intimacy between those involved in the exchange
of gossip (Levin & Arluke, 1987). Sometimes when someone does gossip with
another, it is because they already feel close with that certain person or group.
Likewise, a study by DeBacker, Nelissen, & Fisher (2007) suggest that
gossip is frequently used to gain knowledge about a potential sexual rival and
gossip is an important part of reproductive strategy. In other words, for both
women and men, gossip has the same function to gain deeper information related
to their cross gender. It is important for both women and men get more
information from their cross gender, especially when they are starting to interact
with.
Aside from the entertaining, the nature of gossip as a form of storytelling,
gossip can be used to transmit information, exert social influence, increase
intimacy, and as a mechanism for social comparison processes (Levin & Arluke,
1987; Foster, 2004; Rosnow & Georgoudi, 1985). Tannen (1990) argued that to
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him (men), talk is for information, but to her (women), talk is for interaction. That
is the main point from the function of gossip for women and men.
B. Theoretical Framework
This section defines the overview of all the theories used in this study and
how each theory is applied in the analysis. The reason why the theories used in
supporting the statement is given by the researcher will also be explained in the
following section.
Men and women have their own different language style and their own
language features of the different language they have. In a social circumstance,
women are expected to be more polite and more expressive than men in their
communication. Therefore, to answer the first research problem which is related
to linguistic features of men‟s language and women‟s language, the researcher
applied Lakoff‟s theory (1975), Wardaugh‟s theory (2006) and supported by
Tannen‟s theory (1990) to analyze linguistic features of women‟s language.
There are ten linguistic features of women‟s language defined by Lakof.
Lexical hedges or filler such as „well‟, which commonly used by most of women,
then tag question which is used to show uncertainty, rising intonation which is
used to strengthen a question, empty adjective and emphatic stress which have
function to deeper an expression, intensifier that commonly used to strengthen a
statement, hypercorrect grammar to show a formality, superpolite form which is
indicated by using indirect form and has a function to show women‟s politeness in
speaking and avoidance of swear words.
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Whereas, the characteristic of men‟s language is not to with women‟s
language. In contrast, when women try to speak using hypercorrect grammar to
show formality and politeness, most of men do not give much attention to their
language into detail, especially in the grammar correction. Moreover, men
commonly put more swear words in their speech rather than putting some praise
to someone they speak with. One thing that indicates the most difference of
women‟s language and men‟s language is men are likely to speak using their
logic, while women are likely to speak using their feeling.
Whereas, to answer the second research question, the researcher uses
Tannen‟s theory supported by Wardaugh‟s theory for analyzing the content of
both women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip. Both women and men are likely to do
gossip even the topic they talk are not similar. Moreover, gossip has different
function for women and men. Majority experts said that most of women are likely
to tell about their feeling, their problem and sharing information about the newest
gossip around them. For most women, gossip has a function as a way to build an
intimacy among women.
On other sides, the topics that men commonly talk are about information,
actual fact, sport, and knowledge. For men, gossip has a function as a tool to gain
more information and wider their knowledge instead of building an intimacy.
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter is divided into six sections. They are research setting,
research subject, instrument and data gathering technique, data analysis technique,
and research procedure. The first section is the research method which contains
with the explanation of the chosen method. The second section is about where and
when the research was conducted. The third section explains the subject of the
study. The fourth section is about the instruments and the data gathering technique
which explain about the research instruments in the study. The fifth section is the
data analysis technique which describes the ways of how the findings are analyzed
to answer the research questions. The last section is the research procedure which
summarizes the steps taken in conducting the study.
A. Research Method
This research analyzed the dialogues of each character in the movie
entitled Pitch Perfect. The analysis used the script movie written by Paul Brooks.
The methodology employed to find out the answer to the two research problems.
(1) What kind of linguistic features used by women and men in Pitch Perfect
movie‟s speech? (2) How does women‟s gossip differ from men‟s gossip in Pitch
Perfect movie?
Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010) write in their Introduction to Research
In Education book, “quantitative research focuses on understanding
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social phenomena from the perspective of the human participants in natural
settings” (p.22). In the same way, this study is going to discuss about social
phenomenon which is almost everyone are exactly experienced with. The focus of
this study is gossip among both women and men.
There are eight of the most widely used approaches types of qualitative
research: “basic interpretative studies, case studies, document or content analysis,
ethnography grounded theory, historical studies, narrative inquiry, and
phenomenological studies” (Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2010, p.29). Among those
types of qualitative research, this study used document and content analysis to
analyze the data. In document or content analysis type, “the material may be
public records, textbooks, letter, films, tapes, diaries, themes, reports, or other
documents” (Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2010, p.29). In the same way, this study
used movie and the script movie as the document to analyze the data. Ary, Jacobs,
and Sorensen (2010) add that “the materials analyzed can be textbooks,
newspapers, web pages, speeches, television programs, advertisements, musical
compositions, or any of a host of other types of documents” (p.457). Since the
materials of document analysis includes speeches also, the researcher analyzes the
women‟s speech and men‟s speech to prove that linguistic features made by
women and men in their speech are not similar.
Data analysis “emphasizes how humans construct meaning through speech
and text, and its object of analysis typically goes beyond individual sentences”
(Nkwi, Nyamongo, & Ryan, 2001, p. 15). The researcher applied data analysis
since it is used to examine the meaning and the purpose of gossip talked by
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different person. Moreover, when gossip is delivered by different person it will
give different meaning for others too. While, Nkwi, Nyamongo, and Ryan (2001)
say that “Conversation analysis tends to be more granular, looking at elements
such as grammatical structures and concentrating on smaller units of text, such as
phrases and sentences.” (p. 15). Therefore, the researcher used conversation
analysis to determine the different meaning of women‟s speech and men‟s speech
uttered by different individual based on the linguistic features. Men and women
have their own style in delivering their thought. Thus, the researcher is interested
to analyze the differences between women‟s language and men‟s language
through their conversation which shows in a certain movie.
The researcher not only used the discourse and conversation analysis, but
also conducted the research by having documented analysis. Ary, Jacobs, and
Sorensen (2010) say that “qualitative research employs words and images to
answer questions” (p. 419). Therefore, the researcher obtained the data by
printscreening the conversation in the movie which is contained the linguistic
features of each individual language, then categorized it using the linguistic
features of both women‟s language and men‟s language. Moreover, the researcher
also analyzed the content of the dialogue to define the characteristic of gossip
done by women and men in the movie.
B. Research Setting
This study was conducted in English Language Education Study Program
(ELESP) of Sanata Dharma University by using library study and movie script.
The researcher conduct the data in ELESP of Sanata Dharma University since
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28
there are lots of references available to support the writing of the study. The
research was started in March 2016.
There is more than one movie which shows that not only women do
gossip, but men also do that, even the topic they talk about is not similar.
However, the researcher chose Pitch Perfect movie because the researcher could
find more data and information related to the study. In this movie, there are two
big groups consist of one women group and another one is a men group. By
looking at those main characters, it could help the researcher easier to get the
dialogue done by a group of men only and a group of women only which is
important in proving women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip.
C. Research Data
The subject of this study is the two main groups in Pitch Perfect movie,
named Bellas and Treblemakers who are being a rival since they tried to compete
their a cappella performance in one of a cappella competition named
“International Championship of Collegiate a Cappella”. The researcher analyzed
the conversation by watching and printscreening some dialogues in the movie and
also used the movie script to help the researcher easier in analyzing. The
dialogues that was being analyzed in defining the linguistic features made by
women and men in the movie is the dialogue which is done among women and
men. Meanwhile, for defining the differences between women‟s gossip and men‟s
gossip, the dialogue that being analyzed is only the which is done by a group of
women and a group of men only, instead of the dialogue between women and
men.
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Those characters helped the researcher in analyzing the linguistic features
made by women and men in Pitch Perfect movie and also in differentiating gossip
done by women and men in the movie.
C. Instrument and Data Gathering Technique
In qualitative studies, the human as instrument to emphasize the unique
role that qualitative researchers play in their inquiry (Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen,
2010). Thus, in the same way, the researcher is the instrument during conducting
the data of this study. Since this study belongs to qualitative research where its
study about social phenomena, the researcher need an instrument which is able to
handle the human experiences, and the one which is believed to handle it is only
human.
There were five steps taken by the researcher to obtain the study of the
differences between women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip. First, the researcher
watched the movie for more than once. It needs more than once in watching the
movie in order to make sure the reliability of the data which are conducted.
Moreover, the researcher should understand the main idea of the movie. Second,
the researcher printscreening the dialogues which are spoken by the characters in
the movie, then compare it with the movie‟s transcript to make sure the
conversation and to know who is talking at that moment of speaking. Third, the
researcher conducted the dialogues which contain the linguistic features of
women‟s speech and men‟s speech and also the one which contain with the
characteristic of gossip. The dialogues which are selected are taken from both of
women‟s speech and men‟s speech. In this step, the dialogues which are going to
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be analyzed are those which are taken from the printscreening and has been
compared with the movie‟s transcript. Fourth, the data that has been conducted
then being analyzed into some linguistic features of women‟s speech and men‟s
speech and also the one which contains with the characteristic of gossip. The last
step, the researcher then compared the result of the data that has been analyzed
between women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip and proved the theory that not only
women do gossip but men also.
D. Data Analysis Technique
In order to answer the two research questions, the data conducted from
some dialogues in the movie entitled Pitch Perfect. These dialogues are the
characters‟ conversations that being analyzed based on some theories related to
the linguistic features of language made by both women and men and gossip in
the linguistic view.
Based on Ary, Jacobs, and Sorensen (2010), there are several steps
involved in a discourse analysis, the first is “specifying the phenomenon to be
investigated” (p.458). In discourse analysis technique, there are some important
features which become a requirement in analysing the data of the study. There are
only some certain data could be analyzed through discourse analysis technique.
Jorgensen and Phillips (2002) argue that discourse analysis is not just one
approach, but a series of interdisciplinary approaches that can be used to explore
many diferent social domains in many different types of studies. In this research,
discourse analysis has its own purpose as an exploring tool to a certain social
domain.
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The phenomena which becomes the focus of this study is about women
stereotyping related to gossip. The second step is “selecting the media from which
the observations are to be made” (Ary, Jacobs, & Sorensen, 2010). The researcher
chooses a movie which is adopted from a book entitled Pitch Perfect as the media
to conduct the data. The last step is “analyzing the data” (Ary, Jacobs, &
Sorensen, 2010). After watching the movie, the researcher started to printscreen
the dialogue done by the characters in the movie, then analyze it based on its
linguistics features and the content based on the theories related to women‟s
gossip and men‟s gossip.
F. Research Procedure
This research took several steps in order to determine the linguistic view in
analyzing the data. The first thing that the researcher did was finding the movie,
watching it and understanding it. The researcher watched the movie more than
once, in order to define the dialogue that would be analyzed. Some theories are
applied by the researcher to support the data analysis. The procedures of
conducting this research were stated in the following section.
1. Selecting the Research Question
As a beginning of the study, the researcher decided to choose the topic of
the study about sociolinguisticss, especially on gossip, and more specific is the
difference between women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip. The research deals with
two research problems. The first one is about how the difference between
women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip which shows in the movie. Whereas, the
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second focuses on the linguistic features made by women and men‟s speech in the
movie.
2. Reviewing Related Literature
To support the writing of this thesis, the researcher reviewed some theories
related to gossip and gender language. The theories used in this research proposed
by more than one expert to support one another.
3. Collecting Data
To conduct the data, the researcher should find the movie first then watch
it. While watching the movie, the researcher tried to analyze the character‟s
conversation and printscreen the certain dialogue, so that it is easier for the
researcher to find the detail conversation in the movie script.
4. Analyzing the Data
After all of the conversation found, then the researcher analyzed the
linguistic features used in the conversation using the theories that have been
chosen.
5. Drawing Conclusion
The last step of this part is drawing the conclusions based on the result of
the data which has been conducted.
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CHAPTER IV
RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consists of two parts which discuss the result of the research.
The first part answers the first research question about what linguistic features
used by women‟s speech and men‟s speech in Pitch Perfect movie. The second
part answers the second research question which elaborates the differences
between women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie.
A. The Difference of Linguistic Features Used by Women and Men in Pitch
Perfect movie
In everyday life, people will certainly use language as their facility to
communicate with other people around them. Holmes (2013) states that language
provides a variety of ways of saying the same thing – addressing and greeting
others, describing things, paying compliments. If individual people or particular
relationships were to blame, there wouldn‟t be so many different people leaving
the same problems, the real problem is conversational style (Tannen, 1990). Both
women and men have different conversational style in their languages, even they
say the same things. It could be happened by the reason of society factors and the
roles of themselves.
There are some methods to analyze the difference between women‟s
language and men‟s language. The characteristic of women‟s language and men‟s
language could be analyzed based on its linguistic features. Here are the
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differences of women‟s language and men‟s language that the researcher found in
Pitch Perfect movie.
1. Women’s Linguistic Features
Conversation 1
Aubrey : Just take the dramatics down a notch, okay? Hi do you wanna
Chloe : Well you‟re the one who got us into this hot mess.
The word „just‟ in Aubrey‟s sentence shows the linguistic feature of
women‟s speech that called by intensifier. Then the word „well‟ in Chloe sentence
shows the linguistic feature of women‟s speech that called by lexical hedges
which describes meaning as meaningless particle.
Conversation 2
Chloe : You were singing Titanium right? You know David Guetta?
Beca : Have I been living under a rock?
From the conversation above, the word „right‟ that being told by Chloe
represent question tag. The use of question tag in Chloe‟s sentence is aimed to
show uncertainty about what she just said. Then, the parable “living under a rock”
shows that women more frequently use empty adjectives in their sentences.
Conversation 3
Chloe : Yeah. I‟m pretty confident about all this.
Beca : You should be. I still need to shower.
Chloe : You have a lovely voice.
Beca : Thanks
The word „pretty‟ and „lovely‟ in Chloe‟s sentence indicates an empty
adjective. The use of empty adjective in Chloe‟s sentence means to increase the
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effect of Chloe‟s expressions. Women often use this expression because it sounds
positive.
Conversation 4
Becca : Hello. Um... I didn‟t know we had to prepare that song.
Chloe : That‟s okay. Sing anything you want.
Becca : Uh... May I?
Chloe : Sure.
From the conversation above, it could be seen that women often use
lexical fillers as what being seen in Beca‟s sentences that is „um...‟ and „uh...‟.
Conversation 5
Amy : You know, so there‟s like 10 of us.
Aubrey: Mmm...
Amy : That means that one of us is probably a lesbian.
Aubrey: You think? Which one do you think it is?
Amy : My money‟s on Black Beauty. Don‟t tell her I said that.
From the conversation above, the word „you know‟ in Amy‟s sentence
indicates as lexical hedges which describes as meaningless particle. While the
sound „mmm...‟ in Aubrey‟s sentence indicates the use of lexical filler as one of
women‟s characters. Then, in thar dialogue, Aubrey puts a declarative statement
into a question by raising the pitch of her voice at the end of her statement. The
use of the word „you think‟ as declarative statement express uncertainty.
Conversation 6
Beca : You really don‟t like me, do you?
Aubrey: I don‟t like your attitude.
The word „do you‟ on Beca‟s sentence indicates the use of tag question.
Beca uses the word „do you‟ to get confirmation of her statement which claims
that Aubrey does not like her.
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Conversation 7
Amy : You should really listen to your doctor.
Chloe : They key is early diagnosis. I am living with nodes. But I am a survivor.
I just have to pull back. Because I am limited. Because I have nodes.
Aubrey: Chloe this is horrible.
The word „really‟ in Amy‟s sentence indicates the use of an intensifier.
Amy uses the word really to convince Chloe that she is better to listen to her
doctor for her health. Then the word „horrible‟ in Aubrey‟s sentence indicates an
emphatic stress. In the conversation above, Aubrey feels really sorry to hear
Chloe‟s condition.
Conversation 8
Amy : Aubrey, please just give us a break. It‟s kind of not the same without
everyone here.
Rose : We need Beca.
Amy‟s sentence shows an indirect request to Aubrey. That indirect request
indicates super polite form as one of women‟s linguistic features. By using super
polite form, Amy and Rose actually have a request to someone for having Beca
back.
Conversation 9
John : Ladies and gentlemen, the Barden Bellas!
Gail : My goodness gracious. Will you look at this? Gone are those Bella
uniforms and this is a whole new look for them, and it is hot, hot, hot!
The word „my goodness‟ in Gail‟s sentence shows that she tries to avoid
putting swear word in her sentence. This is one of linguistic features that in
contrast to men where majority of men choose to use swear word in their speech.
Then the word „gracious‟ and „hot‟ in Gail‟s sentence indicates an empty
adjectives as one of women‟s linguistic features.
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As conclusion of this section, women‟s linguistic features which
commonly use in Pith Perfect movie are; lexical hedges (just, you know), lexical
filler (uhh, umm, mmm), intensifier (well, really), empty adjective (pretty, lovely,
gracious), question tag (...right? ...do you?), and superpolite form (my Goodness).
Most women try to select the best word to be used in their sentences when they
are going to tell something. Moreover, instead of telling swear words, almost all
of women attempt to speak politely.
2. Men’s Linguistic Features
Conversation 10
Bumper : Trebles, listen up!
Donald : If this is about the Bellas getting into the finals, we already know.
Bumper : I don‟t give a crap about those dumb bitches. Because I‟m being
brought up to the musical big leagues.
The word „crap‟ and „dumb bitches‟ told by Bumper indicate strong swear
word which is one of men‟s linguistic features. Men commonly put swear word in
their sentences in order to express their strong feeling.
Conversation 11
Donald : Here‟s the real question. Who would be easier to sleep with?
Captain America or a great white shark?
Bumper : Great white shark, I wouldn‟t...
The conversation above shows that men use indirect allusive speech, such
as saying “Captain America or a great white shark?” What he mean by a great
white shark here is not a real shark, but it is actually Amy who has light skin and
fat body. Indeed, men tend to paraphrase more often than women.
Conversation 12
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Treble : Bumpers a jerk. Alright, I said it.
Donald : Well, he‟s a jerk that we need to replace.
The word „jerk‟ is one of swear words and it was said by Treble and
Donald as men. It proves that men are often put swear words in their speech.
Conversation 13
Bumper : Ohh look who it is. Old dudes. Get a life.
Donald : Sonic boom
Senior : Just cause we graduated a few years ago, doesn‟t mean we can‟t
still get off performing our oral magic, alright?
Donald : Oral magic?
Senior : Whoa, whoa, whoa, buddy, buddy. Are you looking for what I‟m
looking for?
Donald : Yeah a fight? You looking for a fight?
Senior : Please, please. Please say you‟re looking for a fight. Please,
please say you‟re looking for a fight.
Bumper : Yes! I will fight. I would fight him, but I tore a quad within the
midst of the dance…
Senior : Hey Ghandi. Hey, you, are we doing this or what? Hit me.
Jesse : What?
Senior : Let‟s get in on
From the dialogue above, it shows that men tend to be more competitive in
their conversation. The way men response others‟ statement is different from
women who are commonly support others. In contrast to women, men are more
competitive in the way they response others‟ talk. Furthermore, the conversation
above shows that men use more progressive verb forms in their sentence. The
words „are looking‟ and „are doing‟ in men‟s dialogue above indicate the use of
progressive verb form. In addition, the dialogue above shows that men do not give
much attention in their grammar of their sentences.
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B. The Difference of Women’s Gossip and Men’s Gossip in The Pitch
Perfect Movie
Gossip takes places mutually among people in a network or a group
(Pamella, 2004). In a real life, gossip has become a part of people daily activity.
There is actually a function of gossip in a group of people, especially for women
and men. Both women and men do gossip in their own style and also in different
purpose. Men and women differ psychologically in the way they act, from the
style in which they communicate to the way in which they attempt to influence
others (Merchant, 2012). Both women and men have their own style in the way
they deliver something especially when they are trying to give suggestion or
influence others with their opinion.
The real difference between men and women with regard to gossip is
much more to do with the way that gossip is perceived and used as a term in
everyday conversation and different relational practice (Waddington, 2012). In
spite of there is no linguistic features that can be used to analyze gossip, gossip
could be analyzed by its content in order to define the difference of women‟s
gossip and men‟s gossip. Here are some characteristics of differences between
women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie based on its content.
1. Women’s Gossip
In most cases, when majority women get interaction in a same gender, they
attempt to be supportive with the topic disscused by their opposite speaker. Coates
(1997) says that women on the other hand, in conversation with women, typically
adopt a cooperative mode: they add to rather than demolish other speaker‟s
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40
contributions, they are supportive of others, they tend not to interrupt each other.
Aside from it, the content of women‟s speech in a group are varied. Most women
are interested to talk about their friends, family, and their personal feeling. Here
are the content of gossip talked by women in Pitch Perfect movie.
Conversation 14
Amy : You know, so there‟s like 10 of us.
Aubrey: Mmm...
Amy : That means that one of us is probably a lesbian.
Aubrey: You think? Which one do you think it is?
Amy : My money‟s on Black Beauty.
The dialogue above shows the two women are gossiping one of their
group‟s members who is known being a lesbian. This occurrence matches with
Waddington‟s opinion. Waddington (2012) agrees that women are more likely to
gossip about friends and family.
Conversation 15
Jesse : I bring some films. I don‟t like how much cooler he thinks he is than me.
Even if he is, in fact, much cooler than me. What do you want to watch
first?
Beca : Umm.. Maybe we could do something else like talk about our feelings or
go to the gynecologist?
The dialogue which is done by Jesse and Beca shows the difference of
discussion‟s content which is commonly talked by woman and man. In the
dialogue done by Beca and Jesse above, Beca as a woman, suggest Jesse as a man,
to talk about their feelings or giving another choice to do instead of following
Jesse‟s allurement. Looking from the dialogue above, it could be seen that women
are more interested to talk about feeling rather than talking about hobby. For most
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women, getting together and telling about their feelings and what is happening in
thier lives is at the heart of friendship (Tannen, 1990).
Conversation 16
Aubrey: Our score sheet revealed that the Sockappellas almost beat us. And Fat
Amy, you need to do it exactly how we rehearsed it, okay? No surprises.
Beca : We should be taking risks. It‟s not enough to be good, we need to put
ourselves out there, be different.
Rose : Beca‟s right. The Trebles never sing the same song twice.
The dialogue above shows Aubrey‟s anxiety about a problem they got
related to their group‟s score in a capella competition. Tannen (1990) says that
troubles talk is just one aspect of the ongoing intimate conversation that can be
called gossip. In that dialogue, those women talk about their rival in a capella
competition whose name is Treble. They try to beat their score above Treble.
Treble becomes the absent third party in Bella‟s gossip.
Conversation 17
Aubrey: Chloe, your voice didn‟t sound Aguilerian at all. Chloe, for
serious, what is wrong with you?
Chloe : I have nodes
Aubrey: What? My God
Chloe : I found out this morning.
The conversation above shows that Aubrey tries to give attention to her
friend, Chloe. Aubey shows her anxiety about Chloe‟s pain. From the
conversation above, it can be seen that women are likely to share their feelings
and their emotions. Tannen (1990) says that for most women, getting together and
telling about their feelings and what is happening in their lives is at the heart of
friendship. Those two women try to share their feelings and show their care to
their close friend.
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Conversation 18
Beca : I think we all know where this is going. Les-be-honest
Rose : Well, for the last two years, I‟ve had a serious gambling problem.
Amy : What?
Beca : What?
Rose : It started when I broke up with my girlfriend.
Beca : Okay, I‟ve never really been one of those girls who had a lot of friends
who were girls. And I do now. And that‟s pretty cool. So, that‟s me.
Someone else please go.
The conversation above tells about Bella‟s feeling and each fact of them.
From the conversation above, it can be seen that it is okay for most women to
share their feeling with their fellows. Tannen (1990) argues that telling secrets is
an essential part of friendship for most women, they may find themselves in
trouble when they have no secret to tell. That is why as a member of a group
which has been built for a long time, they try to build a closer relation by being
honest to each other. Every woman tells their own secret and the fact of
themselves.
2. Men’s Gossip
Men in all-male groups are more likely to discuss current affairs, travel
and sport (Coates, 2004). For most men, it is not common to talk about their
privacy in a public or even in a group. Coates (2004) says that with each other,
men avoid self-disclusure and prefer to talk about more impersonal topics such as
current affairs, modern technology, cars or sport. It shows that talking about
trending topic or current event is more interesting for men to talk about rather than
talking about their privacy.
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Conversation 19
Jesse : I bring some film. I don‟t like how much cooler he thinks he is than me.
Even if he is, in fact, much cooler than me. What do you want to watch
first?
Beca : Umm.. Maybe we could do something else like talk about our feelings or
go to the gynecologist?
The dialogue which is done by Jesse and Beca shows the difference of
discussion‟s content which is commonly talked by woman and man. The dialogue
shows that man is more interested in talking about hobby rather than feeling. For
men, sharing their feelings is not a common thing for them. Men are more often
inclined to focus on the jockeying for status in a conversation (Tannen, 1990).
Jesse‟s hobby is watching film, so he brings some films to watch with Beca. In the
dialogue above, Jesse as a man, tries to ask Beca as a woman in choosing what
movie they are going to watch. However, Beca refuses Jesse‟s request to watch
movie.
Conversation 20
Jesse : I bring some film. I don‟t like how much cooler he thinks he is than me.
Even if he is, in fact, much cooler than me. What do you want to whatch
first?
Beca : Umm.. Maybe we could do something else like talk about our feelings or
go to the gynecologist?
The dialogue which is done by Jesse and Beca shows the difference of
discussion‟s content which commonly talked by woman and man. From the
dialogue above, it could be concluded that what men are talking is about the
movie or his hobby which is watching movies. However, Beca as a woman there,
suggest the man, Jesse, to talk about feelings which is not a men‟s interest.
Conversation 21
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Donald : Here‟s the real question. Who would be easier to sleep with?
Captain America or a great white shark?
Bumper : Great white shark, I wouldn‟t...
The conversation above shows two guys who are talking about women. It
shows that actually the one who are likely to gossip about opposite gender is not
only women but also men do. The occurrence which happens based on the
dialogue above, proves that in reality, men are interested to talk about others
especially their opposite gender.
Conversation 22
Bumper : Treble Mayer just asked me, personally, through an assistant, to
sing backup on his new CD. I leave for Los Angeles in a few
hours, so I gotta get going.
Donald : But Bumper, what about the ICCAs? They‟re this weekend.
Bumper : Sorry buddies, but I won that shit 100 times, so I‟m out of here.
Got a collarless leather jacket to buy. Maybe some aviators. I
might get an earring. I don‟t know. It‟s Los Angeles. This is
exciting stuff. My life rules!
Treble : Bumpers a jerk. Alright, I said it.
Donald : Well he‟s a jerk that we need to replace.
Treble : Yeah.
Donald : Pronto dente. You know he writes his own fan mail.
The conversation above shows the time when Bumper as one of Treble‟s
members is getting out from his a capella group. After getting a surprising news,
one of their member starts to talk about him as a disappointing guy. Bumper here
as the absent third party of their member‟s talk. However, if seeing from
Bumper‟s sides, it means that men are more likely to share their career and their
job instead of sharing their feelings. Men, on the other hand, are viewed as more
likely than women to offer solutions to problems in order to avoid further
seemingly unnecessary discussions of interpersonal problems (Basow &
Rubenfeld, 2003; Merchant, 2012). it could be seen from the conversation above
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that Bumper‟s friends tend to better not give any suggestion rather than provoke
other problems. Besides, men are different from women who are commonly
emotional in their interaction, so that it is not a big deal for men when they are
facing unexpected decision.
As a conclusion for this section, there are some differences in women‟s
language and men‟s language based on its linguistic features. In sort, women are
often use lexical hedges and fillers in their speeches, use empty adjectives and
emphatic stress to strengthen and increase the effect of their expression, become
more polite when utter a question, and try to avoid using swear word in their
sentences. In contrast, men are often use swear words in their sentences, in order
to express a strong feeling and in order to show his superior status.
Moreover, the content of women‟s speech and men‟s speech, especially in
gossiping is not similar. In this movie, women are likely to talk about friend,
feeling, experience, and also the real fact of their selves. When a group of women
are gathered, it is common for them to share a thing they just experienced. Not
only share their experiences, but also tell their personal feelings to get others‟
support. Whereas, in this movie, men are more likely to talk about women and
carrier. By looking at the movie, it could be concluded that in reality, not only
women who are interested to talk about their opposite gender, but men also have
the same interest. Therefore, it could be concluded that in fact not only women do
gossip, but men also, even the content they talk are different from women.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter consists of three sections, they are conclusions, implications,
and recommendations. The conclusions present the major findings of the research
and its limitations. The implications define the use of this study in accordance
with teaching and learning. Whereas, the recommendations present some
suggestions for all students and lecturers in English Language Education Study
Program and for all future researchers.
A. Conclusions
In this part, the researcher devides the conclusion into two parts. The first
part is about the linguistic features used by women and men in their language
which shows in Pitch Perfect movie. The second is the difference between
women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip in Pitch Perfect movie. In analyzing gossip and
linguistic features used by women and men in the movie, the researcher uses
discourse analysis as the method. At the same time, the researcher uses the
movie‟s transcript to analyze the dialogues.
There are some differences of women‟s language and men‟s language
based on its linguistic features that could be seen in Pitch Perfect movie. After
observing the conversations done by a group of women in Pitch Perfect movie,
the linguistic features used by women in the movie are: „just‟ as an intensifier,
„well‟ as a lexical hedges, „right‟ and „do you‟ which indicates
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tag question, „pretty‟ and „lovely‟ that represent an empty adjectives, a sentence of
„please,,,‟ which shows indirect request, and the word „my goodness‟ which
shows that women try to avoid swear word, Whereas, linguistic features that used
by men in Pitch Perfect movie are: „dumb bitches‟ and „jerk‟ which is told by
men indicate the use of swear word.
The next part is the difference of women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip in
Pitch Perfect movie. The content of gossip could be analyzed from some
conversations done by all-female group and all-male group who do gossip. Some
conversations done by a group of women show that women are more likely to
gossip about their fellow woman, whether the third party belongs to their group or
someone who comes from outsides their group. For women, talking about their
personality and sharing their feeling to their group is one of the way to get closer
with others and to build an intimacy with people around them. In contrast, men
are more likely to gossip about their carrier instead of sharing their feeling. Most
of men are more likely to gossip about other women, but soometimes the purpose
of their talk is only for joke.
As a result, after observing some dialogues done by a group of women and
men in Pitch Perfect movie, it could be concluded that in fact the way women and
men speak is not similar. The differences between women‟s language and men‟s
language caused by some effects and it affects the content of their speech. One of
speech variations that people are commonly experienced is gossip. Through this
research, it has already proved that the one who do gossip is not only women but
men also do that. The researcher concludes that men also do gossip even the
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content of their gossip is not similar with women‟s have. More than that, the
definition of gossip is not only talking about others or especially about others‟
personal lives, but there are more than one definitions related to gossip. Based on
the movie, gossip could be define as a little conversation, and the content of its
gossip could be vary. A little chit-chat or a little conversation could belong to
gossip also, even the content of it is not about an absent third party.
B. Implications
This study could be applied in English education as a contribution in
sociolinguistics especially in understanding the difference between women‟s
speech and men‟s speech. Through this study, English students will get a chance
to learn about language uses and language variations when a same language is
uttered by different individuals.
In complying a regulation in English teaching and learning, the difference
of women‟s speech and men‟s speech could teach everyone in understanding the
natural differences of women‟s speech and men‟s speech. Hence, there will be no
misunderstanding in communication between women and men. Moreover, both
women and men as English students should be able to use an appropriate
language when having a conversation with others.
C. Recommendations
In this section, the researcher gives some recommendations to English
Language Education Study Program (ELESP) students, English lecturer, and
future researchers. For all students who concern about English course, the result
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49
of this study is able to enrich student‟s knowledge about one of language issues
which is familiar in social environment that is gossip. By reading this study, the
students will not only learn about gossip which happens among people in a real
life, but the students could also understand the difference between women‟s
language and men‟s language in their daily conversations. Even less, language
and gossip as parts of sociolinguistics also learned in most English classes.
For English lecturers who concern abput sociolinguistics or who handle
sociolinguistics class, this study could be a teaching material which belongs to an
authentic writing. Since this study enlighten the difference between women‟s
speech and men‟s speech, including women‟s language and men‟s language, and
also women‟s gossip and men‟s gossip, the lecturers are able to broaden the
teaching focus and expand the topic related to sociolinguistics course.
The last, for future researchers especially who are interested in conducting
a research related to sociolinguistics study. It will be better if the future
researchers could find more contrast differences between women‟s language and
men‟s language in delivering their speech. Especially when the future researchers
are able to gain much data from a real life to support the study in proving the fact
that the one who most do gossip is men. Hopefully, this recommendations might
improve this study.
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Tannen, D. (1993). Gender and conversational interaction. New York: Oxford
University Press Inc.
Tannen, D. (1994). Gender and discourse. New York: Oxford University Press,
Inc.
Turcotte, D. (2012). Gossip and the group: A self-categorization perspective.
Claremont: Claremont Graduate University.
Verderber, K. S. (1995). A Selection of multicultural readings. Belmont:
Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Waddington, K. (2012). Gossip and organizations. New York: Routledge.
Wardaugh, R., & Fuller, J. M. (2015). An introduction to socioliguistic. West
Sussex: Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Weatherall, A. (2002). Gender, language, and discourse. New York: Routledge.
White, A. (2003). Womens‟ usage of specific linguistic functions in the context of
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of Birmingham.
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APPENDICES
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APPENDIX 1. List of Women‟s Linguistic Features and Men‟s
Linguistic Features in Pitch Perfect Movie
1. Women’s Linguistic Features
Conversation 1
Aubrey : Just take the dramatics down a notch, okay? Hi do you wanna
Chloe : Well you‟re the one who got us into this hot mess.
The word „just‟ in Aubrey‟s sentence shows the linguistic feature of
women‟s speech that called by intensifier. Then the word „well‟ in Chloe sentence
shows the linguistic feature of women‟s speech that called by lexical hedges
which described meaning as meaningless particle.
Conversation 2
Chloe : You were singing Titanium right? You know David Guetta?
Beca : Have I been living under a rock?
From the conversation above, the word „right‟ that being told by Chloe
represent tag question. The use of question tag in Chloe‟s sentence is aimed to
show uncertainty about what she just said. Then, the parable “living under a rock”
shows that women more frequently use empty adjectives in their sentences.
Conversation 3
Chloe : Yeah. I‟m pretty confident about all this.
Beca : You should be. I still need to shower.
Chloe : You have a lovely voice.
Beca : Thanks
The word „pretty‟ and „lovely‟ in Chloe‟s sentences indicates an empty
adjectives. Those empty adjectives are functioned to increase the effect of Chloe‟s
expressions. Women often use this expression because it sounds positive.
Conversation 4
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Becca : Hello. Um... I didn‟t know we had to prepare that song.
Chloe : That‟s okay. Sing anything you want.
Becca : Uh... May I?
Chloe : Sure.
From the conversation above, it could be seen that women often use
lexical fillers as what being seen in Beca‟s sentences that is „um...‟ and „uh...‟.
Conversation 5
Amy : You know, so there‟s like 10 of us.
Aubrey: Mmm...
Amy : That means that one of us is probably a lesbian.
Aubrey: You think? Which one do you think it is?
Amy : My money‟s on Black Beauty. Don‟t tell her I said that.
From the conversation above, the word „you know‟ in Amy‟s sentence
indicates as lexical hedges which describes as meaningless particle. While the
sound „mmm...‟ in Aubrey‟s sentence indicates the use of lexical filler as a
women‟s character. Then, in the movie, Aubrey makes a declarative statement
into a question by raising the pitch of her voice at the end of the statement. The
use of the word „you think‟ as declarative statement express uncertainty.
Conversation 6
Beca : You really don‟t like me, do you?
Aubrey: I don‟t like your attitude.
The word „do you‟ on Beca‟s sentence indicates the use of tag question.
Beca uses the word „do you‟ to get confirmation of her statement which claims
that Aubrey does not like her.
Conversation 7
Amy : You should really listen to your doctor.
Chloe : They key is early diagnosis. I am living with nodes. But I am a survivor.
I just have to pull back. Because I am limited. Because I have nodes.
Aubrey: Chloe this is horrible.
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The word „really‟ in Amy‟s sentence indicates the use of an intensifier.
Amy uses the word really to convince Chloe that she is better to listen to her
doctor for her health. Then the word „horrible‟ in Aubrey‟s sentence indicates as
emphatic stress. In the conversation above, Aubrey feels really sorry to hear
Chloe‟s condition.
Conversation 8
Amy : Aubrey, please just give us a break. It‟s kind of not the same without
everyone here.
Rose : We need Beca.
Amy‟s sentence shows an indirect request to Aubrey. That indirect request
indicates super polite form as one of women‟s linguistic features. By using super
polite form, Amy and Rose actually have a request to someone for having Beca
back.
Conversation 9
John : Ladies and gentlemen, the Barden Bellas!
Gail : My goodness gracious. Will you look at this? Gone are those Bella
uniforms and this is a whole new look for them, and it is hot, hot, hot!
The word „my goodness‟ in Gail‟s sentence shows that she is trying to
avoid putting swear word in her sentence. This is one of linguistic features which
is in contrast to men where majority of men choose to use swear word in their
speech. Then the word „gracious‟ and „hot‟ in Gail‟s sentence indicates an empty
adjectives as one of women‟s linguistic features.
2. Men’s Linguistic Features
Conversation 10
Bumper : Trebles, listen up!
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Donald : If this is about the Bellas getting into the finals, we already know.
Bumper : I don‟t give a crap about those dumb bitches. Because I‟m being
brought up to the musical big leagues.
The word „crap‟ and „dumb bitches‟ told by Bumper indicate strong swear
word which is the one of men‟s linguistic features. Men commonly put swear
word in their sentences in order to express their strong feeling.
Conversation 11
Donald : Here‟s the real question. Who would be easier to sleep with?
Captain America or a great white shark?
Bumper : Great white shark, I wouldn‟t...
The conversation above shows that men use indirect allusive speech, such
as saying “Captain America or a great white shark?” What he mean by a great
white shark here is not a real shark, but it is actually Amy who has light skin and
fat body. Indeed, men tend to paraphrase more often than women.
Conversation 12
Treble : Bumpers a jerk. Alright, I said it.
Donald : Well, he‟s a jerk that we need to replace.
The word „jerk‟ is one of swear words and it was said by Treble and
Donald as men. It proves that men are often put swear words in their speech.
Conversation 13
Bumper : Ohh look who it is. Old dudes. Get a life.
Donald : Sonic boom
Senior : Just cause we graduated a few years ago, doesn‟t mean we can‟t
still get off performing our oral magic, alright?
Donald : Oral magic?
Senior : Whoa, whoa, whoa, buddy, buddy. Are you looking for what I‟m
looking for?
Donald : Yeah a fight? You looking for a fight?
Senior : Please, please. Please say you‟re looking for a fight. Please,
please say you‟re looking for a fight.
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Bumper : Yes! I will fight. I would fight him, but I tore a quad within the
midst of the dance…
Senior : Hey Ghandi. Hey, you, are we doing this or what? Hit me.
Jesse : What?
Senior : Let‟s get in on
We can see that the focus of the conversation above is on the activities,
information and facts rather than own feelings. The responses frequently disagree
with or challenge the previous statements in any case as seen in the conversation
6. It shows that men tend to be more competitive in their conversation. Moreover,
it shows that men use more progressive verb forms, such as „are looking‟ and „are
doing‟.
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APPENDIX 2. List of Women‟s Gossip and Men‟s Gossip in Pitch
Perfect Movie
1. Women’s Gossip
Conversation 14
Amy : You know, so there‟s like 10 of us.
Aubrey: Mmm...
Amy : That means that one of us is probably a lesbian.
Aubrey: You think? Which one do you think it is?
Amy : My money‟s on Black Beauty.
The dialogue above shows the two women are gossiping one of their
group‟s members who is known being a lesbian. This occurrence matches with
Waddington‟s opinion. Waddington (2012), agreed that women were more likely
to gossip about friends and family.
Conversation 15
Jesse : I bring some films. I don‟t like how much cooler he thinks he is than me.
Even if he is, in fact, much cooler than me. What do you want to watch
first?
Beca : Umm.. Maybe we could do something else like talk about our feelings or
go to the gynecologist?
The dialogue which is done by Jesse and Beca shows the difference of
discussion‟s content which is commonly talked by woman and man. In the
dialogue done by Beca and Jesse above, Beca as a woman, suggest Jesse as a man,
to talk about their feelings or giving another choice to do instead of following
Jesse‟s allurement. Looking from the dialogue above, it could be seen that women
more interested to talk about feeling rather than talking about hobby. For most
women, getting together and telling about their feelings and what is happening in
thier lives is at the heart of friendship (Tannen, 1990, p.50).
Conversation 16
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Aubrey: Our score sheet revealed that the Sockappellas almost beat us. And Fat
Amy, you need to do it exactly how we rehearsed it, okay? No surprises.
Beca : We should be taking risks. It‟s not enough to be good, we need to put
ourselves out there, be different.
Rose : Beca‟s right. The Trebles never sing the same song twice.
The dialogue above shows Aubrey‟s anxiety about a problem they got
related to their group‟s score in a capella competition. Tannen (1990) said that
troubles talk is just one aspect of the ongoing intimate conversation that can be
called gossip (p.48). In that dialogue, those women talk about their rival in a
capella competition whose name is Treble. They are trying to beat their score
above Treble. Treble becomes the absent third party in Bella‟s talks.
Conversation 17
Aubrey: Chloe, your voice didn‟t sound Aguilerian at all. Chloe, for
serious, what is wrong with you?
Chloe : I have nodes
Aubrey: What? My God
Chloe : I found out this morning.
That conversation shows that Aubrey tries to give attention to her friend,
Chloe. Aubey shows her anxiety about Chloe‟s pain. From the conversation
above, it can be seen that women are likely to share their feelings and their
emotions. Tannen (1990) says that for most women, getting together and telling
about their feelings and what is happening in their lives is at the heart of
friendship.
Conversation 18
Beca : I think we all know where this is going. Les-be-honest
Rose : Well, for the last two years, I‟ve had a serious gambling problem.
Amy : What?
Beca : What?
Rose : It started when I broke up with my girlfriend.
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Beca : Okay, I‟ve never really been one of those girls who had a lot of friends
who were girls. And I do now. And that‟s pretty cool. So, that‟s me.
Someone else please go.
The conversation above tells about Bella‟s feeling and each fact of them.
From the conversation above, it could be concluded that women are more open
end to share their feeling with their fellows. Tannen (1990) argued that telling
secrets is an essential part of friendship for most women, they may find
themselves in trouble when they have no secret to tell (p.47). That is why as a
member of a group which is being built for a long time, they try to build a closer
relation by being honest to each other.
3. Men’s Gossip
Conversation 19
Jesse : I bring some film. I don‟t like how much cooler he thinks he is than me.
Even if he is, in fact, much cooler than me. What do you want to watch
first?
Beca : Umm.. Maybe we could do something else like talk about our feelings or
go to the gynecologist?
The dialogue which is done by Jesse and Beca shows the difference of
discussion‟s content which is commonly talked by woman and man. The dialogue
shows that man is more interested in talking about hobby rather than feeling.
Jesse‟s hobby is watching the film, so he brings some films to watch with Beca. In
the dialogue above, Jesse as a man, tries to ask Beca as a woman, in choosing
what movie they are going to watch. However, Beca refuse Jesse‟s request to
watch movie.
Conversation 20
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Jesse : I bring some film. I don‟t like how much cooler he thinks he is than me.
Even if he is, in fact, much cooler than me. What do you want to whatch
first?
Beca : Umm.. Maybe we could do something else like talk about our feelings or
go to the gynecologist?
The dialogue which is done by Jesse and Beca shows the difference of
discussion‟s content which commonly talked by woman and man. From the
dialogue above, it could be concluded that what men are talking is about the
movie or his hobby which is watching movies. However, Beca as a woman there,
suggest the man, Jesse, to talk about feelings which is not a men‟s interest.
Conversation 21
Donald : Here‟s the real question. Who would be easier to sleep with?
Captain America or a great white shark?
Bumper : Great white shark, I wouldn‟t...
The conversation above shows two guys who are talking about women. It
shows that actually the one who are likely to gossip about opposite gender is not
only women but also men do. The occurrence which happens based on the
dialogue above, proves that in reality, men are interested to talk about others
especially their opposite gender.
Conversation 22
Bumper : Treble Mayer just asked me, personally, through an assistant, to
sing backup on his new CD. I leave for Los Angeles in a few
hours, so I gotta get going.
Donald : But Bumper, what about the ICCAs? They‟re this weekend.
Bumper : Sorry buddies, but I won that shit 100 times, so I‟m out of here.
Got a collarless leather jacket to buy. Maybe some aviators. I
might get an earring. I don‟t know. It‟s Los Angeles. This is
exciting stuff. My life rules!
Treble : Bumpers a jerk. Alright, I said it.
Donald : Well he‟s a jerk that we need to replace.
Treble : Yeah.
Donald : Pronto dente. You know he writes his own fan mail.
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APPENDIX 3. Pitch Perfect Movie Synopsis
PITCH PERFECT
The movie opens with the Barden Bellas about to perform at the ICCA
championships. One of them, Chloe (Brittany Snow) is running late to the start of
the performance. When she arrives she is reprimanded by the older Bellas. As
they are about to perform, Aubrey (Anna Camp) tries to assure them she'll do a
good job, but is shot down. The group sings 'The Sign'.. and all is going well, until
the very end when Aubrey has a solo, and projectile vomits all over the stage and
front rows of the audience.
Cut to the start of a new year at Barden University, and freshman Beca
(Anna Kendrick) is arriving by taxi. While she is receiving directions and her
Rape Whistle, a car passes her by, and another student, Jesse (Skylar Austin) is
singing along to the radio, and catches her attention.
Beca finds her new dorm room, and meets her roommate Kimmy-Jin, who
is hostile and unfriendly. Beca's dad, a professor at Barden then arrives, and asks
her how she got there. It is revealed that Beca's parents have split up as she refers
to her dad's new wife as her 'step monster', and seems very reluctant to be
attending College. Beca's dad tries to encourage her to enjoy it, but Beca escapes
to the Activities fair.
In another dorm room, Jesse is meeting his roommate Benji (Ben Platt),
who is into Star Wars and magic.
At the Activities fair, we are introduced to the Trebles - one of the Campus
singing groups, all male, who are talented and have a high opinion of themselves,
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especially Bumper (Adam Devine) the lead singer. Jesse and Benji approach the
Trebles, as Benji is desperate to join, but Bumper is not impressed with his
enthusiasm.
Across the campus, the Bellas are now down to just 2 members - Aubrey
and Chloe, who are trying to recruit new ones. Due to their disastrous
performance at the last Championships, they are not having much luck, and are
even ridiculed by 'Baloney Barb' who has tried out for them previously. They are
then approached by Fat Amy (Rebel Wilson), an outgoing and quirky student
from Tasmania who doesn't hesitate to demonstrate her singing and dancing
abilities. They then meet Beca, who quickly rebuffs their offer to audition, saying
it is lame, which immediately puts Aubrey offside.
Instead of being interested in joining any of the singing groups, Beca has
much more of an interest in remixing music on her laptop. She gets a job at the
campus radio station, and much to her dismay, so does Jesse.
Her dad pays her a visit in her dorm, and gives her an ultimatum - if she
makes an effort and joins a group at College , but still doesn't like it by the end of
the year, she can quit and follow her true dream of becoming a DJ, and he will
help her... but he wants her to really make an effort.
As Beca goes into the communal showers singing to herself, Chloe
happens to be in the showers as well, and confronts Beca in her shower stall ,
insisting that she try out for the Bellas. Although Beca is mortified, she sings
along with Chloe to 'Titanium'.
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Finally the auditions are on, and Jesse, Benji and Fat Amy are among the
hopefuls trying out, auditioning to 'Since you've been gone'. Beca comes late, and
hasn't prepared the audition song, but auditions with 'Cups (miss me when I'm
gone)', and Chloe and Jesse are impressed, while Aubrey is unsure. We then see
the initiation of the new Bellas including Beca, Fat Amy, Stacie (Alexis Knapp),
Cynthia-Rose (Esther Dean) and the very softly spoken Lilly (Hana Mae Lee).
They all swear an oath and drink the 'blood of the Bellas who came before them'
(wine). Cut to the initiation of the new Trebles.. Jesse has made it, but Benji has
not. That night, there is Aca-initiation where all the groups come together for
drinks and singing. Jesse is pleased to see Beca is in the Bellas, although she
seems less than thrilled to be there. Fat Amy and Bumper seem to share some
chemistry, despite insulting one another, and Aubrey looks unhappy that Beca is
showing an interest in Jesse.
The next day, Bella rehearsals begin. Aubrey has a very rigorous training
schedule planned. She announces that one of the new Bellas has been kicked out
for breaking the oath that you must not hook up with a Treble. She asks the rest of
the girls to confess the same if necessary, and another Bella is kicked out.
Rehearsals begin, and the girls are less than impressive. Aubrey and Chloe have
their work cut out for them. As the girls leave, Aubrey calls Beca over and warns
her not to get involved with Jesse. Beca is flippant and retorts that Aubrey is not
the boss of her.
At the Bellas' first gig with their new line up they wear the same uniforms
and sing the same songs they always have. They are not at all prepared, and are
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cut short and told they won't be paid for the gig. Aubrey is furious, especially at
Chloe, who then reveals she has Nodes - 'the rubbing together of your vocal
chords at above average rates and without proper lubrication', and will have to
pull back on her singing.
As time goes on, Jesse tries flirting with Beca at work, who seems like she
is interested in him but trying not to be. He then approaches her on campus and
wants to show her his favourite movies, but she reveals she does not like watching
movies, especially the endings... Jesse argues that endings are the best part. Beca
says she doesn't have time to watch the movies, as Bellas are rehearsing all the
time. Jesse asks if they are getting ready for the Riff Off. Beca has no idea what
that is, but soon finds out. The Riff Off is a singing competition that pits the
groups against each other, with various song categories. Despite Beca impressing
most of the Bellas, the other groups, and Jesse with her version of 'No Diggity',
the Trebles win the Riff Off. Beca is encouraged by the other Bellas' ability to
listen to one another and sing together impromptu, but Aubrey brushes her off,
upset that they still lost.
Jesse and Beca become closer when she plays him some of her music
remixes, and he shows her the ending of his favourite movie, the Breakfast Club.
As the Bellas rehearse for the next round of competition, Chloe and Beca try to
convince Aubrey to try something different and not keep singing the same songs,
but Aubrey is adamant that they will win if they keep it all the same. She gives Fat
Amy a solo in the performance, who gets a bit carried away, but the audience love
the energy and variation from the usual Bella prim and proper style. However,
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Aubrey is not impressed. The Trebles win the trophy, but as they are all leaving, a
fight breaks out with an acapella group of older men outside, and Beca
accidentally breaks a window, and ends up being arrested. When her father arrives
to bail her out, she is furious with Jesse for calling him. Beca arrives back at the
dorm, and all the Bellas are waiting for her in support, although when she tries
suggesting they mix things up for their next performance, once again, Aubrey
shoots her down and says they will be doing things the same as always.
The Bellas travel to the semi finals on a bus driven by Fat Amy. She stops
at a gas station to 'pump and dump', and the Trebles drive past. Bumper cruelly
throws a huge burrito at Fat Amy and sauce spills all over her, making her furious.
As the Bellas keep driving, they are in good spirits and sing together 'Party in the
USA', until suddenly the bus splutters, and Fat Amy realises she never actually
got around to putting gas in the tank. Out of desperation, they call the Trebles for
a lift on their bus. At the semi finals, there is a group called the 'Footnotes' who
are impressive, but the commentators note the male lead singer's voice sounds
unusually high. The Bellas begin to perform their usual set, but Beca becomes
sick of the mocking looks from the other bands, and also the bored looks in the
audience, so she starts singing another song 'Bulletproof' over the top of 'The Sign'
much to the other Bellas' surprise and Audrey's displeasure, but it does make the
judges take more notice. After the performance, Aubrey tells Beca off, and she
ends up leaving the Bellas, but not before lashing out at Jesse again as he tries to
come to her defence.
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The Bellas do not advance to the Finals, and Aubrey is devastated. Over
Spring Break, Beca finally watches the Breakfast Club, and is moved to tears.
Also, it is discovered that the group the Footnotes who advanced to the Finals had
a member in High School, so were disqualified, and the Bellas are back in the
running. They are all thrilled and excitedly come together to rehearse. Chloe
reveals that she has let Beca know, much to Aubrey's annoyance. Beca tries to
make amends with Jesse, but he brushes her off. She speaks to her Dad, admitting
that she shuts people out, and asks him what to do. Meanwhile, Bumper has been
offered a back up singer job with John Mayer,and ditches the Trebles without any
regard for the Finals. Jesse immediately rushes to Benji and offers him the spot,
but warns him not to act weird.
Finally sick of Aubrey and her bossy, controlling attitude, Chloe tells
Aubrey that Beca was right, and they should have listened to her. They get in a
fight and the other Bellas start to intervene. Aubrey loses it, and makes herself
projectile vomit all over the place. All hell breaks loose, as Beca comes in and
calms everyone down. Finally Aubrey agrees to let Beca have a go at remixing the
songs and changing the style of the Bellas' performance for the better. It is
discovered that as Chloe has had surgery to remove her Nodes, she can now hit
the bass notes, and also that Lilly can beatbox.
It is the Finals, and Beca wishes Jesse luck in his performance, but there is
still tension between them. The Trebles perform strongly as always, with Benji
finally getting his moment to shine with a solo. It is then the Bellas' turn to
perform, and they have ditched their drab flight attendant uniforms and are
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wearing their own clothes and look a lot more stylish and sexy. They do a
fantastic performance with all different songs mixed together, met with
thunderous applause from the audience including a standing ovation from the
Trebles. Jesse finally realises Beca is sorry for how she's treated him as one of the
songs she sings is 'Don't you forget about me' from the Breakfast Club soundtrack.
After the performance, Beca and Jesse finally share a kiss. Cut to 6 months later,
and it is next years' auditions. The winners of last year's championships get to pick
the audition song, and we see the Bellas minus Chloe and Aubrey with a huge
trophy on their table discussing which song to pick.
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