Dien Hoa Hoc - Chuong 1 - Tiet 1

7/24/2019 Dien Hoa Hoc - Chuong 1 - Tiet 1

1/39

PHN II

IN HA HC


2/39

Ni dungTnh cht ca dung dch in ly

(DDL)

S chuyn vn in tch

trong DDL

in v! in cc

"ng h#c ca $u% tr&nh in h'a

Chng 1:

Chng 2:

Chng 3:

Chng 4:


3/39

1.1. Dung dch cc cht in ly (DD!

h*ng +, Tnh cht ca DDL

-./

-l -0/1 1 l2T cao

3al 3a1 1 l2

Cht in ly(cht in phn): lcc cht c th to ra cc dungdch ion v hn hp nng ch! c

ch"a cc ion#

$% d&: 'ui a*it +a,-


4/39


5/39

l dung dch c t%nh cht: ./ng nht v0 t%nh cht ho l1 2 '3i i'

trong th t%ch

4hnh ph5n c th tha! 6i li7n t&c trong'8t gi9i hn4ng i' ;?t tinh

4ng p ;ut th@' thu: Ai#B#C#4 (do ;Dphn l! cht in l! thnh ion n7n l'tng ; EhtF phn tG trong dung dch

Dung dch cht in ly


6/39

mssmdddd cKiTcKiT

TRCiTRniV

4.4. ==

==


7/39

p ;ut th@' thu: Ai#B#C#4

Ap suat thamthau:

Ap suat canphai tac dunglen dung dch

!e dung m"inguyen chat#h"ng thetham thau $uama%ng &antham sang dungdch'


8/39

1.1. Dung dch cc cht in ly (DD! (tt!

S in ly (electrolysis):

l ;D phn l! cHa cc cht in l! trong dungdch#

l '8t Iu trJnh thuKn nghch

" H#ng $% in ly (&D' lct)*lyt c*n$t+nt!,


+

+ +

+

,,LMLM

[ ] [ ][ ]

+

+

+

=LM

L#MN

,,

O


9/39


" - h/n ly (' lct)*lytic c++city!,


=S5 6h7n t8 6h7n ly

S5 6h7n t8 9an :u

+

++

+

++

= )().(

)1(

.nK

)()1(0

D


10/39

l;n (+) , ht in ly u5i4 acid v? c*4 9a@*


11/39

Cht

HCl 0.23

H2456 0.30

H2C256 0.70

H8 0.0

CH9C55H 0.016

H2C59 0.001:

HCN 0.0001

&5H 0.0

;+(5H!2 0.::

NH9 0.016

&Cl 0.


12/39

TD phn l! cHa cht tan thnh ion thPUng *! ra !?utrong dung '


13/39

2 s. 3an t42"5 i

2 s. 3an t42"5 i:l tX ; giYa ;ph5n tG ;au phn l! (ion Z phn tG);o v9i ; ph5n tG trP9c >hi phn l!(; phn tG ho tan)

AZZ[

0

0000

n

.n..n.).nn(i

++=

+

i A R Z ([R)# 1

1i

=


14/39

- E5 vanFt -oGG ca


15/39


" >nh h?@ng c+ dung Bi,

nh lut Coulomb:


.

.+

HHHI

H

r

qqf

=

$+4 $., in tch ca . ion

r, JhoKng c%ch gia . ion

, " th< in


16/39

Cht Cht H8


17/39

1.2. N?Ec


/

--+BI4O.0o

0.095

7nm

BH.[Z noWt cuba 'oiphan tb n


18/39

678c 9 tnh cht c;a n


19/39

1.9. Ph/n l*Ki cht in ly


C 3 loi cht in ly

M!"

o6yright _ Th\ >c`ra2-ill o


20/39

" Cht in lythLc' thM, dL+ O* Qn cht liRn SMt t)*ng h/n tT' tinh thU. iRn SMt i*n, cht in ly thLc (t)u lct)*lyt!, V dW, N+Cl

X?Yng tc giZ+ i*n t)*ng tinh thU O h/n tT dung Bi l?[ng cLc \ chuyUn-ng nhit c+ i*n liRn SMt BKng ]t i*n liRn SMt Ei dung Bi' tchShJi BKng. Cc l*Ki Shc, cht in ly thM (*tnti+l lct)*lyt!, V dW, HCl

X?Yng tc l?[ng cLc ^ l?[ng cLc \ chuyUn -ng nhit Ph hy h/n tT c_cLc thOnh i*n hyd)+t h_+ i*n t?Yng tc n?Ec tK* i*n H95\(*F*niuB'hyd)*niuB!.

` Dung Bi Shc n?Ec,2 Dung


21/39

1.6. 4L $*l+t h_+ cc i*n


"au t)bnh tc dWng c+ i*n Ei cc h/n tT dung Bi tK* t h t?Yng

%i en chfc gi lO $*l+t h_+. Dung Bi n?Ec, hydrat ha.

"4% c+ cc h/n tT n?Ec )Ong u-c t)*ng hyd)+t (h]c n?Ec! gi lO $%c+ hyd)+t h_+ ($% h%i tT!.

"Ei dung Bi n?Ec, (u+n t)ng nht! dung dch c+ c+ti*n SiB l*Ki SieB'SieB thj tK* )+ d* t?Yng tc tknh in i*n l?[ng cLc.X?Yng tc nOy hW

thu-c, in tVch' n SVnh' Sh%i l?ng c+ti*n


22/39

1.6. 4L $*l+t h_+ cc i*n


23/39

" au t)bnh tc dWng c+ i*n Ei cc hn tT dung BYi tK*t h t?Yng %i en chfc gi l $*l+t hk+. DungBYi n?Ec, hydrat ha.

" 4% c+ cc hn tT n?Ec )ng u-c t)*ng hyd)+t (h]cn?Ec! gi l $% c+ hyd)+t hk+ ($% h%i tT!.

" Ei dung BYi n?Ec, (u+n t)ng nht! dung dchc+ c+ti*n SiB l*Ki SieB' SieB thj tK* )+ d* t?Yng tc

tknh in i*n l?[ng cLc.X?Yng tc ny hW thu-c,in tVch' n SVnh' Sh%i l?ng c+ti*n


24/39

l hydrat ha !"n: li#n $%t cho nh&n' do cnoitan tr*n! c+a cation ,- c in t/ !h ic+a n2c.

l hydrat ha 3a: c4c hn t/ d6n! 7i 8nhh2n! $hn! ho-n to-n' do li#n $%t l9n! loh;n.

Cc lig+nd n?Ec Shng @ c% nh t)*ng h]c n?EcBO c_ thU th+y ji t)V. ig+nd nOy )+ i' lig+ndShc O* thM.



25/39

n! ,- d6n! d8ch thc

" Dung dch lm t?@ng, C+ti*n O+ni*n Shng t?Yng tc Einh+u.

" Dung dch thLc, c_ $L t?Yngtc tknh in. Cc i*n ng?c du t h gn

nh+u

[

[

[

[

[

Z

ZZZ

Z Z

[

[

[[

[

[

Z

ZZ

ZZ

Z

[

ThadWd rWgion:Tolvation cagW

1tP2ng

4hDc

1.7. XVnh cht nhit -ng c+ DD



26/39

3al3a11 l2

ThC h'a h#c + += ClNaNaCl

o

Cl

o

Na

oNaCl + +=

NaClo

NaClNaCl aRTln+=

iioii

oii mRTaRT lnln +=+=

++= salt

+++ +++=+ mRTmRTaRToo

salt

o

salt lnlnln

" #$ hot % t&'ng ()nh ion


27/39

( )+++ ++=+ mmRTaRToo

salto

salt lnln

ooosalt + +=

( )++= mmRTaRT salt lnln

.

+

=

5i v;i 3al4


28/39

>gl. >g.11 . lp

+ ++ +++=+ lBl>g

B>gEalt

BEalt ln..lnln .. mRTmRTaRT

..B

l

B

>gEaltBEalt ln.ln . ++ ++=+ + mmRTaRT

++ = ..Ealt mma

Ta c'


29/39

++

@@yP yrPsrs

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )yBxA

yxyx myxymxmmmaa +===y

P

sy

P

ssy

Ps

( ) ( )yx+ =R+y

Ps

( ) ( ) ( )yxyxyx myxaa ++= yPs

( ) 0000.+.l

I.+2 ==+ mmaaMgho >gl.



30/39

o , h $% h*Kt - t)ung bnh i*n lO Ki l?ng u+n t)ng'pc t)?ng ch* $L $+i lch nqng - dung dch Bu%i $* EiShi @ t)Kng thi lm t?@ng



" #$ hot % t&'ng ()nh ion *tt+

`Ch :

^ XVnh Bo N+Cl t)*ng dung dch c_ BN+Cl r 0.1 O BC+Cl2 r0.9 , Bo N+Cl r (0.11 . 0.:1!1s2 r 0.2:

^ H $% h*Kt - t)ung bnh iUu din @ cc l*Ki nqng -Shc nh+u,

+corco.Co h*pc +ForFo.Fo



31/39

( ) ( )

++= lnHHlnHHB RTmRTm

$


32/39

4rng thi chu@n

4rng thi chu@n l trng thi ' 'A A R 2 tt c cc >hong nhit 8v p ;ut A Q2 nhit 8 +t >treng v9i dung dch v< ceng long#


33/39

nghqa vKt l1 cHa *c nh ;D >hc +it giYa dung dch thDc v

dung dch l1 tP2ng B hai loi lDc tc d8ng vo cc ion trong dung

dch:

tP-ng tc v9i phn tG dung 'hc

Nhi pha long dung dch tng >hong cch giYacc ion gi' tP-ng tc

Oung dch v< ceng long tP-ng tc ;olvat hol chH !?u dung dch v< ceng long chX l g5nsng l1 tP2ng *W' nhP nng lPng ;olvat ho>h


34/39

,-c ion *+Lc ion ca dung dch l!


35/39

,-c ion *+ *tt+

nh lut thc nghij< L\iE v! xandall,

ht in ly


36/39

=i

ii)m* .

.

+

BHB+B < -l, m-1M ml2M BHB+


37/39

Cc h?Yng h Fc nh o" Phng php nghim lnh:

* - hK nhit - SMt tinh c+ dung dch X Ei ccnqng - th iMt' )qi Fc nh Bo

B

.R+

+

TC =


g

" Phng php da vo h!a tan:

&hi iMt tVch $% t+n X' Fc nh - hv+ t+n 40' )qi tVnh co



38/39

" PX wi$^DuhB, n1ln+1\ n2ln+2r 0

.

+ln

RTdT

ad =

mK

Tdad

)(ln .

=

(z)

Ph?Yng h nghiRB lKnh Fc nh o

1.7. XVnh cht nhit -ng c+ DDg

" PX 4)d) ,

"#i:" n2r B x n1r 1000s=1x

XrX0^X- hK nhit - SMt tinh

" X2rX02

"

&r .X02

=1s(1000! , h#ng $% nghiBlKnh



39/39

" D*, +2r +oro.B(\\. ^!

NRn (`! t)@ thOnh,

" pt ,

" D* _, d(ln) M 2d{ | {Hdlnm

,-y tc" ."/n 0 #1:

mK

Tdmdd

)(lnln

=+

dmKmT

mKTdd2

mKT2

.)(+

+==

dmm22m

=B

)R(ln

Ph?Yng h nghiRB lKnh Fc nh o (tt!

1.7. XVnh cht nhit -ng c+ DDg

m

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Dien Hoa Hoc - Chuong 1 - Tiet 1