IU KHON IU CHNH HP NG DO HON CNH THAY I TRONG PHP LUT NC NGOI V
KINH NGHIM CHO VITNAMTHS. L MINH HNG i hc Lut TPHCMHp ng c thit lp
hp php th c hiu lc nh php lut i vi cc bn t thi im giao kt m cc bn
khng c t sa i, hoc hy b (1). y chnh l yu cu mang tnh bn cht ca hiu
lc hp ng v l ni dung c bn ca nguyn tc hiu lc bt bin (pacta sunt
servanda)(2) trong lnh vc hp ng. Nhng quan h hp ng khng phi l bt
bin m ngy cng mang tnh cht ca mt qu trnh v hm cha nhiu loi ri ro
(3).Tht vy, trong qu trnh thc hin cc hp ng, nht l cc hp ng di hn,
nhng ngi kinh doanh quc t thng i mt vi nhng ri ro bt thng t thin
nhin, x hi, kinh t, k thut, thm ch l ri ro v con ngi, lm o ln s cn
bng vn c ca hp ng, lm cho mt bn gp phi kh khn c bit trong vic thc
hin ngha v ca mnh, thm ch khng th thc hin c ngha v trong hp ng.
Ban u, nhng trng hp ny c gii quyt bng cc c ch gii phng ngha v ca
lut hp ng c in (4), nh cho php bn vi phm c chm dt hp ng v c min
trch da trn iu khon bt kh khng. V sau, ngi ta thy rng, iu khon bt
kh khng khng cn thch hp gii quyt nhiu vn c t ra t thc tin (5), v
trong nhiu trng hp, cch gii quyt da trn iu khon ny khng bo m c s
cng bng cho cc bn. c c ch khc thch hp hn trong vic bo m li ch cc bn
nhm phn chia hp l ri ro v ti lp s cn bng ca hp ng, cc nh kinh doanh
thng mi quc t a vo hp ng ca h mt iu khon cho php bn gp kh khn c bit
c yu cu bn kia m phn li hp ng. iu khon ny c gi l iu khon m phn li
hp ng khi c s thay i do hon cnh dn n kh khn c bit trong vic thc hin
hp ng, c gi ngn gn l hardship. Khi nim hardship v cc khi nim tng t
cng c tha nhn trong nhiu h thng php lut, nh force majeure,
commercial impracticability, frustration of purpose(6) hay change
of circumstances trong Thng lut (7), Wegfall der Geschaftsgrundlage
trong ting c, hoc c cc hc gi ngi c dng vi thut ng khc l the
foundation of the transaction (8). Nhng thut ng hardship c s dng
trong bng ting Php ca B nguyn tc UNIDROIT c chp nhn rng ri trong
thc tin thng mi quc t (9), nn s c s dng thng xuyn trong bi vit
ny.
Hardship hiu nm na l iu khon quy nh cho php mt bn trong hp ng c
quyn xin iu chnh hp ng, khi c nhng thay i v hon cnh v mi trng kinh
t, ti mc gy nh hng c bit xu n quyn li ca mt bn, lm mt i cn bng kinh
t ca hp ng, lm cho vic thc hin hp ng tr nn cc k kh khn v tn km.
Theo , iu khon hardship quy nh nhng c ch can thip hp l vo hiu lc hp
ng, nh cho php cc bn yu cu ta n iu chnh hoc nu khng iu chnh c th
cho chm dt hp ng, nhm ti lp s cn bng v li ch gia cc bn trong hp ng,
theo nhng cn c, th tc, iu kin cht ch v hn ch.
1. iu khon hardship trong php lut cc nc v tp qun thng mi quc
tKhi nim hardship xut hin trong thc tin thng mi vo nhng nm 1960 v c
trnh by ln u tin trong cc nghin cu ca Marcel Fontaine, in trong
quyn Php lut hp ng quc t, xut bn nm 1989 (10). Ni dung ca iu khon
hardship cng c th hin trong cc hp ng thng mi quc t, di nhiu dng iu
khon khc nhau. Theo Marcel Fontain, t nhng nm 1975, nhm nghin cu ca
ng tp hp c hn 120 iu khon hardship t thc tin thng mi (11). Mt s iu
khon loi ny c Henry Lesguillons khi qut li v trnh by trong Hi tho
quc t t chc H Ni nm 2004 (12). C nhiu nc trn th gii tng cng nhn v
xy dng khung php l v n l cho iu khon hardship iu chnh hp ng trong
trng hp hon cnh thay i. C th k n mt s quc gia sau y:
Php: V tranh chp v hp ng cung cp kh t gia Cng ty kh gas Bordeaux
vi Ta Th chnh thnh ph, do Tham chnh vin (Ta Hnh chnh ti cao Php) x
ngy 30/3/1916, Tham chnh vin khng nh rng, khi hon cnh thay i khng
lng trc c i vi mt hp ng hnh chnh (13), mt bn c th c bi thng xc lp
li s cn bng v ti chnh trong hp ng v trnh vic cung cp dch v cng cng
b gin on. Mc d cc bn tha thun trong hp ng mt gi cung cp kh t c nh
trong mt khong thi gian di, nhng do gi kh t tng t bin, nu ta khng
sa i cc iu kin (hoc tng gi) cung cp kh t, chc chn cng ty kh t s i n
b vc ph sn v vic cung cp kh t s phi dng li. Do , Tham chnh vin cho
rng, cc bn c th tha thun thay i hp ng, nhng nu bn c quyn t chi vic
ny th cng ty kh t c quyn i mt khon tin b p tn tht, gi l tin bi thng
cho khon tn tht khng th d on (indemnit d imprvision), do c quan hnh
chnh c cung cp kh t tr (14).
Tuy c n l hnh chnh chp nhn, nhng l thuyt ny b cc ta n t php ca
Php bc b gn nh tuyt i. Trong v Knh o Craponne do To n t php ti cao
x ngy 6/3/1876(15): Trong mi trng hp, to n khng th cn c vo thi gian
v hon cnh thay i cc tho thun ca cc bn v thay th cc tho thun c cc bn
t do chp thun bng nhng iu khon mi, d to n cho rng quyt nh ca mnh c
cng bng th no chng na. V, cc to n t php lun trung thnh vi nh hng
ny, bt chp nhng bin ng kinh t v tin t xy ra sau i chin th gii ln th
hai. Bn n ca To n t php ti cao ngy 18/1/1950 ln na, khng nh: Thm
phn khng th vin dn vic tng gi, k c khi iu c xc nhn, gii phng mt bn
khi nhng cam kt r rng v chnh xc m bn t do chp thun (16). Mc d vy,
Ta Paris (17) cng tng dn iu khon t v ca hp ng cho php cc bn s tin
hnh thng lng xem xt kh nng thay i hp ng (v gi hoc mt iu khon khc)
nu gi xng tng hn 6 francs mt tn so vi gi quy nh trong hp ng.
Cc phn quyt ca Ta n T php ti cao b nhiu hc gi cho l cng nhc, v
cn phi c s thay i cch nhn nhn ny (18). Thc tin thng mi Php cng phn
ng li cc phn quyt ny bng cch, khi k kt hp ng, cc bn thng a vo cc hp
ng ca mnh iu khon cho php m phn li hp ng khi hon cnh thay i. Chnh v
th, Michel Trochu a ra bnh lun: C l iu ny gii thch v sao c t phn
quyt c a ra trong lnh vc ny, bi v cc bn t tm ra nhng gii php khc
cho nhng vn ca h (19).
Tri li vi n l, lut thc nh ca Php li quy nh minh th cc gii php
cho php iu chnh li hp ng khi hon cnh c s thay i. Sau i chin 1914
1918, do ng tin ca Php b mt gi, Quc hi cho ban hnh o lut Failliot
ngy 21/01/1918 cho php cc thm phn c gii hiu cc hp ng xc lp trc 1914
m vic thc hin l qu bt cng i vi ngi c ngha v. Sau i chin th gii th
hai, mt o lut do Quc hi ban hnh ngy 22/4/1949 cng cho php ta n gii
hiu cc hp ng k kt trc ngy 02/9/1939 m vic thc hin (giao hng hay lm
mt cng vic) tr nn qu nng nhc cho ngi c ngha v, v tnh hnh chin tranh
hay do s thay i kinh t khng th d on c khi giao kt hp ng (20). Nh
vy, iu khon hardship tuy khng c tha nhn rng ri trong n l, nhng li c
ghi nhn trong lut thc nh khi xy ra nhng bin c c bit, v d khi c s mt
gi ng tin trong thi k hu chin, nh va nu trn, v c chp nhn kh ph bin
trong thc tin thng mi.
c: B lut Dn s ca c (BGB) cng c nhng iu khon quy nh gin tip lin
quan n vn ny, th hin trong quy nh v Disturbance of foundation of
transaction (iu 313 BGB)(21) hay Performance in accordance with
good faith (iu 242 BGB)(22). y l c s php l gii quyt cc tranh chp hp
ng lin quan n s kh khn hoc s thay i hon cnh, lm cho hp ng khng th
thc hin, hoc nu thc hin th chi ph ln, hoc lm bn c ngha v gim thu
nhp nghim trng. C th xem cc n l, nh: RGZ 112, 329, 333-4; RGZ 119,
133(sale of land); RGZ 147, 286 (sale of cotton)(23) Trong Lut v
nhng iu khon chung (24) ca hp ng ca CHLB c, mt mt, nh lm lut cm cc
bn bo lu iu khon nhm tng khon th lao i vi hng ha hoc dch v c thc
hin trong vng 4 thng sau khi k hp ng. Nhng Quy nh ny khng p dng cho
nhng hng ha hoc dch v thc hin trong phm vi cc quan h ngha v lu di,
cng nh cc dch v c lin quan ti gi c, p dng theo khon 1 thuc mc 99
Lut v hn ch cnh tranh khng lnh mnh (25).
Italia: Theo cc iu t 1467 n 1469 ca B lut Dn s ca , cc cam kt hp
ng c th b hu b khi c s kin bt ng xy ra mt cch bt thng, khng th lng
trc c, sau khi hp ng c k kt v trc khi thc hin hp ng; v s kin ny lm
cho vic thc hin hp ng ca mt bn tr nn v cng kh khn. Nhng cc bn cam
kt c th trnh vic hu b hp ng bng cch ngh chnh sa hp ng mt cch cng
bng (iu 1467 (3))(26). Tuy nhin, cc quy nh ny khng bt buc, v cc bn
c th tho thun vi nhau khng p dng chng. n l ca tng c phn quyt v vn
ny (27).
Ngoi ra, iu 258 B lut Dn s H Lan cho php thm phn chnh sa cc iu
khon ca hp ng da trn s thay i ca hon cnh m khng lng trc c. iu 437
ca B lut Dn s B o Nha cng quy nh tng t (28).
Anh: vic thay i hon cnh khng c xem l cn c iu chnh hay m phn li
hp ng, bi l Anh theo quan im lut truyn thng th ngi mc n ch phi m bo
tr cho ch n mt s tin no , ch khng phi thc hin ngha v theo thc cht
(29). Richard Stone cng c cng quan im (30). Nhng iu ny cng khng phi
tuyt i. Theo Ewan McKendrick th ngi ta thng ni rng lut Anh khng
khuyn khch vic chnh sa vic tho thun trong trng hp vic thc hin hp ng
tr nn kh khn hn. iu ny khng hon ton chnh xc (31). McKendrick cho
rng, trong nhng trng hp ny, ta n Anh c th cho php iu chnh hp ng v
chnh cc bn k kt hp ng phi thc hin vic chnh sa. To n khng thc hin
vic chnh sa hp ng k gia cc bn, cng khng a ra bt k tr ngi no khi cc
bn c gng chnh sa tho thun ca h ph hp vi hon cnh thay i, nh quyt nh
ca Thng vin trong v Walford v. Miles [1992] 2 AC 128(32). n l Anh
cng chp nhn mt cch him hoi vic thay i hon cnh dn n chm dt hp ng, nh
phn quyt ca Ta Phc thm, trong v Krell v. Henry [1903] 2 KB 740: B n
thu mt cn h ti Pall Mall trong vng 2 ngy. Mc ch khi k kt hp ng l
nhn thy l diu hnh ng quang ca Edward VII, mc d mc ch ny khng c nu
ra trong hp ng. Sau khi hp ng c k kt, l ng quang b hon do nh vua b
bnh nn hp ng khng th thc hin c. Ta tuyn cho php bn thu c t chi thc
hin hp ng m khng phi bi thng. Nhng thc cht, phn quyt ny khng da trn
iu khon hardship m li cn c vo iu khon khng th thc hin hp ng do mc
ch ca hp ng khng cn tn ti (Frustration of purpose).
M: n l c nhng phn quyt khng nht qun v vn ny. Trong v
Transatlanic Corp. v United States, CA Dis Col 363 F2d 312 (1966):
Hp chng quc Hoa K (A) thu Cng ty xuyn i Ty Dng (B) ch tu chin qua
knh o Suez, Ai Cp. Nhng do knh o ny b ng ca, nn B phi i ng vng
quanh Chu Phi, lm tng chi ph rt ln. B i A phi thanh ton chi ph tng
ln ngoi d kin. Mc d ta nhn xt: ngha v khng th thc hin c khng cn phi
hiu theo ngha tuyt i m ch da trn cc l do kinh t l , nhng ta li kt
lun rng, ri ro ny c th phi do mt bn d liu v phi t gnh chu. Tri li,
cc n l Mineral Park land Co. v. Howard, 156 P. 458 Cal. 1916 v n l
Waegemann v. Montgomary Ward & Co., Inc. CA9 Cal 713 F2d 452
(1983) cng nh iu 2 609 UCC li tha nhn v cho p dng iu khon m phn li
hp ng do thay i hon cnh. Theo , nu chi ph thc hin ngha v trong thc
t thay i ng k, ln hn gp 10 ln chi ph d kin vo thi im giao kt hp ng,
th bn phi thc hin ngha v c th yu cu ta n tuyn b chm dt quan h hp ng
v l do khng th thc hin c (33) hoc cho php iu chnh hp ng. Trong v
Waegemann kin Montgomary Ward & Co., Inc., Ta s thm lp lun rng,
cc bn giao kt hp ng th phi thc hin cam kt da trn nim tin chc chn l
hp ng s c thc hin, nhng quy tc ny s phi b gii hn trong mt s trng hp
gi l extreme hardship (34). Tng t quan im ny, c th xem thm cc n l
khc, nh: Cutter Laboratories, Inc. v. Twining, 221 Cal.App.2d 302,
34 Cal.Rptr. 317 (1963); Lloyd v. Murphy, 25 Cal.2d 48, 153 P.2d 47
(1944); Davidson v. Goldstein, 58 Cal.App.2d Supp. 909, 136 P.2d
665 (1943); Grace v. Croninger, 12 Cal.App.2d 603, 55 P.2d 940
(1936)
cc nc thuc Chu Phi nh Ai Cp, Syrie, Algrie u c nhng quy phm iu
chnh cc hp ng, cng hoc t, trong trng hp hon cnh thay i bt ng. Nhng
iu khon do cc bn tha thun tri vi cc quy phm ny u v gi tr (35).
Nam T: khon 1 iu 133 Lut Ngha v ca Nam T quy nh: (1) trong trng
hp c nhng bin c xy ra sau khi k hp ng, lm cho vic thc hin hp ng ca
mt bn gp kh khn hoc mc ch ca hp ng khng th t c v hp ng khng cn p ng
c mong mun ca cc bn cng nh vic tip tc thc hin hp ng s l khng cng
bng, th bn gp kh khn c th yu cu hy b hp ng; khon 2 ca iu ny quy nh
khng cho php hy b hp ng trng hp ny nu lng trc c kh khn hoc c th vt
qua hay khc phc c kh khn . Ngoi ra, Quy tc s 56 cn lit k cc s kin
kinh t, chng hn nh s t bin, hoc s tng, gim mnh v gi c l mt trong
nhng nguyn nhn cn tr vic thc hin hp ng (36).
Vit Nam trc 1945: php lut thc nh cng nhn nguyn tc cc hp c phi c
thi hnh vi s thnh (iu 673.k3 B Dn lut Bc, iu 713.k3 B Dn lut
Trung). Theo V Vn Mu, mt s thi hnh thnh khng th no tri vi s cng
bng. Bi vy, khi s thi hnh qu li cho ngi tri ch v qu thua thit cho
ngi ph tri, s thi hnh y tri vi s cng bng, v khng thnh . Da theo
nguyn tc ny, thm phn c quyn can thip vo hp ng nu cc tha thun l khng
cng bng, gy ra s bt li qu ng cho mt bn. Nhng V Vn Mu cng cho rng,
hiu v gii thch qu rng ri cc iu khon trn y l mt sai lm. Th nn, trong
bn n ngy 27/12/1946, Ta Thng thm Si Gn khng chp nhn s thay i hiu lc
hp ng ch v bn c ngha v lm vo hon cnh kh khn do xut hin s kin khng
lng trc c: mc d nh thu phi thi hnh kh c thu khon trong nhng iu kin
tn km hn v gi vt liu do tnh trng chin tranh tng hn 300%, cc thm phn
cng khng th thay i kh c (37). iu ny cho thy, theo lut thc nh Vit
Nam thi by gi, ta n c th cho php cc bn iu chnh hp ng khi gp kh khn
c bit, nhng n l li khng chp nhn gii php ny.
Trn bnh din quc t, trong thc tin thng mi, iu khon hardship thng
c cc thng gia a vo hp ng chia s ri ro khi c s bin ng ln v kinh t.
Cc B quy tc quc t, nh iu kin ca Hip hi cc k s t vn quc t (FIDIC)
trong vn bn v xy dng ( Sch ) hoc trong vn bn v cc hot ng in lc v c
kh ( Sch vng), u c quy nh v cc iu khon ri ro ngoi l, ri ro c bit
nhm lm c s gii quyt cc trng hp kh khn c bit khi thc hin cc hp ng xy
dng, tng t nh iu khon hardship hay bt kh khng (38).
Ngy nay, iu khon ny cng tr nn ph bin hn trong thc tin thng mi
quc t, v tr thnh c s thc tin quan trng c php in ha trong cc B nguyn
tc v hp ng thng mi quc t, nh B Nguyn tc Unidroit v hp ng thng mi
quc t (PICC) v B nguyn tc Lut hp ng chung Chu u Principle European
Contract Law (PECL).
C th thy, bng nhiu cch th hin khc nhau, php lut hp ng cc nc pht
trin phng Ty v nhiu quc gia khc trn th gii hin nay u c xu hng chp
nhn c ch hardship cho php mt bn c quyn yu cu bn kia m phn li, hay
iu chnh ni dung hp ng khi hon cnh kinh t bin ng so vi thi im xc lp
hp ng, nu vic lm tha mn tiu chun hp l v cng bng (39).
2. Ni dung c bn ca iu khon hardshipNi dung c bn ca iu khon
hardship quy nh v ba vn : khi nim v cc iu kin ca hon cnh c coi l
hardship, hn ch p dng, cc h qu php l ca vic p dng iu khon ny. C th
xem xt ba ni dung ny trong PICC v PECL sau y:
Theo nh ngha ca UNIDROIT trong PICC 2004, hon cnh hardship c xc
lp khi xy ra cc s kin lm thay i c bn s cn bng gia cc ngha v hp ng,
hoc chi ph thc hin ngha v tng ln, hoc do gi tr ca ngha v i tr gim
xung v tha mn bn iu kin c quy nh trong on tip theo ca iu 6.2.2: cc
s kin ny xy ra hoc c bn b thit hi bit n sau khi giao kt hp ng; bn b
bt li khng tnh n mt cch hp l cc s kin khi giao kt hp ng; cc s kin
nm ngoi s kim sot ca bn b bt li; v, ri ro v cc s kin ny khng c bn b
bt li gnh chu (40).
Tuy vy, PICC cng khng tha nhn mt cch d di quyn m phn li hp ng
khi hon cnh thay i c bit. Nhng ngi son tho vn kin ny kh kht khe, bi
iu 6.2.1 PICC quy nh Cc bn phi hon thnh ngha v ca mnh ngay c khi
vic thc hin hp ng tr nn tn km hn, tr cc quy nh lin quan di y v
hardship. iu ny cho thy, vic p dng hardship cho php iu chnh li hp
ng l mt gii php ngoi l ca nguyn tc pacta sunt servanda v phi c p
dng rt hn ch.
Cng theo UNIDROIT ti iu 6.2.3 PICC, h qu ca vic p dng iu khon
hardship cho php: (i) bn b bt li c a ra yu cu m phn li hp ng (mt
cch khng chm tr v c cn c) v nu yu cu m phn li hp ng th khng c tm nh
ch thc hin ngha v; (ii) nu cc bn khng th tha thun li c hp ng trong
thi gian hp l th mi bn c th yu cu ta n gii quyt; ta n nu xt thy hp
l th c th hoc cho chm dt hp ng theo iu kin v thi im do ta n nh, hoc
cho sa i nhm thit lp li s cn bng gia cc ngha v hp ng.
iu khon hardship c th hin trong B nguyn tc lut hp ng chung Chu u
(PECL phin bn 1999 2002), vi tn gi S thay i hon cnh (change of
Circumstances) ti iu 6: 111. Theo , mi bn phi hon thnh cc ngha v ca
mnh, ngay c khi vic thc hin hp ng tr nn tn km hn, do chi ph thc hin
tng hoc do gi tr ca khon thanh ton gim (khon 1), v khon 2: Tuy
nhin, nu vic thc hin hp ng tr nn qu kh khn bi v c s thay i v hon
cnh, cc bn buc phi tin hnh tho thun vi quan im l chnh sa hp ng hoc
chm dt hp ng, vi iu kin l: (a) Vic thay i hon cnh xy ra sau thi
gian k kt hp ng; (b) kh nng xy ra s thay i v hon cnh khng phi l mt
trong nhng tnh hung m cc bn buc phi tnh n khi k kt hp ng; v (c) ri
ro v s thay i khng phi l mt tnh hung, theo nh hp ng, bn b nh hng b
yu cu l phi gnh chu.
PECL cng x l hu qu ca vic p dng quy nh v s thay i hon cnh, nh
quy nh ti iu 6:111, khon 3: Nu cc bn khng t c tho thun trong khong
thi gian hp l, to n c th: (a) chm dt hp ng vo ngy v theo nhng iu
kin do to n xc nh; hoc (b) sa i hp ng nhm phn chia thit hi v li ch
pht sinh do hon cnh thay i cho cc bn theo mt cch thc cng bng v bnh
ng.
Trong bt k trng hp no k trn, to n c th buc bn t chi tha thun hoc
vi phm tho thun tri vi nguyn tc trung thc v thin ch phi bi thng
thit hi m bn kia phi gnh chu (41).
Nh vy, mc d trong PECL, iu khon iu chnh hp ng do hon cnh thay i
c s dng vi tn gi khc vi PICC, nhng vn c quy nh trong hai vn kin ny
tng i ng nht v khi nim, phm vi p dng, cng nh x l h qu ca n. So vi
PICC, quy nh trong PECL c phn y v hp l hn v khon 3 iu 6: 111 quy nh
trch nhim cc bn phi iu chnh hp ng trc, v ch khi cc bn khng iu chnh
th ta n cho chm dt hoc sa i hp ng theo mt cc thc cng bng. Theo nhn
xt ca Michel Trochu th Cc nguyn tc ca php lut hp ng Chu u cng c
nhng quy nh gn ging, nhng rng hn khi nim hardship trong B nguyn tc
Unidroit (42).
3. Thc tin php l Vit Nam v iu khon hardshipPhp lut hp ng Vit Nam
hin hnh cha chp nhn c ch hardship quy nh vic m phn li iu chnh ni
dung ca hp ng trong trng hp hon cnh c s thay i lm mt cn bng kinh t
nghim trng gia cc bn. Tuy vy, trong cc vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh v
trong cc chnh sch iu hnh ca Chnh ph, iu kin hardship cng c cp n mt
mc nht nh. C th k n mt s quy nh c th, nh quy nh cho php iu chnh ph
bo him khi xy ra nhng bin c lm tng mc ri ro ca i tng c bo him trong
Lut Kinh doanh bo him 2000 (iu 20); quy nh cho php cc bn tha thun
thay i gi bn trong hp ng khi c nhng thay i ca Nh nc v chnh sch tin
lng, chnh sch gi cc mt hng do Nh nc kim sot gi trong Lut u thu 2005
(iu 50 (2) v 57); hoc trng hp Chnh ph cho php iu chnh gi tin mua ha
gi nh thuc quyn s hu nh nc do gi vng tng t bin (43); hay vic cho
php iu chnh gi trong hp ng xy dng hnh thc gi c nh v hnh thc gi trn
gi do gi vt liu xy dng bin ng ngoi kh nng kim sot ca ch u t v nh
thu (44) Tuy nhin, y ch l nhng quy nh tng i c th gii quyt cc tranh
chp lin quan trong cc hp ng chuyn bit, nn khng c xem l cn c chung
gii quyt cc tranh chp lin quan trong cc hp ng khc.
V thc tin, c nhiu v tranh chp pht sinh trong thc tin php l Vit
Nam, nhng do quy nh v vn ny trong lut thc nh cn thiu st, nn gy ra
nhiu kh khn cho cc bn lin quan trong vic p dng php lut. Sau y l mt
s v tranh chp in hnh c lin quan n vic thay i hon cnh nh hng n vic
thc hin hp ng v lm cho cc bn lin quan, cc nh t vn v c ta n tr nn
lng tng.
V th nht: Thng 11/2007, b Trng Th H. (ng Nai) k hp ng mua mt t
ti ca Cng ty T., vi gi gn 120 triu ng. Theo tha thun, b H phi t cc
s tin 20 triu ng (s trn), v cng ty s giao xe vo cui thng 4/2008. n
hn, cng ty mi b H n nhn xe nhng i tng gi xe ln thm hn 30 triu ng so
vi gi ban u. B H. khng chp nhn v khi kin cng ty ra ta i cng ty giao
xe theo ng gi ghi trong hp ng. Theo ngi i din cng ty: Cng ty c cam
kt khng tng gi xe nhng n thi im giao xe th Nh nc p dng qun l kh thi
xe theo quy chun mi nn cng ty buc phi iu chnh gi xe. Nu b H khng
chu nhn xe gi cao hn v cht lng tt hn, cng ty sn sng tr li tin cc
cng li sut ngn hng i vi s tin m b H np cho cng ty. Theo Lut s Nguyn
Vn H., cng ty c trch nhim bn xe cho b H. theo ng gi tha thun trong
hp ng. Nhng l do nu ra nh ngun xe ca cng ty b ct, Nh nc qun l kh
thi xe theo quy chun mi ti thi im giao xe ch l nhng vng mc ca cng
ty, khng phi l trng hp bt kh khng hoc tr ngi khch quan cng ty c
quyn giao xe chm v tng gi xe (45). Nh vy, quan im ca bn bn l khi Nh
nc a ra quy nh mi v tiu chun kh thi dn n vic thay i lm gi thnh ca
xe tng ln th bn mua phi chu khon chi ph tng ln ny. Cn bn mua v lut
s u cho rng, y khng phi l s kin bt kh khng hoc tr ngi khch quan, nn
bn bn phi trch nhim thc hin ng hp ng.
V th hai: lin quan n vic thc hin hp ng thi cng no vt lung lch c
k kt gia Tng Cng ty xy dng ng thy (Vinawaco gi l bn B) kin i Cng ty
Lin doanh Xi mng Holcim Vit Nam (MSC gi l bn A) bi thng gn 5, 5
triu USD, do Ta Phc thm To n nhn dn ti cao ti thnh ph H Chsi Minh
xt x ngy 17/01/2007. V kin ko di gn 10 nm v y l phin ta th 6 (46).
Nm 1995, bn A thu bn B o mt lung tu v mt vng quay tu ti d n xy dng
Nh my xi mng Sao Mai Hn Chng, Kin Giang. Hai bn cn lp hai bn ph lc,
quy nh r trong khi thi cng nu thit b ca DI (nh thu ph ca B) gp phi
si v san h/t st cng gy thit hi my mc, tng ph tn th DI c tr thm chi
ph cn c vo kt lun gim nh ca Gim nh vin c lp. Thc t khi thc hin hp
ng, th h thng no vt lung gp s tr ngi, hao mn nng cho my mc v ng ng
dn cng nh gim nng sut thi cng. Theo B v DI, s c ny thuc trng hp c
nu trong ph lc ni trn, nn bn B phi thu v mua sm thm cc thit b mi,
chuyn dng hn tip tc thc hin hp ng, nn lm pht sinh chi ph thm so vi
cam kt ban u trong hp ng, vi s tin c bn B nu ra l 2.866.650 USD. Vn
kin tha thun tng gi thnh gia B vi nh thu ph DI c i din ca A xc nhn.
Sau khi thc hin xong hp ng, bn B yu cu bn A thanh ton chi ph pht
sinh ny, nhng bn A t chi. B khi kin A ra ta, nhng yu cu ny ca B u b
c ta s thm v phc thm bc b. L do: cch thc chng minh tr ngi khch quan
ca B l khng c cn c v gi tr tng thm nu c phi do bn B chu, ch bn A
khng c ngha v phi thanh ton thm v trong hp ng khng cam kt, cng nh
theo php lut th bn A khng phi chu trch nhim v nhng chi ph ny
(47).
C th thy, vn thay i hon cnh lm cho vic thc hin hp ng tr nn kh
khn hn v tng chi ph thc hin hp ng khng phi l tnh hung t din ra
trong thc tin php l Vit Nam. Nhng s thiu vng cc quy nh loi ny trong
php lut Vit Nam hin hnh cho thy s phn ng qu thn trng (nu khng ni l
qu chm chp) ca nh lp php Vit Nam, lm cho cc tranh chp loi ny khng c
cn c php l gii quyt tha ng. cng l nguyn nhn lm cho vic quyt vn ny
ca ta n hin vn cn cha nht qun. Chng ti hon ton ng vi PGS.TS Phm Duy
Ngha khi ng cho rng, s thiu st trn y c th c xem nh l mt trong nhng
biu hin ca s lc hu ca php lut hp ng nc ta v khng p ng c nhu cu qun
l ri ro thi nay (48).
4. Kt lun v mt s kin ngh bc u4.1. Mc d hp ng c giao kt c hiu lc
th phi c tn trng v thc hin ng. Nhng vic thc hin hp ng l mt qu trnh
c nhiu ri ro m cc bn khng lng trc c. PGS.TS H Th Mai Hin cng cho
rng: cn phi nhn nhn hp ng khng phi l mt gi tr bt bin m n l mt cng c
linh hot, uyn chuyn. Qu trnh thc hin hp ng c th pht sinh nhng tnh
tit m cc bn cn phi xem xt (49). Mt khc, nhng tranh chp v loi ny Vit
Nam ngy cng ph bin, nht l trong cc hp ng v xy dng, hp ng cung ng cc
hng ha hoc dch v di hn, hp ng pht trin cc hot ng sn xut kinh doanh
nhng ngnh ngh mi, c nhiu ri ro: nhu cu th trng thay i, kh khn c bit
do iu kin s thay i ca t nhin, cng ngh, hay s mt gi trm trng ca ng
tin (nh Zimbabwe va qua)(50), s can thip ca Nh nc v tiu chun k thut
mi hoc hn ch trong chnh sch ngoi thng Bi vy, yu cu ca thc tin i hi
chng ta cn phi quy nh b sung nhng c ch php l cho php iu chnh hp ng
trong trng hp thay i hon cnh dn n kh khn c bit cho vic thc hin hp
ng, nht l trong bi cnh ca ton cu ha hin nay, khi ch ngha quc vi nn
kinh t bt n lm gia tng nhiu trng hp khin cho cc bn khi thc hin hp
ng phi theo nhng iu kin mi v thc cht m cc bn khng th lng trc c v
cng khng th tr tnh c vo lc k hp ng, v khi m vic tun th v iu kin
nguyn tc hiu lc bt bin ca hp ng c th dn n quyt nh sai lm khin mt s
ngi giu ln bng nhng tn tht phi l ca ngi khc (51), th vic tm c ch
php l thch hp gii quyt vn ny cng tr nn cch cp bch hn bao gi ht.
4.2. Khng ch trong thc tin thng mi hay trong cc tp qun thng mi
quc t, m c rt nhiu nc, c trong lut thc nh v trong n l, tha nhn v p
dng iu khon hardship gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh trong i sng php
l cc ni . Thm ch, cn c kin xut cn a iu khon hardship trong PICC (ca
Unidroit) tr thnh mt phn ca B lut Dn s ton cu (The Global
Code)(52). V vy, vic a cc quy nh v hardship vo phn quy nh chung
trong php lut hp ng ca Vit Nam, l rt cn thit.
Nhng cng c mt s im cn lu l, quy nh v iu khon hardship trong php
lut cc nc v c trong hai B php in ha v php lut hp ng ca Chu u (PECL)
v ca Unidroit (PICC) l khng hon ton ging nhau. Hn th na, quy nh ny
trong PICC vc PECL khng phi khng c bt cp. Ngay trong iu 6.2.3. PICC
quy nh v iu khon hardship, ngoi vic buc cc bn phi m phn li hp ng,
quy nh ny cn cho php cc bn yu cu ta n tuyn b chm dt hp ng. Nh vy lm
cho iu khon hardship tr nn khng cn khc bit g so vi iu khon bt kh
khng. Thit ngh, quy nh v hardship nn khc vi iu khon bt kh khng, tc
l nn u tin quy nh theo hng ta n c quyn buc cc bn m phn li duy tr
vic thc hin hp ng k. Ch khi no cc bn khng th m phn li th mi tnh ti
vic gii phng cc bn khi ngha v hp ng, nhng gii php ny phi tht hn ch
v phi c xem l gii php cui cng. Nh vy, quy nh iu kin p dng v c ch x
l hu qu gia hardship v bt kh khng c s khc nhau c bn.
Mt khc, iu khon hardship trong nhiu trng hp cng khng thch ng vi
yu cu thc tin ca mt s loi hp ng c i tng l cc cng vic mang tnh ri ro
cao v thng xuyn, nh cc hp ng lin quan n cc lnh vc ti chnh d n
(Project Financing) c mc ch ch yu l phn chia ri ro, nh gi ri ro
(53). c c ngun vn vay cn thit t ngn hng, nh u t phi thuyt phc c ngn
hng bng c ch phn chia ri ro ngn hng c li v cm thy an ton. Hn na,
khi xut vn cho vay nh u t a vo cng trnh, chc cc ngn hng s khng bao
gi mun hp ng b hy b hay chm dt. Bi vy, cc quy nh v hardship nh hin
nay ca PICC c th s khng thch hp cho cc hp ng loi ny, hoc nu c th
vic x l hu qu theo mt cch khc, ph hp vi mong mun v bn m s cng bng
hn gia cc bn trong loi hp ng ny.
Trong bi cnh Vit Nam hi nhp ngy cng su rng vo cc th ch kinh t th
gii, php lut cng khng th ngoi cuc m cn phi tip thu c chn lc cc quy
nh tin tin ca php lut cc nc v cc nguyn tc, tp qun thng mi v php lut
hp ng, lm c s cho vic b sung v hon thin hn php lut hp ng Vit Nam.
Vic tip thu phi tnh n nhng im bt cp v cha hon thin ca cc quy nh
trong php lut cc nc, t loi b c nhng khim khuyt ca cc quy nh ca php
lut cc nc c ban hnh trc y, ng thi lm cho php lut hp ng Vit Nam ngy
cng tr nn hin i, tng thch vi php lut ca cc nc v ca cc t chc quc t,
nhng cng ph hp vi iu kin, hon cnh v trnh kinh t, chnh tr, vn ha, x
hi ca nc ta.
4.3. Thc trng php lut v thc tin p dng php lut Vit Nam v iu khon
hardship bc u c th hin trong cc vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh. Chnh s
thiu st ny lm cho c c quan t php ln cc bn lin quan lng tng khi gii
quyt cc tranh chp lin quan v thiu nhng c s php l cn thit. Thc tin
xt x cng c xut hin cc tranh chp loi ny, nhng cch gii quyt hin nay
gia cc ta n l cha nht qun, cng nh cha cp ti iu khon hardship trong
vic gii quyt tranh chp ny. hon thin hn php lut hp ng Vit Nam, to c
s php l vng chc cho ng x ca cc bn trong qu trnh thc hin hp ng, v
cho ta n trong qu trnh gii quyt cc tranh chp lin quan, thit ngh
nhng thiu st ny cn phi c b sung c th, theo hng: xc nh r rng v cn c,
iu kin, phm vi p dng v hu qu php l ca iu khon hardship, nh quy nh c
ch cho php ta n buc cc bn m phn li hp ng hoc tuyn chm dt hp ng nu
cc bn khng tha thun li c, khi xy ra s kin khch quan, khng lng trc c
dn n vic thc hp ng tr nn c bit kh khn, tn km hay lm gim c bn thu
nhp t hp ng ca bn c ngha v. C th l cn thit k thm 3 loi iu khon
sau:
(i) iu lut quy nh r khi nim hardship: c th vn s dng thut ng
hardship hoc Vit ha thut ng ny vi tn gi, v d vic iu chnh hp ng khi
hon cnh thay i; ng thi iu lut cn quy nh r ni hm, cng nh cn ch r phm
vi p dng ca iu khon ny, vi cc du hiu php l c th v cht ch. Quy nh v
iu khon ny cng cn phi c t trong mi quan h bin chng vi iu khon bo m
hiu lc ca hp ng v iu khon chm dt hp ng hoc min trch nhim do s kin
bt kh khng. Mc ch ca vic ny nhm th hin r quan im xem y ch l mt ngoi
l ca nguyn tc hiu lc bt bin ca hp ng v b hn ch p dng.
(ii) iu lut quy nh v th tc v h qu php l khi p dng iu khon ny: nu
cc bn khng tha thun trong hp ng th c th xem nh y l iu khon mc nhin
(iu khon thng thng) ca hp ng hay khng; nu c tranh chp th cc bn ch
cn thng bo cho nhau bng vn bn trong thi hn hp l hay phi yu cu ta n
gii quyt; v khi ta n gii quyt th c th ra nhng quyt nh g, hu qu ca
quyt nh ra sao, c nn quy nh ta n c ra phn quyt buc cc bn phi chnh
sa, hoc tuyn b chm dt hp ng, nu cc bn khng tha thun c hay khng
(iii) C th nu thm quy nh loi tr p dng, hoc quyn ca cc bn c tha
thun la chn loi tr vic p dng iu khon ny, sau khi xy ra tranh chp;
hoc quy nh c th cc ch ti khi vi phm cc yu cu v th tc p dng cc iu
khon ny gia cc bn
Vic tip nhn cc quy nh ny phi thc hin thn trng tng bc, bi l, tuy
c nhiu kin ng h vic b sung quy nh v p dng iu khon ny Vit Nam cng nh
cc nc (54), nhng cng c khng t kin ch trch vic p dng nguyn tc ny
(55). Hn na, n l cc nc cng nh thc tin xt x Vit Nam khng phi lc no
cng d dng chp nhn p dng iu khon ny. V vy, iu khon ny c chp nhn d
dng Vit Nam, trc ht, cn a quy nh ny vo chng trnh ging dy mn lut hp
ng cc trng lut, ng thi a vo cc vn bn di lut (v d: Ngh quyt ca Hi ng
thm phn To n nhn dn ti cao), nh mt cch hng dn p dng m rng v c th ha
nguyn tc thc hin hp ng mt cch trung thc, theo tinh thn hp tc c li
nht cho cc bn, bo m tin cy ln nhau (56). V sau cng mi b sung chnh
thc vo Lut Thng mi v B lut Dn s, nhng khng c ngha l thc hin vic ny
mt cch chm tr.
Ch thch:
(1) Nh qui nh ti iu 405 B lut Dn s Vit Nam 2005, v iu 1134 B lut
Dn s Cng ha Php.
(2) Tc dao La tinh, hiu nm na: ha th phi lm.
(3) Phm Duy Ngha, iu chnh thng tin bt cn xng v qun l ri ro trong
php lut hp ng Vit Nam, Nghin cu lp php, s 5 thng 5/2003 (38-46),
tr. 39.
(4) Khi nim Lut hp ng c in, c th xem: W. David Slawson, Binding
Promises The late 20th Centery Reform of Contract Law, Princeton
University Press, New Jersey, 1996, p.9; tng t, xem: Richard Stone,
The Modern Law of Contract, 6th ed., Cavendish, London, 2002,
pp.1-3.
(5) Richard Stone, Sd, p. 404: iu kin bt kh khng th qu nghim ngt
m h qu php l ca vic p dng qui nh v s kin bt kh khng c thc hin theo
c ch tt c hoc l khng c g.
(6) Robert D. Brain, Contract Quick Review, 6th Edition, West
Group, NY, 1999, p.275.
(7) Richard Stone, op. cit. n., pp. 403 404; Ewan McKendrick,
Contract Law, 4th ed., Macmillan, London, 2000, pp. 302 3.
(8) Xem Basil Markesinis, Hannes Unberath & Angus Johnston,
The German Law of Contract A Comparative Treatise, 2nd ed., Hart,
Oxford, 2006, pp. 319 348, especially pp. 319 & 381.
(9) B nguyn tc ca UNIDROIT v hp ng thng mi quc t 2004, dch gi:
Nguyn Minh Hng, o Thu Hin v cc dgk, Nxb. T php, H. 2005, tr.
295.
(10) Ugo Draetta, iu khon v trng hp bt kh khng v iu khon
hardship trong hp ng quc t, K yu Hi tho Hp ng thng mi Quc t do nh
Php lut Vit Php t chc ti H Ni, 13 14/12/2004, tr. 181 2.
(11) Xem: Marcel Fontain, 25 nm nghin cu v thc tin hp ng thng mi
quc t, Tld, tr. 118.
(12) Xem Henry Lesguillons, Cc iu khon Hardship, Tld, tr. 86
94.
(13) Khi nim hp ng hnh chnh, xem: Jean Claude Ricci, Nhp mn lut
hc, Nxb. VH -TT, H. 2002, tr. 134.
(14) Xem: CE. 30-3-1916 Gaz de Bordeaux, Rec. 125 Les Grands
errtts No. 34.
(15) To dn s To n t php ti cao, ngy 6/3/1876, S. 1876, I, trang
161; D.1876, I, trang 193: Dn theo Michel Trochu, Cc iu khon cho
hng cnh tranh, iu khon khch hng u i nht v iu khon t chi u tin trong
cc hp ng quc t, K yu hi tho Hp ng thng mi quc t, Tld, tr. 154.
(16) To thng mi To n t php ti cao, 18/1/1950, D. 1950, trang
227: dn theo Tld, tr. 154.
(17) Paris, 28/9/1976, JCP 1978, II, 18810, ghi ch J.Robert: dn
theo Tld, tr. 154.
(18) Michel Trochu, Tld, tr. 154.
(19) Tld, tr. 154.
(20) Xem thm V Vn Mu, Vit Nam Dn lut lc kho, quyn II: Ngha v v
Kh c, phn th nht: Ngun gc ca ngha v, Nxb. Quc gia Gio dc, 1963,
tr.256.
(21) Xem Basil Markensinis, Hannes Unberth & Angus johnston,
op. cit. n. , p. 902.
(22) Ibid, p. 882.
(23) Ibid, p.340.
(24) iu khon chung c th c hiu l cc qui ch, cc hp ng mu, cc iu
kin thng mi chung. Xem thm nh ngha ti iu 1 ca Lut ny trong ti liu:
i hc Tng hp hu ngh gia cc dn tc Mt x c va, Nhng qui nh chung ca Lut
Hp ng Php, c, Anh, M, Dg: Phm Thi Vit, Nxb. CTQG, H. 1993, tr.
55.
(25) Nhng qui nh chung ca Lut Hp ng Php, c, Anh, M, Sd, tr.
58.
(26) Xem G. Criscuoli and D. Pugsley, The Italian Law of
Contract (Lut Hp ng ca )(1991), 211.
(27) Cass. civ., sez. II, 20/6/1996, no. 5690 (Roccheri c.
Mazzara); Cass. civ., 9/4/1994, no. 3342 (Soc. Arbos c. Com.
Piacenza).
(28) Xem thm: James Gordley (Edited), The Enforceability of
Promises in European Contract Law, CUP, Cambridge, 2004, pp.202
& 204.
(29) Nhng qui nh chung ca Lut hp ng Php, c, Anh, M, Sd,
tr.20.
(30) Xem Richard Stone, op. cit. n. , p. 404.
(31) Ewan McKendrick, op. cit. n., p.303.
(32) Ni dung v bnh lun, xem thm McKendrick, ibid, pp. 61 &
303.
(33) Xem thm Phm Duy Ngha (Cb), Tm hiu php lut Hoa K trong iu
kin Vit Nam hi nhp kinh t khu vc v th gii, Nxb. CTQG, H. 2001, tr.
204-205.
(34) Waegemann v. Montgomary Ward & Co., Inc. CA9 Cal 713
F2d 452 (1983): b n thu nh ca nguyn n, trong thi hn 10 nm vi s tin
l 16.703 USD / nm gm c tin thu bt ng sn, o hn sau mi 5 nm. Sau 5 nm
ln th nht, nguyn n yu cu chm dt hp ng v chnh ph Bang California
quyt nh gim thu bt ng sn dn n tin thu nh gim xung cn 15.854,49
USD/nm nn b n yu cu nguyn n phi tnh li tin thu theo gi ny. Nguyn n
kin b n ra ta, nhng c ta S thm v Phc thm u bc yu cu ca bn nguyn n v
buc cc bn phi tip tc hp ng theo gi m b n xut.
(35) Michel Trochu, Tld, tr.153
(36) Trung tm Trng ti quc t Vit Nam, Bn cnh Phng Thng mi v Cng
nghip Vit Nam, 50 phn quyt trng ti quc t chn lc, H. 2002, tr. 68
9.
(37) V Vn Mu, Sd, tr. 250 & 254.
(38) Ugo Draetta, Tld, tr. 185.
(39) Nhng qui nh chung ca Lut hp ng Php, c, Anh, M, Sd, tr.
21
(40) B nguyn tc ca UNIDROIT v hp ng thng mi quc t (PICC) 2004,
dn, tr. 295- 301.
(41) Xem bn ting Anh ca PECL trn website:
http://frontpage.cbs.dk/law/commission_on_european_contract_law
/PECL%20engelsk/engelsk_partI_og_II.htm (truy cp lc 11g40 ngy
22/02/2008).
(42) Michel Trochu, Tld, tr. 156.
(43) Thc hin theo Ngh nh 61-CP ngy 5/7/1994 ca Chnh ph, cho php
bn mua nh ha gi ca Nh nc phi tr tin mua nh cn thiu bng vng. Nhng
khi gi vng tng t bin v 2005, Chnh ph c Ngh quyt 23/2006/NQ-CP, cho
php cc c nhn cha tr xong tin mua nh, th c tr bng tin VN phn cn li
(xem mc 3 Ngh quyt).
(44) Xem Ngh nh 99/2007/N-CP ngy 13/6/2007 ca Chnh ph v qun l
chi ph u t xy dng cng trnh v Thng t 05/2008/TT-BXD ngy 22/02/2008
ca B Xy dng hng dn iu chnh gi v hp ng xy dng do bin ng gi nguyn
liu, nhin liu v vt t xy dng.
(45)
http://www.phapluattp.vn/news/ban-doc/view.aspx?news_id=223953
(46) http://vnexpress.net/SG/Phap-luat/2007/01/3B9F2711/
(47) Xem thm Bn n s 342/2006/KDTM-ST ngy 12/7/2006 ca TAND Tp.
HCM v Bn n phc thm s 04/2007/KDTM-PT ngy 17/01/2007 ca Ta Phc thm
TAND Ti cao ti Tp.HCM. Ta s thm p dng iu 286 BLDS 1995 v cn c pht
sinh ngha v x l bn A khng c ngha v phi thanh ton cho bn B phn chi
ph pht sinh.
(48) Phm Duy Ngha, iu chnh thng tin, Tld, tr. 40.
(49) H Th Mai Hin, Sa i BLDS Vit Nam v vn hon thin ch nh hp ng,
Nh nc Php lut, s 3/2005 (10 19), tr. 19.
(50) Thng 3/2008, ngi ta ch mt 15 triu Zimbabwe mua 1 bnh m, th
nay ngi ta mt ti 600 triu. Xem bi Zimbabwe lm pht 2.000.000 % trn
Vnexpress.net:
http://www.vnexpress.net/GL/Kinh-doanh/Quoc-te/2008/06/3BA030CF/
(51) Nhng qui nh chung ca Lut Hp ng Php, c, Anh, M, Sd, tr.
19.
(52) Ole Lando, A Vision of a Future World Contract Law: Impact
of European and Unidroit Contract Principles,UCC Law Journal, Fall
2004, p. 20.
(53) Xem thm Ugo Draetta, Tld, tr.186 -7.
(54) Xem Phm Duy Ngha, Thng tin bt cn xng, Tld, tr. 45; H Th Mai
Hin, Tld, tr. 19; Ole Lando, op. cit. n., p.20; Richard Stone, op.
cit. n. , p.404; Michel Trochu, Sd, tr. 156
(55) Khng nn can thip vo kh c. Xem Va Vn Mu, Sd, tr. 260.
(56) iu 412 khon 2 BLDS 2005.
SOURCE: TP CH NGHIN CU LP PHP IN TTrch dn
t:http://www.nclp.org.vn/thuc_tien_phap_luat/111ieu-khoan-111ieu-chinh-hop-111ong-do-hoan-canh-thay-111oi-trong-phap-luat-nuoc-ngoai-va-kinh-nghiem-cho-viet-nam
