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?
, PWM
, , , 50
,
(CIP )
? ? , . : ,2003 .12 ( ) ISBN 7-5623-2012-8 . . . -- . TM1
CIP ( 2003 ) 126660
: ? ( 17 , 510640) : 020 - 87113487 87111048 ( )E-mail : scut202@scut .edu. cn http: ??www. scutpress. com
: : : 7871092 1?16 : 13 . 5 : 337 : 2003 12 1 1 : 13 000 : 22 .00
, , , : 95 , , ; ,
, , , 9 , : , , , , , , , ( PWM ) , , ,
? 2356 ? , 1489 , 7 ? , , , , , ,
,
, ,
2003 10
0 ( 1) 0 .1 1 0 .2 2
0 .2 .1 20 .2 .2 2
0 .3 31 4 1 .1 4
1 .1 .1 41 .1 .2 51 .1 .3 71 .1 .4 7
1 .2 71 .2 .1 81 .2 .2 91 .2 .3 111 .2 .4 14
1 .3 151 .3 .1 GTO 161 .3 .2 GTO 161 .3 .3 GTO 171 .3 .4 GTO 18
1 .4 181 .4 .1 GTR 191 .4 .2 GTR 201 .4 .3 GTR 201 .4 .4 GRT 22
1 .5 231 .5 .1 MOSFET 231 .5 .2 MOSFET 241 .5 .3 MOSFET 261 .5 .4 MOSFET 26
1 .6 261 .6 .1 IGBT 27
1 .6 .2 IGBT 271 .6 .3 IGBT 281 .6 .4 IGBT 28
1 .7 291 .7 .1 291 .7 .2 301 .7 .3 MOS 301 .7 .4 31
32 32
2 34 2 .1 34
2 .1 .1 342 .1 .2 372 .1 .3 38
2 .2 392 .2 .1 392 .2 .2 40
2 .3 432 .3 .1 432 .3 .2 44
2 .4 452 .4 .1 452 .4 .2 47
2 .5 492 .5 .1 492 .5 .2 502 .5 .3 53
2 .6 542 .6 .1 542 .6 .2 55
2 .7 562 .7 .1 562 .7 .2 56
2 .8 592 .8 .1 592 .8 .2 61
2 .9 622 .9 .1 622 .9 .2 63
2
2 .9 .3 63 2 .10 66
2 .10 .1 662 .10 .2 71
72 73
3 76 3 .1 76
3 .1 .1 , 763 .1 .2 , 76
3 .2 783 .2 .1 783 .2 .2 79
3 .3 823 .3 .1 823 .3 .2 min 84
3 .4 843 .4 .1 843 .4 .2 86
3 .5 873 .5 .1 873 .5 .2 893 .5 .3 903 .5 .4 91
92 92
4 94 4 .1 94
4 .1 .1 944 .1 .2 964 .1 .3 984 .1 .4 994 .1 .5 1014 .1 .6 101
4 .2 GTO 1034 .2 .1 1034 .2 .2 1034 .2 .3 GTO 104
4 .3 GTR 1064 .3 .1 106
3
4 .3 .2 106 4 .4 MOSFET IGBT 108 4 .5 110
4 .5 .1 1104 .5 .2 111
4 .6 1134 .6 .1 1134 .6 .2 116
4 .7 1164 .7 .1 1164 .7 .2 1174 .7 .3 GTR 1184 .7 .4 GTR 119
119 119
5 120 5 .1 120
5 .1 .1 1205 .1 .2 1225 .1 .3 1235 .1 .4 1245 .1 .5 125
5 .2 1265 .2 .1 1265 .2 .2 128
5 .3 1285 .3 .1 1285 .3 .2 1295 .3 .3 130
5 .4 1305 .4 .1 1315 .4 .2 1325 .4 .3 133
133 134
6 135 6 .1 135
6 .1 .1 1356 .1 .2 137
6 .2 140
4
6 .2 .1 1406 .2 .2 Y 141
6 .3 1436 .3 .1 1436 .3 .2 1456 .3 .3 146
146 147
7 148 7 .1 148
7 .1 .1 1487 .1 .2 180 1527 .1 .3 120 155
7 .2 1567 .2 .1 1567 .2 .2 1617 .2 .3 1657 .2 .4 165
7 .3 1677 .3 .1 1677 .3 .2 168
7 .4 1727 .4 .1 1727 .4 .2 174
7 .5 1777 .5 .1 1777 .5 .2 1787 .5 .3 1797 .5 .4 180
7 .6 180 183 184
8 ( PWM ) 186 8 .1 PWM 186
8 .1 .1 PWM 1868 .1 .2 PWM 1878 .1 .3 PWM 188
8 .2 SPWM 1908 .2 .1 1908 .2 .2 191
5
8 .3 PWM 191 8 .4 PWM 192 194 194
9 195 9 .1 195 9 .2 195
9 .2 .1 1969 .2 .2 197
9 .3 PWM 1989 .3 .1 ZVS - PWM 1989 .3 .2 ZCS - PWM 199
9 .4 PWM 2009 .4 .1 ZVT - PWM 2009 .4 .2 ZCT - PWM 201
9 .5 202 205 205 206
6
0 , ,
, , 1957 , , , , , , ,
0 .1
, ,
1 . ,
6 000 A3 000 V 2 . ,
, : , 12 000 V?1 000 A , 4 000 V?4 000 A ; , 8 000 V?3 000 A ; , 1 200 V?1 500 A , 2 500 V?400 A ; , 2 500 V?1 000 A ; 1 200 V?300 A
3 . ,
: ( GTR ) , 1 200 V?800 A , 1 400 V?300 A ; ( GTO) , 6 000 V?6 000 A , 8 000 V?1 000 A ; ( POWER MOSFET ) ,1 200 V?160 A ; ( SITH ) , 4 500 V?2 500 A ; ( SIT ) , 1 200 V?10 A
4 . ( IGBT ) ,
, , 3 300 V?1 200 A MOS ( MCT) , d i?d tdu?d t , 5 000 V?2 000 A
, ( M PIC)
( HPIC)1 200 V?800 A HPIC HPIC ,
0 .2
0 .2 .1
,1 .
,2 . ,
; , 3 . ,
;4 . ,
,5 . ( ) ( )
, , , , , , ,
0 .2 .2
1 . ,
2 .
3 .
2
,
0 .3
1 . , ,
, , 14 , 1990 16 % , , 10% 40 % ,
2 . , , 21 , 95%
, 95% , , , , , ,
, , , , ,
3 . , , ,
, , , , , , , , , , ,
4 . , ,
30
1 ,
, 40 , ,
1 1
1 1
1 .1
(Power Diode) 20 50 , (Semiconductor Rectifier, SR ) , , , ,
1 .1 .1
, PN , PN , 1 2 , A , K
,
1 2 ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)
N P PN PN ( ) , P N , , P N ,
PN ( ) , , N P , , , PN , ,
PN , PN
PN , , , PN , , , , PN , PN , PN , ,
1 .1 .2
1 .1 .2 .1 ,
1 3a , ( UD 0 ) , , , I F UF , , , ,
IF UF , IF = f ( UF ) , , ,
, 1 3b , ,
51
, , , 1 3b IRP URP , 1 3b td , tf , trr = td + tf
1 3 (a) ; ( b)
1 .1 .2 .2 1 . IF ( A V ) IF ( A V) ( TC ) ,
, ( TjM ) , , ( ) , I F ( A V ) I = 1 .57 IF ( A V) , 100 A , 157 A , , , ,
2 . UF UF
, UF ,3 . URR M URR M
,4 . TjM PN ( Tj ) ( TjM ) PN
, TjM 1251755 . IFSM IFSM IFSM
6
6
1 .1 .3
, , , , , , , ,
1 . (General Purpose Diode) , ( 1 kHz ) ,
(5s ) , ( ) ,
2 . ( Fast Recovery Diode, FRD) ( 5s
) , (0 .9 V ) , 100 ns , ,
3 . ,
(Schottky Barrier Diode, SBD) , : (1040 ns) ; ( 0 .40 .6 V ) : , ; ,
1 .1 .4
:
ZK
1 .2
( Thyristor) , (Silicon Controlled Rectifer, SCR) ,
71
, ,
1 .2 .1
1 4a , PN , PN - , ( A) ( ) , ( - ) , ( K ) (G) , , , , 1 4b , 1 4c
1 4 (a) ; ( b) ; ( c)
1 5 ( a) ; ( b)
, A , , K , G , , ,
P1 N1 P2 N2 , PN J1 J2 J3 , AK G , 1 5a A - K , J2 , , A - K , J1 J3 , , , ,
PNPN , PNP NPN , 15ab 1 5b , IG V2 ,IC2 , V1 IB1 , V1 , IC1 , V1 , , V1 V2 ,
8
V1 V2 , 1 ( IC1?IA )2 ( IC2?IK ) , IC01 IC0 2 :
IC1 = 1 IA + IC0 1 (1 1)IC2 = 2 IK + IC 02 (1 2)
IK = IA + IG (1 3)IA = IC1 + IC 2 (1 4)
(1 1 ) ( 1 4)
IA =2 IG + IC0 1 + IC02
1 - (1 + 2 ) (1 5)
(1 5 ) , IA (1 + 2 ) , IG = 0 ,1 + 2 , IA IC 01 + IC0 2 , IG , , 1 + 2 1 , IA , IA 1 + 2 > 1 , , (1 5 )
, ( IG = 0) , 1 - (1 + 2 )0 , ( 1 5) , IA , ,
, IA IH - IA < IH ,1 + 2 ,
, : ; ( )
, :
KP200 12 , 200 A?1 200 V ; KK100 - 12 , , 100 A?1 200 V
1 .2 .2
1 .2 .2 .1 UA K IA , 1 6
, IG = 0 , A - K , J2 ,
, UB 0 ( ) , J2
91
1 6 IG2 > IG1 > IG
, , IG , , IA , UA K IG , UB 0 ( 1 6 IG1 IG2 )
, , , , UR0 , ,1 .2 .2 .2
, - PN J3 , UGK IG , , ,1 .2 .2 .3
, ,
1 . ton , ,
IA , IA 10% td , , 1 7 , IA 90% tr , , ton ,
ton = td + tr (1 6) 2 . toff
, A - K , , , , 1 7 , IA ,
01
( ) , IRM , , trr , , A - K UR RM , , tgr , toff ,
toff = trr + tgr (1 7)
1 7
tgr trr , tgr , , , toff , ,
1 .2 .3
, , 1 .2 .3 .1
1 . , , UDR M
URR M : 50 ?s, 10 ms UDR M UR RM UDSM URSM 90% , 1 6 ; , , ,
2 . UDR M URR M ,
, 2 3 . UTM UT M
111
, , UTM 1 .2 .3 .2
1 . IT( A V)
1 8
IT( AV ) , 40 , , 170 , , 1 8
, IT( AV ) I , , , , 2
1 8 , Im ,
IT ( A V ) =1
2
0Imsintd(t) = Im (1 8)
I = 12
0( Imsint)2 d(t) = Im2 (1 9)
Id , 1 8 ( 180) , Id = IT ( A V )
IId
= Kf ( 1 10)
, Kf ,
1 9
1 1 IT ( A V ) = 100 A , 1 8 1 9 , Id IKf
1 8 , Id = IT ( A V ) , ( 1 8 )
(1 9 ) , Kf1 = IIT( A V) =2 = 1 .57 ,
I = Kf IT( AV ) = 1 .57 100 = 157( A)
1 9 , (1 8 ) (1 9 ) ,2
Kf2 =2
= 2 .22
21
IT( A V) = 100 A , I = 157 A ,
Id =I
Kf2=
1572 .22 = 70 .7 (A )
, 100 A 70 A , , Kf =
1 .11 ,100 A 140 A 2 . IH IH , , ,
IH 3 . IL IL ,
, IL I H 24 4 . ITSM ITSM ( )
1 .2 .3 .3
1 . IG IG 6 V
2 . UG UG IG
,1 .2 .3 .4
ton toff , :1 . du?d t du?d t
2 . d i?d t d i?d t
, ,
1 .2 .3 .5 TjM TjM TjM ,
, TjM , TC ( )1 .2 .3 .6
, 1 1
311
1 1
KPX 1650 U( ) SF100 {GX21( )
UDRM?VURRM
4 ?500 Tj = 0 ?125 4 ?000 Tj = 0 ?125
UTM?V 1 ?.85 ITM = 2 D000 A , Tj = 125 2 ?.3 ITM = 3 !200A , Tj = 25
I TSM?A 24 ?000 t= 10 Mms 20 ?000 50 ?Hz
IAV?A 1 ?650 Tc = 70 y 1 ?000 Tj = 79 U
IDRM?mA < 150 ?Tj = 125 ? , < 50 XTj = 125 l
IRRM?mA < 150 ?Tj = 125 ? , < 50 XTj = 125 l
du?dt?( V?s) > 500 ?
Tj = 25 1 ?000 Tj = 125 3 , UD = 23 UDRM
td?s < 3 qTj = 25 d , UD = 1 500 V
IGT?mA < 250 ?Tj = 25 ? , UD = 12 V < 300 oTj = 25 ~ , UD = 6 V
UGT?V < 4 C.2 Tj = 25 ? , UD = 12 V < 3 ?.5 Tj = 25 ~ , UD = 6 V
IGDM?mA > 20 ?Tj = 125 { , UD = 1000 V > 5 ATj = 125 h , UD = UDRM
UGDM?V > 0 C.5 Tj = 125 { , UD = 1000 V > 0 ?.2 Tj = 125 h , UD = UDRM
IH?mA < 150 ?Tj = 125 ? < 300 oTj = 25 E
IL?mA < 1 &000 Tj = 125 ?
( ) Rj - c?(?W) 0 ?.012 0 ?.018I2 ?t A
2 zs 2 ?106
Tj? 125 p125 @
Tstg? - 40 ?150 - 40 ?125
mm 77 Y
1 .2 .4
1 .2 .4 .1 ( Fast Switching Thyristor, FST ) , du?dt
d i?d t , 0 .410 kHz1 .2 .4 .2
( Reverse Conducting Thyristor, RCT) , , , 1 10 , , ,
41
1 10 (a) ; ( b)
1 .2 .4 .3 ( Triode AC Switch, TRIAC )
, 1 11 T1 T2 G 1 11b , , , 1 .2 .4 .4
( Light Triggtred Thyristor, LTT ) , , 1 12 , , ,
1 11 ( a) ; (b)
1 12 ( a) ; ( b)
1 .3
, GTO(Gate Turn - off Thyristor) , , , GTO ,
511
1 .3 .1 GTO
GTO , PNPN , A K G , GTO , , GTO GTO , GTO GTO 1 13
1 13 GTO ( a) ; ( b) ; (c)
1 .3 .2 GTO
1 .3 .2 .1 GTO GTO , , 1 5b
V1 V2 1 2 ,1 + 2 = 1 ,1 + 2 > 1 , 1 + 2 1 .15 , GTO 1 + 2 = 11 .05 , GTO ,
1 14 GTO (a) ; ( b)
61
1 .3 .2 .2 GTO GTO , , - IG , 1 14a ,
- IG , V2 Ib 2 , Ic 2 IK , Ic 2 IA Ic 1 , I b 2 , IA IK 1 + 2 < 1 ,
1 .3 .3 GTO
GTO , , , GTO 1 .3 .3 .1 GTO
GTO GTO 1 15 GTO , ,
( ab ) , a a , , a , 1 16e a c , c d , d, GTO
1 15 (a) ; ( b)
1 16 GTO ( a) ; ( b) ( EG < UGR ) ;
(c) PN ; (d) ;( e) ; ( f )
711
1 .3 .3 .2 GTO GTO , td tr ( 1 7) ,
1 16 GTO
1 16a GTO 1 16b , 1 16c , , ts , tf , , 1 16d 1 16e 1 16f IA UA tRC
1 .3 .4 GTO
GTO , GTO , 1 .3 .4 .1 IA T O
IA TO GTO ; , IA TO , GTO ,
1 .3 .4 .2 off
off IA TO ,
off = IA TO| - IG | ( 1 11)
off 5 , off , 500 A GTO, 100A , GTO 1 .3 .4 .3 f
GTO , , 20100 kHz1 .3 .4 .4 ton
, , ton = td + tr1 .3 .4 .5 toff
, toff = ts + tf , tRC
GTO , ,
1 .4
GTR PCM , PC M = 1 W GTR Giant Transistor ,GTR ,
81
( GTR ) ,PCM
GTR , , , , ; GTR , , PCM
GTR , ( BipolarJunction Transistor, BJ T)
1 .4 .1 GTR
GTR , , , 1 17a
1 17 GTR ( a) ; ( b) PNP ; ( c) NPN
, 1 17a , GTR GTR NPN PNP , 1 17bc , (Darlington) , 1 18 1 19
1 18 ( a) ; ( b)
GTR (10 ) , , , , 1 19
GTR , , GTR
911
1 19
1 .4 .2 GTR
GTR , hFE Iceo Uces ton toff
1 . ,
,
= IC IB ( 1 12)
GTR , 10 , 2 .GTR , GTR
, BUC EO ; , BUCE R BUCES ; , BUCEX ; , BUCBO BUCBO > BUCE X > BUC ES > BUC ER > BUCEO , , GTR BUCE O , (1?31?2) BUCE O
3 . ICM hFE 1?31?2 , ICM
, , 1?2 ICM 4 . PCMPCM PCM
TC , TC , TC , PCM
1 .4 .3 GTR
1 .4 .3 .1 GTR 1 20a , UBE
02
IB GTR 1 20b , IB IC
UCE , GTR ,
1 20 GTR ( a) ; ( b)
1 .4 .3 .2 GTR IB IC , 1 21a ,
IB IC 1 21bc td tr , ton ; ts tf , toff
1 21 ( a) ; ( b) IB ; ( c) IC
1 .4 .3 .3 GTR 1 2 GTR 1 18
121
1 2 GTR
()WW2 ?SD648 ( ) MJ10048 ?( MOTOROLA)
BUCBO?V 300 ?
BUCEO?V 300 ?IB = 0 ?250 ?IB = 0 )
BUEBO?V 8 ?IC = 0 )
ICM?A 400 ? 100 ?
PCM?W 2500 * 250 ?
1000 XIC = 400 ?A , UCE = 5V 75 ?IC = 100 MA, UCE = 5V
UCES?V 2 ?IC = 400 ?A , IB = 8A 2 ?.0 IC = 100 MA, IB = 2 .75A
UBES?V 2 ?.5 IC = 400 ?A , IB = 8A 3 ?.0 IC = 100 MA, IB = 2 .75A
ton?s 1 ?
ts?s 8 ?
tf?s 2 ?
4 p.25
20 ?
8 ?
IC = 100 MA, IB = 2 .75AUCC = 250V , RL = 202 .0%
Rj - c?(?W) 0 X.5
1 .4 .4 GTR
1 .4 .4 .1 GTR , IC ,
( ) , IC PCM , GTR , , IC , UCE , , GTR 1 22
, ( ODBEF ) ( OAEF ) ( OCEF ) 1 22 ABC , USB ISB , ( ABC) , , PSB , PSB 1 .4 .4 .2 ( SOA )
GTR , ICM UCE M PCM , PSB , GTR ( Safe Operating Area, SOA ) , 1 23
, ,
22
1 22 1 23 GTR
1 .5
, MOSFET ( MetalOxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor)MOSFET ( 108 101 3)
, , , ,
1 24 N MOS( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)
1 .5 .1 MOSFET
MOSFET , N PMOSFET ,N ; P ( UGS =0) , ( ID0) ; UGS = 0 , ( ID = 0 ) , 1 24 N , + , - D S G
321
1 24 , , , MOSFET , V VV MOSFET VDMOSFET , 1 25 VDMOFET
1 25 VDMOSFET
1 .5 .2 MOSFET
1 24a , G S UGS UT , D S UDS , D S , ID , , ID UGS , 1 26
1 26 MOSFET ( a) ; ( b)
1 .5 .2 .1 1 26 N MOSFET
( GTR ) ( GTR ) ( GTR ) UGS UDS , ID ; UDS , ID MOSFET ,
1 3 MOSFET Up MOSFET ,
42
1 3 MOSFET
N
N
P
P
1 27 MOSFET ( a) ; ( b)
1 .5 .2 .2 1 27a , Ui , Ri , Rg
521
, RL , R0 iD Cin ( = Cgd + Cgs ) , UGS , 1 27b
1 27b :td1 , UT , iD ;tr ? , UGS UT UGSS , iD
;td2 , Ui , Cin , UGS UGSS ;tf , UGS UGSS UT
ton = td1 + tr ( 1 13)
toff = td2 + tf ( 1 14)
1 .5 .3 MOSFET
ton toff UT UP , MOSFET : UDS ; ID ; UGS , | UGS |20 V ; gm ? ,
,
gm = IDUGS ( UDS = ) ( 1 15)
1 .5 .4 MOSFET
MOSFET , UDSUGS ID PC
, , , , ; , ; , ; ,
1 .6
MOSFET 1 .5 , , , GTR , , IGBT( Insulaed - GateBipolar Transistor)IGBT GTR MOSFET , 20 80 ,
62
1 .6 .1 IGBT
IGBT , G C E , 1 28 N MOSFET GTR IGBT
1 28 IGBT ( a) ; ( b) ; ( c)
IGBT UGE , UGE MOSFET , GTR( PNP) , IC P + N - ( ) N - , IGBT ( MOSFET 20 ) UGE , MOSFET , , IGBT
1 28a , IC , MOS IM OS , IBJ T ,
IC = IM OS + IBJ T ( 1 16) UGS , MOS , IMOS , IBJ T , IGBT , 1 30
1 .6 .2 IGBT
1 .6 .2 .1 IGBT , 1 29
MOSFET , 1 29a , UGE( Th) , 26 V , 1 29b ,
GTR , IGBT , , 1 29c1 .6 .2 .2
IGBT 1 30 , td tr ts tf = tf1 + tf2 , 1 .4 .3 GTR ,
721
td tr , ts tf GTR tf , tf1 MOS , tf2 GTR
1 29 IGBT (a) ; ( b) ; ( c)
1 30 IGBT
1 .6 .3 IGBT
IGBT , :UCEM , PNP ;ICEM ;PCM ( ) IGBT GTR MOSFET
1 .6 .4 IGBT
1 .6 .4 .1 IGBT , , 1 31 NPN
82
1 31 IGBT
Rbr ,P , J3 , , J3 IC , Rbr , J3 , , IGBT IC , , IC IC ( ) , du?d t ( ) , 1 .6 .4 .2
IGBT , IC M , UCEM PCM , ( FBSOA ) , 1 32a
du?d t , ( RBSOA ) , 1 32bdu?dt , RBSOA
1 32 IGBT SOA(a) SOA ; ( b) SOA
1 .7
1 .7 .1
SIT (Static Induction Transistor) , 1970 , 300 A1 500 V 3 kW 2050 MHz
SIT 1 33 , SIT
921
, , ,
1 33 SIT (a) ; ( b)
1 34 SITH ( a) ; ( b)
1 .7 .2
SITH(Static Induction Thyristor) , , 1972 , , , GTO 1 34 SITH
1 .7 .3 MOS
1 35 MCT ( P MCT )
MOS MCT ( MOS Controlled Thyristor) , MOS , , , MCT 1 35 , MOSFET , MCT , ON FET ; MCT , OFF FETMCT 1 36
03
1 36 MCT (P MCT )(a) ; ( b)
, ON FET , MCT ; , OFF FET , PNP , PNP , MCT
1 .7 .4
, PIC( Power Integrated Circuit)
PIC : , HVIC , , 1 37 ; , SPIC , , 1 38
1 37 300 V HVIC
131
1 38 SPIC
GTOGTR SITH , MOS-FET SIT ; , IGBT MCT ( ) , ( ) , , GTRMOSFETSITHSITIGBTGTO MCT
, 20 80 20 80 , , , IGBT , 1 .8 kA?2 .5 kV ; GTO 6 kA?6 kV ,MOSFET , , , ,
1 1 ?1 2 ?1 3 1 39 , Im , Id1 Id2
Id3 , I1 I2 I3 kf1 kf2 kf3 1 4 , IT( AV) = 200A , Id1 Id2 Id3
? Im1 Im2 Im3 ?
1 5 GTO1 6 GTR ? ?1 7 MOSFET GTR ?
23
1 39
1 8 IGBT ? ?1 9 GTO ? ?1 10 GTR ? ?
331
2
, , , ,
: , ,
2 .1
, ,
2 .1 .1
2 1
2 .1 .1 .1 2 1a ( Resistive Load) ( Single Phase Half
Wave Controlled Rectification Circuit) , T , , u1 U1 u2 U2 ; VT , uV T R , , ( ) ud
u2 , VT , , , , , VT t1 ( 2 1c) , VT , uV T = 0 , u2 R , ud = u2 t =, u2 = 0 , VT , ud = 0; id , ,
uVT = u2 , ud = 0 ,2 1de ud uV T id ud
, , , ( Trigger Angle) , , ud ,= 0, , = , ud = 0 , 180 ( Conduction Angle) , ,= -
,2 .1 .1 .2
1 . Ud 2 1d Ud ,
Ud =1
2
2 U2 sintd(t) = 22U2 ( 1 + cos)
= Ud01 + cos
2 = 0 .45 U21 + cos
2 (2 1)
, Ud0 = 0 .45 U2 , = 0 , V2 . Id Id , Ud ,
Id =UdR = 0 .45
U2R
1 + cos2 (2 2)
3 . I I2 IV T ,
I = I2 =1
2
2 U2R
sint2
d(t)
=
U2R
14sin2+
- 2 (2 3)
4 . R U
U = 12
( 2 U2 sint)2 d( t)
= U214sin2+
- 2 (2 4)
5 . cos? , R U = I2 R , P
P = I22 R = UI2 (2 5)
532
S = U2 I2 ,
cos? = PS =UI2
U2 I2=
14sin2+
- 2 (2 6)
(2 3 )(2 4 )(2 6 ) rad= 0 , cos?= 1? 2 , , ,
1 ,
2 1e , UDm URm 2 U2 2 1 , , 220 V ,
60 V , 20 A , (1 ) 60 V (2 1 )
cos = 2 Ud0 .45 U2 - 1 =2 60
0 .45 220 - 1 = 0 .212
= arccos0 .212 = 77 .8 (2 ) I2
(2 2 ) ( 2 3)
I2 =2sin2+ 4( - )
2 (1 + cos) Id = 2 .06 20 = 41 .2 (A )
rad(3 )
Um = UDm = URm = 2 U2 = 311 (V ) (4 )
, , = 0
IdVT
= I2?1 .57 = 26 .2 (A ) IT( A V) Id
VT, 1 .52 ,
IT ( A V ) = ( 1 .5 2) IdVT
= ( 39 .3 52 .4) (A)
IT( A V) = 50 A :
UN = (2 3 ) Um = ( 622 911) (V ) UN = 700 V
50 A700 V (5 ) 60 V (2 6 ) ,
cos? = PS =I
22 R
I2 U2=
I2 RU2
=
I2 Ud?IdU2
= 0 .562
63
2 .1 .2
2 2a ( Resistive and Inductance Load) L R , ,
2 2
, , VT , id = 0 , ud = 0 , u2 VT , , ,
u2 = ud = uL + uR = Ld idd t + id R (2 7)
, uL uR t1 , VT , VT , ,
ud = u2 , , id = 0 , uR = id R = 0 ,
u2 = uL = Ld iddt , id , 2 2e ,
, , ,
t2 , d id?d t = 0 , uL = 0 , uR = u2 , id ,
732
, , , , uR = u2 + uL t2 , , ud = u2 u2 , , uL > u2 ,VT , id , u2 = ud uL = u2 + uR , , t3 , uL u2 , VT , id = 0 , , , VT uVT 2 2f
2 2d ud , ud , u2 , Ud
, (= arctanL?R) , ; , Ud 90 , L , ud , Ud ,
2 .1 .3
2 3 ?
, VDR , ( Free Wheeding Diode, Commutating Diode) , 2 3a 2 3cg Lm R
, VT , VDR , VDR , u2 , VDR , VDR , ud , VDR VT , L VDR id ,ud = 0 , , 2 3c, uV T id , VT , , VDR , id , , 2 3d , VT - , VDR + , VT VDR iV T iV D
R 2 3e f id , Id ,
IdVT IV T
83
IdVT
= -
2 Id (2 8)
IVT =1
2
I2d d(t) = - 2 Id (2 9)
IdV DR IV D
R
IdV DR
=+
2 Id ( 2 10)
IV DR
=1
22+
I
2d d(t) = + 2 Id ( 2 11)
Ud (2 1 ) VT 180,
2 U2 , VT , ,
, ,
,
2 4 7
2 .2
(Single Phase Bridge Fully Controlled Rectification Circuit) , , ,
2 .2 .1
2 4a, VT1 VT4 , VT2 VT3 u2 , a , b VT1 VT4 t = , VT1 VT4 ud = u2 , t = , u2 , , VT1 VT4 , t = , VT1 VT4 VT2 VT3
t = (+ ) , VT2 VT3 , VT1 VT4 , , id = 0 ,
932
ud = 0 , VT1 VT4 u2 , VT2 VT3 u2 , , u2?2
u2 , a , b t =+ VT2 VT3 , , ud = u2 , , , id , 2 4b i2 , , , , i2 2 4d t= 2 , VT1 VT4 2 4c, ,
2 U2?2 2 U2
Ud =1
2 U2 sintd(t) = 2 2 U22 ( 1 + cos)
= 0 .9 U2 1 + cos2 ( 2 12)
, Ud = 0 , Ud = Ud0 = 0 .9 U2 ; =180 , Ud = 0 , 180
Id =UdR = 0 .9
U2R
1 + cos2 ( 2 13)
I I2 ,
I = I2 =1
2 U2R sint
2
d(t)
=
U2R
12sin2+
- ( 2 14)
,
IdVT
=12 Id = 0 .45
U2R
1 + cos2 ( 2 15)
IV T =1
2
2 U2R
sint2
d(t)
=
U2
2 R1
2sin2+ - =
12
I ( 2 16)
cos? = PS =UI2
U2 I2=
12sin2+
- ( 2 17)
2 .2 .2
2 5 , Lm R,
04
2 5
u2 ,t = , VT1 VT4 , ud = u2 u2 , , VT1 VT4 , id , t =+ , VT2 VT3 , VT2 VT3 u2 VT2 VT3 VT1 VT4 , VT1 VT4 VT2 VT3 , + udidiV T i2 uV T 2 5ch
Ud =1
+
2 U2 sintd(t) = 2 2 U2 cos
= 0 .9 U2 cos ( 2 18)= 0 , Ud0 = 0 .9 U2 ; = 90 , Ud = 0 , 90
= 180, ,
2 U2 IdVT IV T
IdVT
= Id?2 , IV T = Id? 2 ( 2 19) i2 180 , ,
I2 = Id ( 2 20)
142
, , , 2 2 , 1230 V
, 20 A , = 20 , , LmR , ,
(1 )(a) U2 I2 Ud = 30 V = 20, ( 2 12 ) U2 ,
U2 =2 Ud
0 .9 (1 + cos) =2 30
0 .9 (1 + cos20) = 34 .37( V )
I2 , Ud = 12 V Id = 20 A , ( 2 12 ) ,
cos = 2 Ud0 .9 U2 - 1 =2 12
0 .9 34 .37 - 1 = - 0 .224
= arccos( - 0 .224 ) = 103
(2 13) (2 14) I2 , = 103180,
I2 =sin2+ 2( - )
2( 1 + cos) Id
= 1 .73 20 = 34 .6 (A ) ( 2 21) ( b)
,IV T = I2? 2 = 34 .6? 2 = 24 .47 (A)
IT( A V) IT ( A V) = ( 1 .5 2) IV T?1 .57 = ( 23 .38 31 .17) (A )
URm = 2 U2 = 48 .6 (V ) ,UN = (2 3 ) URm = (97 .21 145 .8 ) ( V )
30 A200 V (2 ) , Lm R(a) U2 I2 Ud = 30 V ,= 20, ( 2 18 ) U2 ,
U2 =Ud
0 .9cos =30
0 .9cos20= 35 .5( V )
I2 Id I2 = Id = 20 (A )
( b)
IV T = Id? 2 = 20? 2 = 14 .1(A )
24
IT ( A V) = ( 1 .5 2) IV T?1 .57 = ( 13 .5 18) (A )
Um = UDm = URm = 2 U2 = 50 .2 (V ) ,UN = (2 3 ) Um = ( 100 .4 150 .6) (V )
20 A200 V (c) Lm R , :
cos? = PS
=
Ud IdU2 I2
=
UdU2
= 0 .9cos
, Ud = 12 V , cos?= 12?35 .5 = 0 .34 ; Ud = 30 V , cos?= 30?35 .5 = 0 .85
2 .3
2 4 2 5 VT2 VT4 VD2 VD4 , (Single PhaseBridge Half Controlled Rectification Circuit)
2 6
2 .3 .1
2 6 , ,+ , b , a , bVT3 RVD2 a , VT3 VD2 R , a c , VT1
342
2 .3 .2
2 .3 .2 .1 VDR 2 7 , ,
Lm R, u2 ,t= VT1 , VT1 VD4 u2 , , VT1 , a b , VD4 VD2 , VT1 VD2 , ud ,
t =+ VT3 , VT3 VT1 , u2 VT3 VD2 u2 VT3 VD4 ,
2 7
2 .3 .2 .2 , 180 ,
, , , VT1 VD4 , VT3 u2 , VD2 VD4 , VT1 VD2 u2 , VD4 VD2 , VT1 , VT1 VD4 , VT1 , VD2 VD4 , ud , u2 , ,
44
, VDR , , VDR , , 2 7bh
IdVT
= IdVD
= -
2 Id , I VT = IVD = -
2 I d ( 2 22)
IdV DR
= Id , IVDR =
Id ( 2 23)
I2 = - Id ( 2 24)
Ud (2 12)
2 .4
, , , , ( Three Phase Half Wave Controlled Rectification Circuit) ,
2 .4 .1
2 .4 .1 .1 2 8a
, , , , ,
2 8b , ( uw uu ) ( VT1 ) , ( VT1 ) , , , = 0 ,
t1 t2 , u vw , t1 , = 0 VT1 , ud = uu t2 t3 , v , t2 ( t1 120) VT2 , VT1 , ud = uv t3 ( t2 120) VT3 , VT2 , ud = uw ud 2 8d , , , 120 , , 120,
2 8e u VT1 , , 120,
542
2 8 ?= 0
2 8f VT1 , VT1 , uVT
1= 0; VT2 ,
VT1 uV T1
= uu - uv = uuv
; VT3 , VT1 uVT
1= uuw
> 0, ud , = 30 , , 120, 2 9 = 60 2 10 , ud , VT1 , uu , VT1 ; VT2 , VT2 , , ud = 0 , VT2 , VT2 , ud = uv , u , 90 = 150 , ud = 0 , 1502 .4 .1 .2
ud ,
1 .30
Ud =1
2?356 +
6
+ 2 U2 sintd(t)
=3 62 U2 cos = 1 .17 U2 cos ( 2 25)
, U2 = 0 , Ud0 = 1 .17 U2 , IV T I2 ,
I2 = IV T =12
56
+
6 +
2 U2 sintR
2
d(t)
=
U2R
12
23 +
32 cos2 ( 2 26)
2 .> 30
Ud =1
2?3
6
+ 2 U2 sintd(t) = 3 2 U22 1 + cos
6 +
64
2 9 ?= 30
2 10 ?= 60
= 0 .675 U2 1 + cos 6 + ( 2 27)
IV T =1
2
6 +
2 U2 sintR
2
d(t)
=
U2R
12(
56 - +
34 cos2+
14 sin2) ( 2 28)
,Id = Ud?R ( 2 29)
,Id
VT= Id?3 ( 2 30)
2 8f , , URm = 2 3 U2 = 2 .45 U2 ( 2 31)
, ,
UDm = 2 U2 ( 2 32)
2 .4 .2
2 11 Lm R,
742
2 11b , 30 ,
2 11 (a) ; ( b)= 30 ; (c)= 60
> 30 , 2 11c = 60 , u VT1 , ud = uu uu , , VT1 iV T
1 , ud = uu VT2
, VT2 , VT1 , v , VT1 VT2 , ud = uv , u , ud , , ud , =90 , ud , Ud = 0 , 90
Ud (2 25) , Ud = 1 .17 U2 cos 120, Id
VT= Id?3 ,
I2 IV T ,
I2 = IVT = Id? 3 = 0 .577 Id ( 2 33) ,
84
UDm = URm = 2 .45 U2 ( 2 34)
2 12 (a) ;
( b) ;(c)
2 .5
, , , 1?3 , , ( Three-Phase Bridge Fully-ControlledRectification Circuit)
2 .5 .1
,
( 2 8 ) , , ud n , , , 2
12a , ,a w VT3 , t1 VT1 , u , w u , u VT1 VT3 t2 u v , n , ,
2 12b , , , , 120, ,
942
R1 = R2 , , Id1 = Id2 , , I0 = 0 , , , , 2 12c , VT1 VT6 , uvw VT1 VT3 VT5 , uvw VT4 VT6 VT2
2 .5 .2
2 .5 .2 .1
2 13 y= 0
2 12c , , , , , : , 60( 80) , , , 60 , ( 2 13b) , , ( ) , , VT1 1 VT6 6, 2 13c, , , ,
= 0 , 2 13dg , , , , 2 13a
, t = 30 , = 0 VT6 VT1 , u ,v , : u VT1 R VT6 v ud = uu - uv = uuv , VT1 uVT
1= 0
05
: u , VT1 , v w , t = 90 VT2 , VT6 , : u VT1 RVT2 w , ud = uuw , uV
T1
: w , VT2 ,v , t= 150VT3 , VT1 , u v , : v VT3 RVT2 w ud =uvw , VT1 uuv
, , VT3 VT4 , ud = uvu , uV T1
= uuv ; , VT4 VT5
, ud = uwu , uV T1
= uuw ; , VT5 VT6 , ud = uwv , uVT1
= uuw
:
2 14 = 30
(1 ) , , , , , , ,
(2 ) 120, 240, , 120
(3 ) , 120, 180 , 60, 60
(4)
(5) ,
2 13 , ud ud , , , 2 13g u iu : VT1 , iu , iu ud ; VT4 , iu , ud
2 14 = 30 , t1 = 0 , ud ,
152
30, 30 , ud 30, ud , 2 14cd
2 15 = 60 , ud , 60( = 90) , 2 16 , udid = 120 , , , ud = 0 , 120
2 15 V= 60
2 16 ?= 90
2 .5 .2 .2 1 .60 , ud 1?6 ,
3 +
3 + +
3 , U2 ,
Ud =1
?323 +
3 +
6 U2 sintd(t) = 2 .34 U2 cos ( 2 35)
25
IV T =22
23 +
3 +
6 U2R sint
2
d(t) = U2R 1 +3 32 cos2 ( 2 36)
2 .> 60 , , , ud
( 3 + ),
Ud =1
?3
3 +
6 U2 sintd(t) = 2 .34 U2 1 + cos 3 + ( 2 37)
IV T =U2R
2 - 3 +3
2sin23 + 2 ( 2 38)
2 .5 .3
60 , , ud uVT , , id ud 2 17 =0 , 2 13
2 17 = 0
> 60 , , , , , , ud = 90 , ud , ud = 0 , 90, 2 18= 90
352
2 18 = 90
Ud (2 35) , Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos
120, ,
IV T = I d? 3 ( 2 39) , i2 u ( 2 17e) , 120 180 ,
I2 =23 Id = 0 .816 Id ( 2 40)
6 U2
2 .6
, ( Three-Phase Bridge Half-Controlled Rectification Circuit) , 2 19a , ; ,
2 .6 .1
= 0 , ,
45
2 19 ( a) ; ( b)= 30 ; (c)= 60 ; ( d)= 150
= 30 , VT1 , 30 , VT1 VD6 , ud =uuv30 , VD6 VD2 , VT1 , ud = uuw , 90 VT1 VT3 , , ud , 2 19b 2 19c 2 19d = 60= 150 ud , 120= 60 ud ; > 60 , ud , = 180 , ud = 0 , 180
, , 0180
Ud = 1 .17 U2 ( 1 + cos) ( 2 41)
2 .6 .2
, ud , , Ud
552
,Ud = 1 .17 U2 ( 1 + cos)
< 60 , 120, > 60 , 180- ; , - 60
2 .7
, , ( Back E .M .F Load)
2 .7 .1
2 20 ?
2 20 , u2 E , u2 > E , , , ,
ud = u2 , id = ( ud - E)?R u2 E , , ud = E , , , , 2 20b ,
= arcsin E2 U2
( 2 42 )
Ud = E +1
-
( 2 U2 sint - E) d(t)
( 2 43 ) < , - , ; , = 2 20c id , , , , ,
2 .7 .2
, , , , 2 21 , u2 > E , , , ; u2 E , , ,
65
2 21 Q
, id = 0 , ud = E , , , , 2 21c , , Ud , 180, ud id , ud , :
L = 2 .87 10 - 3 U2Idmin
(2 44)
, Idmin , A ; U2 V ; L H
, 2 22 , EM , , 2 22b , id , u2 = EM + uL + Id R, uL , R ; id , u2 + uL = EM + Id R; u2 , uL = EM + u2 + Id R , EM , , , 2 22c, 2 22c , , , , I d , , , id = ( ud - EM )?R , EM , EM = Cen, , , ( )
L = 1 .46 10 - 3 U2Idmin ( 2 45)
L = 0 .693 10 - 3 U2Idmin ( 2 46)
, U2 , V ; L H 2 3 , U2 = 200 V , E = 200 VR =
1Lm R = 60 ,
(1 )Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = 257 .4 ( V )
Id =Ud - E
R =257 .4 - 200
1 = 57 .4 (A )
(2 )
752
2 22 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c)
IdVT
= Id?3 = 19 .1( A)
IV T = Id? 3 = 33 .1( A) (3 )
I2 =23 Id = 46 .9( A)
(4 ) Lm R ,
P = I2d R + EId = Ud Id = 14 774 .8 ( W)
S = 3 U2 I2 = 30 954 (VA ) cos?= P?S= 0 .48
85
2 .8
, , , Id , Id , , LB , ,
2 .8 .1
2 23 ?
, , ( Leakage Inductance) , 2 23 , VT1 , ud = uu t1 VT2 , LB , VT2 Id , VT1 Id , VT1 VT2 , uv uv - uu , , ik , , , iu = Id , iv = 0 , iu = Id - ik , iv = ik Id , iu =0 , VT1 , VT2 ,
uv - uu = 2 LBd ikd t ( 2 47)
ud = uu + LBd ikd t = uv - LB
d ikd t =
uu + uv2 ( 2 48)
, uu , uv , , ud 2 23 , VT2 ud = uv , ,
952
LBd ikd t
, m ,
( ) :
Ud = m2+
LB
d ikd td(t) =
m2
Id
0LB dik
=m
2LB I d =m
2XB Id ( 2 49)
, , ( CommutatingOverlap Angle) ; XB = LB LB , ,
XB =U2I2
Uk %100 ( 2 50)
, U2 I2 ; Uk % , 5 (2 49) , , , m= 2;
, m= 3; , m= 6 ( 2 49 ) , Ud mXB?(2) , Id ,
: , , VT1 VT3 VT4 VT2 , , 2 24 VT1 VT4 , t =+ VT2 VT3 , , , ud = 0 , u2 ik , - Id , Id ,
Ud = 22+
LB
d ikdt
d(t) = 22Id
- Id
LB dik
=2LB Id =
2 XB Id ( 2 51)
2 24
, ,
06
, , ,
2 .8 .2
, (= 0) , VT1 VT2 m , uu uv
uu = umax cos t + m
uv = umaxcos t - m
uv - uu ?= umax cos t - m - cos t +m
= 2 umax sin msint
uv - uu = 2 LBd ikd t ,
d ikd t
=
umaxLB
sin m
sint ( 2 52)
(2 52)
ik =umaxLB sinmsintd t + C =umaxLB sin
m
( - cost) + C
: t= , , ik = 0 C ,
C =umaxLB sin
mcos =
umaxXB
sinmcos
, ( 2 52 )
ik =umaxXB
sinm( cos - cost)
t = + , ik = Id , ,
Id =umaxXB
sin m
[cos - cos(+ ) ] ( 2 53)
cos - cos(+ ) = I d XBumax sin
m
( 2 54)
, , m= 3 , (2 54)
cos - cos(+ ) = 2 Id XB6 U2
( 2 55)
, , m= 6 , ( 2 54 ) , , ( 2 55 )
,
162
cos - cos(+ ) = Id XB2 U2
( 2 56)
cos - cos(+ ) = 2 Id XB2 U2
( 2 57)
2 4 ,Lm R , R = 5, LB = 2 mH , 220 V = 30 ,
(1 )Ud - Ud = RId
, Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = 2 .34 220 cos30= 445 .56( V )
Ud = m2LB Id =6
22 50 2 10- 3 Id = 0 .6 Id
445 .56 - 0 .6 Id = 5 Id(2 ) I d = 79 .56 (A )(3 ) Ud = 0 .6 Id = 47 .74( V )(4 ) Ud - Ud = 397 .82 ( V )(5 )
IdV T
= Id?3 = 26 .52( A)
IV T = Id? 3 = 45 .94 (A) (6 )
cos - cos(+ ) = 2 Id XB6 U2
cos30- cos(30+ ) = 2 79 .56 2 50 2 10- 3
6 220= 0 .1855
= 17 .1
2 .9
, , , ( Mechanical Characteristic) ,
2 .9 .1
, mXB Id?( 2) Id RB ( RB ,
26
)Id RM U ,
Ud ?= EM + RB + RM +mXB2 Id + bU
= EM + R Id + bU ( 2 58)
, R = RB + RM +mXB2 , ;U , 1 V
, , b= 1 , b= 2
2 .9 .2
, ( Id ) ,id ,
EM = Cen ( 2 59) , Ce ; ,Wb; n , r?min
, Ud = 1 .17 U2 cos, ( 2 58 ) , EM = 1 .17 U2 cos - R Id - U ( 2 60)
,
n=1 .17 U2 cos
Ce -R Id +U
Ce ( 2 61)
(2 61) , , 2 25 3 XB?(2) , , , , , ,
2 25
,
n=2 .34 U2 cos
Ce -R Id + 2U
Ce ( 2 62)
2 .9 .3
, , , ,
362
, , , 2 26 U , , R Id ,
uu = 2 U2 sint = EM + Ld iddt
, L
2 26
id = -2 U2L cost -
EM tL + C
:t1 = 6 + , id = 0 , C , C id
id = -2 U2L cost - cos
6 + -
EM tL +
EML
6 + ( 2 63)
I d = 12?36 + +
6
+ id d(t)
Id = 322 U2L cos
6 + +
2 cos
2 - 2sin
2 ( 2 64)
t2 = 6 + + , id , (2 63)
n =2 2 U2Ce sin
6 + +
2 sin
2 ( 2 65)
( 2 64 ) ( 2 65) , , , n Id , , 2 27 , , , , n0 , = 60 ,
( 2 61) , n0 = 0 .585 U2Ce , 2 27 3 ( )
46
n0 Id Idmin , ,
2 U2 , ( 2 60 ) 0 .585 U2 , , , n0 EM = 2 U2 , id ,
n0 =2 U2Ce , ud
60 , , 2 U2Ce ud
> 60 , ud ,
n0 = 2 U2 sin( 6 + )?( Ce)
n0 , n0 , 2 27
2 27
, , 2 , n0 =2 U2Ce ; >
2 ,
n0 =2 U2 sin
Ce , 6 , n0 =
6 U2Ce ; >
6 ,
n0 =6 U2 sin(3 + )
Ce
2 27 , , , , , , , , Id , ,
, , ,
562
2 .10
, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
2 .10 .1
2 .10 .1 .1 , , ,
(Balanced Reactor) , 2 28a , , 180, , uu uvuw uuuvuw , , , 2 28b Lp , , , , , ,
2 28
1 . ( ) 2 28a Lp , nn1 n2 ,
uu uwuvuuuw uv , 60,
66
, , , = 0 2 29 , ud ,
Ud =1
2?63 + +
3
3 +
2 U2 sintd(t) = 1 .35 U2 cos ( 2 66)
Ud0 = 1 .35 U2 , 1 .17 U2 60,
Id?6 Id? 6 , Id ,
2 29 Lp = 0
, 1?6 , , ,
2 .
2 30
= 0 t1 , VT1 VT2 , t1 t2 uu > uw, 2 30a, Lp , VT1 , VT2 VT1 , VT1 , VT1 iu , Lp nn1 unn
1, , 2 30b unn
1
762
uu , VT1 Lp , Lp nn2 unn
2, unn
2 uw , VT2
, VT1 VT2 up ud
ud = uu - unn1
= uw + unn2
unn1
= unn2
=12 ( uu - uw) up = ud1 - ud2 ( 2 67)
ud = uu -12 ( uu - uw) = uw +
12 ( uu - uw) =
12 ( uu + uw)
ud = ( ud
1+ ud
2)?2 ( 2 68)
, ud1 uu , ud
2
uw , (2 68) , ud , 2 30a
, 2 31a up , 231f , ip , ,
2 31 = 0
VT1 VT2 , , ip VT1 VT2 ( Id?2) + ip ( Id?2) - ip ,
86
, Lp , ip = ( 1%2% ) Id t2 ( 2 30a) , uu = uw , up = 0 , t2 t3 ,
uw > uu , ip , Lp 2 30b , VT1 , VT2 , t3 , VT2 VT3 , VT2 VT3 ,VT3 VT1 , 60120 , VT6 VT1 VT1 VT2 VT2 VT3 VT3 VT4 VT4 VT5 VT5 VT6 VT6 VT1
2 32 = 30= 60= 90 , , , f = 300 Hz= 90 ,ud , Ud = 0 , 90 , ud , = 120 , Ud = 0 , 120
2 32 = 306090
3 . , ( 2 68 ) ,
ud =12 ( uu + uw) =
12 2 U2 sint + 2 U2 sin t +
3
=
6 U22 sin t +
6
962
Ud =1
2?62 +
6
+ ud d( t) = 3
2 +
6
+
6 U22 sin t +
6 d(t)
= 1 .17 U2 cos ( 2 69) Lm R , Id Id
VT IV T
Id = Ud?R ( 2 70)
IdVT
=13
12 Id =
16 Id ( 2 71)
IV T = I2 =1
256
+
6 +
12 Id
2
d(t) = 12 3
I d = 0 .289 Id ( 2 72)
, UDm = URm = 6 U2 2 .10 .1 .2
, , , 2 33
2 33
, , ; , , 30 , 2 13d , , 2 34 , , Ud
1 Ud
2 ,
, ud1 ud
2 , ,
, , , ,
, , , , ,
ud ,
ud =12 ( ud1 + ud2 ) =
12 2 3 U2 sint + 2 3 U2 sin t +
6
= 6 U2 cos 12sin(t +12 ) ( 2 73)
07
2 34
(2 73)
Ud =1
2?122 +
3 +
6 U2 cos12sin t +
12 d(t)
= 2 .34 U2 cos ( 2 74) , ud
1 ud
2,
( ud1
+ ud2
)?2 , , 12 , , f = 1250 Hz= 600 Hz, , ,
6 U2
2 .10 .2
, , ,
2 35 , , 2 34 30,
ud = ud1
+ ud2
= 6 U2 sint + 6 U2 sin t + 6
= 2 6 U2 cos12sin t +
12 ( 2 75)
Ud =1
2?122 +
3 +
2 6 U2 cos12sin t +
12 d(t)
= 4 .68 U2 cos ( 2 76) , , , , 20,
172
2 35
, ud 18 , ud 3 , , ud
, , , , , , ,
, , , Lm R , , , , ,
, ; ,
, , ,
, , 4 kW , , ,
, ,
, ,
27
, , ,
, , , ,
2 1 , , 2 36 5, 0 .2 H , 10A , 220 V ,
2 36
2 2 , , , , FU ?
2 3 , = 0= 45 , S ?
2 4 : ; A - K ; uVT ud
2 5 R = 0 .8, 024 V 220V 60 V , , , ?
2 6 2 37 ( ) , ? : 2 U2 , 2 2 U2 ; ,
2 37
2 7 , , R = 10, L , U2 = 110 V , =30 Ud , Id , 220 V , I1 , udiVT1 iVT2 iVDR
372
2 8 , U2 = 100 V , R = 2, L , E = 50 V= 30 , Ud Id Id
VT IVT
220 V , , S, udid i2 2 9 , ,2 10 , ,
, ? ?2 11 , , , ,
220 V ,= 60 Id = 20 A , , I2 S
2 12 2 38 , U2 = 100 V , , R = 2, L = 60 , , udidiVTiVD
2 38
2 13 2 39 , , R = 5, L = 60( VT , 180) , , ? 220 V ,
2 39
2 14 ,= 30, u , ud
2 15 , , ( uG1 5)
( uG1 uu uw ) 15, ? ? ud
2 16 , , VT1 ,= 3090 ud
2 17 , uv ? , ?
2 18 , , , , u , ?
47
2 19 , , R = 5, L , U2 = 100 V= 60 , udid iVT
1 ; UdIdId
VT IVT
2 20 , , R = 5, L , LB = 1 mH , U2 = 110 V , U1= 220 V= 0 , IdI2 I1 , udidiVT1
2 21 , , U2 = 100 V , R = 1, L = , LB = 1 mH= 30E = 50 V UdId, ud iVT
2 22 , 220V , 28A , , U1 = U2 = 220 V , 50 A , 2 .5 A , ,
2 23 , , E = 200 V , R = 1, L = , U2 = 220 V ,= 60 LB = 0 LB = 1 mH , UdId , , ud iVT
2 24 220 V305 A , , 380 V 220 V , 600 A , 20 A ,
2 25
572
3 , , ,
, , ( Invert) , , ( Converter)
, , , ( Regenerative Invert) , , , ( Reactive Invert) ,
3 .1
, , , ,
3 .1 .1 ,
, 090 , , 31a ud EM , Ud = 0 .9 U2 cos , EM ,
Id = ( Ud - EM )?R R , , Ud EM Id Ud , EM , ,
3 .1 .2 ,
, , , , , EM , (< 90) , Ud , EM Ud , Id = ( Ud + EM )?R , , Ud
3 1 ( a) ; ( b)
, , 3 1b Ud , ud , > 90 , , , , | EM | > | Ud | ,
Id =Ud - EM
R
Ud EM ,
Id =- Ud - ( - EM )
R =EM - Ud
R (3 1)
: , , , , 50 Hz ,
Id , , , ,
3 1b ,
Ud =1
+
2 U2 sintd(t) = 0 .9 U2 cos
> 90, , ( Inversion Angle) ,+ == , = 0 , , , Ud
Ud = 0 .9 U2 cos = 0 .9 U2 cos( - ) = - 0 .9 U2 cos (3 2)
773
, , , EM Ud EM , Ud , Ud , 0?2
, , , :(1 ) , ,
,(2 )< 90(> 90) , Ud ,
, ,
,
3 .2
,
3 .2 .1
3 2a , , 090 , 3 2bc Ud > 0 ,
, , Ud > EM ,
, 900 , , , 120 , , Ud < 0 , 3 2ef , , | EM | > | Ud | , , EM , Ud , ,
Ud =1
2?36 + +
23
6 +
2 U2 sintd(t) = 1 .17 U2 cos
= - 1 .17 U2 cos (3 3) Id
VT= Id?3 , IV T = I2 = Id? 3
uV T , ,
6 U2 , , ,
, Id ,
87
3 2 ( a) ; ( b) ( c) ud ; ( d)== 90 ud ; ( e) ( f ) ud ; ( g) ud
, , , 3 2g
, , , , , ,
3 .2 .2
3 3 , , , 120, 60 ,
t1 VT5 VT6 , 3 3b t1 ,= 60, VT1 , u w , VT1 VT5 ,
973
3 3
ud = uuv t1 t2 , uuv , EM , VT6 VT1 , id EM , VT6 v , u , VT1 EM ,
t2 , VT2 , w v , , , VT2 VT6 , ud = uuw , ,
3 4 , , 1?3 VT1 , , VT1 , uV T
1= 0VT3 120 , VT1 ,
uuv VT5 , uuw , , , , , 6 U2
3 4 tq , , , , tq , = 0 ,tq , , , ,
, ,
08
3 4 ( a)= 30; ( b)= 60; (c)= = 90; ( d)= 60; ( e)= 30
Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = - 2 .34 U2 cos (3 4) ( 3 1 ) Id
VT= Id?3 ,
IV T = Id? 3 I2 = 2 IV T = 0 .816 Id
Pd = R I2d + EM Id (3 5)
, EM , Pd , 3 1 , U2 = 110V ,
EM = 200 V , R = 1, Lm R, LB = 1 mH, = 120 , ,
(1 )Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos = 2 .34 110 cos120= - 128 .7( V )
Id =Ud - EM
R=
- 128 .7 - ( - 200 )1 = 71 .3 (A)
P = Ud Id = ( - 128 .7 ) 71 .3 = - 9176 ( W) = - 9 .18 kW , EM , ; P
(2 )
183
Ud = m2LB Id =6
22 50 1 10- 3 Id = 0 .3 Id
Id =Ud - Ud - EM
R=
2 .34 U2 cos - 0 .3 Id - EMR
Id =2 .34 U2 cos - EM
0 .3 + R =- 128 .7 - ( - 200)
0 .3 + 1 = 54 .84(A )
Ud = Ud - Ud = 2 .34 U2 cos - 0 .3 I d = - 128 .7 - 0 .3 54 .84 = - 145 .15 ( V )
mXB?( 2) , ,P = I2d R + EM I d = 54 .842 1 + ( - 200) 54 .84 = - 7 960 ( W) = - 7 .96 kW
= arccos cos -2 Id XB
6 U2-
= arccos cos120- 2 54 .84 2 50 1 10- 3
6 110 - 120
= 8 .9
3 .3
, , , , , , , , , ; , ,
3 .3 .1
, , 3 51 . , ,
3 5b v uG2 t1 , VT1
, u uu , uu EM , 3 5c v uG
2 t1 t2 ,
< 0 , uv < uu , VT2 , VT1 , uu , uu EM
2 . , , 3 5d
28
3 5 ( a) ; ( b) ; (c) ; (d)
t1 , VT3 EM uw , , t1 , VT1 VT2 , VT3 , VT2 , uw EM
3 . , , ,
,
3 6 ( a) ; ( b)<
4 . , , min
3 .4
, , , , , , , ; , , ,
3 .4 .1
,
48
3 7
3 .4 .1 .1 ,
bU ( 2 58 ) , Ud - EM = R Id Ud =- Ud0 cos, , ,
EM = - ( Ud0 cos+ R Id ) (3 8 )
n= -1
Ce( Ud0 cos+ R Id ) (3 9 )
(3 9 ) , , , , , 3 7 ,3 .4 .1 .2
, ( 2 64 )( 2 65) , = - ,
Id =3 2 U22L cos
76 - +
2 cos
2 - 2sin
2 ( 3 10)
n =2 2 U2Ce sin
76 - +
2 sin
2 ( 3 11)
, , , , , , 3 7 , : , ; , n0 , (3 10) , 0 , I d0 , n n0 , n0 ,
lim 0
n = n0 =2 U2Cesin -
6 ( 3 12)
?6 , n0 < 30 , n0 < 0; = 30 , n0 = 0 ; > 30 , n0> 0; = 90 , , , , 3 .4 .1 .3
, , , , 3 8
583
, ,
3 8
3 .4 .2
( ) , 39a , , 39b
: , , ,P
3 9
, Id = 90 , n= 0 , >90, < 90, , , , , ( ) ( ) ( )
,
3 .5
, ( Harmonics) , , , ,
3 .5 .1
, , , ,
783
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , ud :
ud = Ud +
n = 1an sinnt +
n = 1bn cosnt ( 3 13)
1 , 2 ,
Ud =1
22
0ud d(t) = 12
2
1
ud d(t) ( 3 14)
an =1
2
0udsinntd(t) = 1
2
1
udsinntd(t) ( 3 15)
bn =1
2
0udcosntd(t) = 1
2
1
ud cosntd(t) ( 3 16)
3 10 P= 0 m
m , = 03 10 , - ?m?m , , ud , ud0 , an = 0 , ud0 ud0 2?m , cosnt = cosn(t + 2?m) = cos( nt + 2 n?m)
2 n?m= 2k( k = 1 , 2 , 3 , ) , n= mk m , ud0
3 ud0 = 2 U2 cost (3 14 )( 3 16 ) , Ud0 bn
Ud0 = 2 U2 msinm ( 3 17)
bn = -2coskn
2- 1
Ud0 ( 3 18)
ud0 = Ud0 1 -
n = mk
2coskn2 - 1cosnt ( 3 19)
m= 3 , , ( 3 17 ) (3 19 ) ,
88
ud0 = 1 .17 U2 1 + 2cos3t2 4 -2cos6t
5 7 +2cos9t8 10 - ( 3 20)
m= 6 , , , 3 10 (3 17) ,
ud0 = 2 .34 U2 1 +2cos6t
5 7 -2cos12t11 13 +
2cos18t17 19 - ( 3 21)
, m ,
U = m2m
-
m
( 2 U2 cost)2 d(t) = U2 1 + m2sin2m
( 3 22)
UR =
n = mk
U2n = U
2- U
2d0 ( 3 23)
, ud , u , UR Ud0 , (3 17) ( 3 22 ) (3 23) ,
u =URUd0
=
12 +
m4sin
2m
-
m2
2 sin2
m
1?2
msin
m
( 3 24)
m ,u 2 35 , m= 12 , u = 0 .994 , ,
0, , m , : ud , = 90 , , ,
3 .5 .2
, , , , ,
, Lm R , , 2 5 ,
i2 =4 Id sint +
13 sin3t +
15 sin5t +
=4 Id
n = 1 , 3 , 5 ,
1nsinnt =
n = 1 , 3 , 5 , 2 In sinnt ( 3 25)
, In ,
983
In =2 2 Id
n ( 3 26)
(3 25) (3 26) , ; ,
, 6 k1 ( k ) , ,
3 .5 .3
, , u2 , i2 , 3 11a
S = U2 I2 ( 3 27) , U2 ; I2
3 11 ( a) ; ( b)
,P = U2 I2 1 cos?1 ( 3 28)
, I21 i21 ; cos?1 ( DisplacementFactor) , i21 u2
,
= PS =U2 I21 cos?1
U2 I2= cos?1 ( 3 29)
,= I21?I2 , (Fundamental Factor) (Distortion Factor) , ,
, i2 I2 = Id ; ( 3 26 ) , i2 I2 1 =
09
2 2 Id? ,
= I21I2
=2 2 = 0 .9 ( 3 30)
3 11a ,, cos?1 = cos,
= cos?1 = 0 .9cos ( 3 31) ,= 0 .955 , = 0 .955cos
, u2 90, 3 11b = 0 , , ;= 90 , , , , , , ; , , , , ,
, , ,
3 .5 .4
1 .
3 12 ( a) ; ( b)
, , , , , , , , , 2 35 ,
2 . , , ,
1 ,3 . ,
, LC , 3 12a 5711 ,
193
3 12b
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, ,
, , ,
3 1 ?3 2 ? ,
, , , , , ,
3 3 3 13 , , UdEM id ; EM Ud ; 30 , ?
3 13 (a) ; ( b)
3 4 , , , ? ? , ? ?
3 5 3 14 , , ?
3 6 , , R = 1, L = , U2 = 100 V , L = 0 .5 mHEM = - 99 V= 60 , UdId
29
3 14
3 7 , U2 = 220V , EM = - 100V , R = 2, = 30 ? ?
3 8 , , R = 1, L = , U2 = 100 V , L = 1 mH EM =- 150 V= 30 , UdId , VT1 iVT1
3 9 , , R = 1, L = , U2 = 220 V , L = 1 mH EM =- 400 V= 60 , UdId , ?
3 10 , , VT2 uG2 , ?
(= 30)3 11 ? ? ?3 12 ? ?3 13 , , , = 90 ,
,
393
4 ,
, , , , , ;
( ) , ,
, du?d td i?d t ,
4 .1
, , ,
4 .1 .1
4 .1 .1 .1
4 1 ( a) ; ( b)
, , PN , , 4 1 N , , b1 b2 , b2 P , e
4 1a , VD PN , b2 - b1 Ub , H b1
UH =Rb1
Rb1 + Rb2Ub = Ub (4 1)
, , 0 .30 .9 e - b1 Ue , Ue < UH , VD ,
, Ue = Ub + UV D = UP , VD , UP , VD Ie
4 2
IP VD , Rb1 ,UH , Ie IV , Ue = UV , UV , IV , 4 2 P - V , , Ue < UV , Rb1 ,4 .1 .1 .2
4 3a , U , C , uC = UP , VG ,C R2 , R2 uG VT uC < UV , VG , C , uC = UP , VG , , R2 , 4 3b
4 3 (a) ; ( b)
C 1 = Re C , ( uG ) , 2 =( Rb1 + R2 )C( )1 > 2 , uC
Re , Re uC UP , Ie > IP ; uC UV , Ie < IV ,
U - UPIP
Re U - UV
IV(4 2)
f = 1T
=1
Re Cln1
1 - (4 3)
4 1 4 3 , IP = 5A ,= 0 .7 , UV = 3 .8 V , IV = 2 .5 mA , U = 20 V : Re ; C= 0 .33F , f
UP = U + UV D = 0 .720 + 0 .7 = 14 .7 ( V )
594
?U - UPIP
ReU - UV
IV
20 - 14 .7510 - 6 Re
20 - 3 .82 .510 - 3
1 .06 (M) Re6 .84( k)
?fmax = 1ReminCln 1 - 11 -
=1
6 .84103 0 .3310 - 6 ln 11 - 0 .7= 392 (Hz)
fmin =1
RemaxCln 1 - 11 - =
1
1 .06106 0 .3310 - 6 ln 11 - 0 .7= 2 .4 (Hz)
f 2 .4392 Hz
4 .1 .2
, , , ,
4 4 ,
4 4
4 .1 .2 .1 4 4 , V4 V5 , V7 V8 uk , uk
= 0 , V4 , V5 , V7 V8 , , C3 ( + ER9 C3V5 V6 VD1 0 - E) , uC
32 E
69
uk , V4 , V5 , V7 V8 , TP C3 ( + ER1 1 C3 VD4 V4 0V ) , B , uB > - E, V5 , V7 V8 , C3 R11 C3 4 .1 .2 .2
4 4 V1 V2 RP2 R3 R4 C2 , V3 ue3 uk uP R6 R7 R8 V4 b4 , V4 ub4 , V4
uP uk = 0 , ( ) = 90, uP ue3 , , , = 90
4 5 w
uk ue3 ( uP ) , uk > 0 , N ,< 90, ; uk < 0 , N ,> 90, 180, 2404 .1 .2 .3
uG 4 4 , TS V2 uS TS uTS V2 , C2 , V2 C2 , V2 C2 ,
uTS V2 , , , C1 R1 C1 4 .1 .2 .4
1 .
, , , 4 4
, ( VD11VD1 4 ) 50 V V8 , C6 , D 50 V V8 , C6 , D , uD < 15 V , VD15 , 15 V , 4 5 V8 , C6 uD = 50V ,
2 .
794
, : 60 , ,; , , 4 4 V5 V6 , V5 V6 , V7 V8 ,; V5 V6 , V7 V8 , , V5 V6 ,
V4 V5 V7 V8 ; 60 V6 , , V7 V8 60 , VD4 R17
, VT1 VT2 VT6 VT1 , 60 , 4 4 X Y 4 6 , Y X
4 6
4 .1 .3
4 7 ,
4 7
4 7 , us , uk , uu min min V1 uuus , , u us (?3 ) , u
89
4 8 ? us uk V1 uG
us (?3 ) , R3 C3 R2 C2 R1 C1 , uuus
, uu uk = 0 , , Ud = 0 , , = 90 uk= 0 , us V1 us V1 , V2 , V3 , , 120 us , RC 60, us 60 uk , , uk > 0 ,< 90; uk < 0 , > 90 , 4 8
, uu min min 30
4 9 A1 A2 A3 A4 1?4 L M 324
4 .1 .4
4 9 , LM324
994
J 556 , , 0180
1 . 4 9 , A1 A2 , us ,
LM324 A > 1105 , 15 V , L M324 u1 ( u2 ) 13 V ,
us = U1?A = 13?105 = 0 .13 ( mV ) (4 4) , us 0 .13 mV - 0 .13 mV , A1 A2 13 V 0 V , u1 u2 180 , us , 4 10
4 10
2 . 4 9 , A3 R1 R2 R3 R4
, V1 , V1 , C2 , C2 ; V1 , C2 C2 , , C2 u4 V1 u1 u2 u3 A3 u ,
3 . 4 9 A4 , A4
uk , u4 , u4 < uk , A4 u5 = 13 V ; u4 > uk , u5 = 0 V u5 , u4 , u4 uk M , 4 10 uk , u5 u4 uk M u5 u6 , uk uk ( < uk ) , , , uk
4 . , J 556
, u6 68 , 410 410 A1 A2 ( u1 u2 ) 410 1 , ; 410 0 , u1 u2 180, 59 180
001
4 .1 .5
, , KC KJ , ,
4 11 KC04 , , , KC04 180 ,
4 11 KC 04
4 .1 .6
, ,
, , ,
60, 60 ( u ) ,
VT1 , + uu , VT1 0180
1014
4 12 t1 t3
4 12
4 5 , 240, 4 .1 .3 , = 90, , uk = 0 , Ud = 0 4 12 ,= 90 t = 120 , =90 , 90 , 90< 90 , > 90
4 12 , , VT1 + uu , - uu ,
4 13 ( a) ; ( b)
Y?Y - 12 , Y?Y - 6 - uu - uv- uw , Y?Y - 12 + uu + uv + uw ,
4 13 Y 4 1
201
4 1
VT1 ?VT2 ?VT3 7VT4 eVT5 ?VT6 ?
+ Uu - Uv + Uw - Uu + Uv - Uw
- USU + USV - USW + USU - USV + USW
4 .2 GTO
GTO , , GTO ,
4 .2 .1
GTO du?d t( - du?d t) tw UG ( - UG ) - du?d t( du?d t) , 4 14
4 14 4 15 ( a) ; ( b)
( ) , , ; , 4 15 GTO ,
4 .2 .2
GTO :1 . GTO ,2 .GTO , , 3 . , GTO , , , , GTO
,
3014
4 .2 .3 GTO
GTO GTO , ,
1 . 4 16a V1 GTO ; V2
, E2 GTO GTO
4 16 ( a) ; ( b)
2 . 4 17a V , C
GTO , GTO , C VT , C UC GTO GTO , EG
4 17 ( a) ; ( b)
3 . , , 4
401
18a
4 18 ( a) ; ( b)
GTO , 4 19
4 19 GTO ( a) ; ( b)
TP U1 , TP U2 U3 VD2 VD3 C1 C3 , uC
3> uC
2
GTO , ug2 > 0 , Ug3 > 0 , V2 V3 , , uC3 , 3 U2 , IC3 ; IC3 , V2 IC2 , GTO , 4 19b
GTO , ug2 = 0 , ug3 = 0 , ug1 > 0 , V1 , C4 UC4 , GTOV1 , C4 R4 GTO ,
5014
4 .3 GTR
4 .3 .1
4 20 GTR
GTR , , du?d tGTR ; , , ; , GTR 4 20
4 .3 .2
4 21 GTR
GTR 4 21 , V1 , V2 , GTR , GTR ; V1 , V2 , GTR E2 , GTR 4 22 UAA4002 GTR , GTR 4 22a UAA4002 , 4
22b , HCT UAA4002 : 16 GTR , 0 .5 A ,
- 3 A , GTR , ,
: ; ( UC Esat = 15 .5 V ) ; ( tonmin 112s ) ; ; ( ) ; ( ) ;
,
UAA4002 , UAA4002 :14 (1015 V ) ;2 ( - 5 V ) ;9 ;
601
4 22 UAA4002 ( a) ; ( b)
7 RT , RT tonmin , tonmin 112s ;
8 CT , CT RT tonmaxtonmax (s) = 2 RT ( k) CT ( nF )
, 8 ;10 RD , TD , TD (s)
RD ( k) ;TD 120s , , 10 ;
6 R - ( 2 ) , R - RT | U - | min ,
R- =RT2 1 +
| U- |mi n5 ( k)
, 6 ;
7014
11 RSD , RSD URSD :
URSD
= 10 RSD?RT (V ) 13 UCEsat > UR
SD , 15 .5 V ,
11 , 5 .5 V , , 11 ;4 , , ;5 ;13 ;12 , ( ) ,
( , > 0 .2 V , ) , , ;
15 R 14 , , R , ;
16 , RB ;1 , ;3 , , 4 22b , , V1 V2 ,
6 A , , 300A GTR V1 V2 , RB , , L , V2 , , d ib2?d t, UAA4002 , GTR , MOSFET
4 .4 MOSFET IGBT
MOSFET IGBT MOSFET , , , ,
, MOSFET IGBT 4 23 M57918L MOSFETM57918L , , 3050 A MOSFET , MOSFET
4 24 IGBT , , V1 , V2 , IGBT ; V1 , V2 , IGBT , IGBT RC ,
EXB850EXB851EXB840EXB841 IGBT , 4 25 , 4 26 C1 C2
801
4 23 M57918L (a) ; ( b) ; ( c)
4 24 4 25 EXB840841
9014
, , 6 IG-BT UCE , IGBT IC UCE , 6 , 5 , HU , , V , V , 3 , IGBT
4 26 IGBT EXB850: I i = 4 mA , C1 = C2 = 33F; EXB851: I i = 4 mA , C1 = C2 = 47F
EXB840: I i = 10 mA , C1 = C2 = 33F ; EXB841: I i = 10 mA , C1 = C2 = 47F
EXB850EXB851 , 4s, 10 kHz, 150 A?600 V75 A?1200 V400 A?600 V 300 A?1 200 V IGBT
EXB840EXB841 ,1s, 40 kHz, 150A?600 V75 A?1200 V400 A?600 V300 A?1 200 V IGBT , 4 25 RG 4 2
4 2 RG
IGBT
600 aV 10 ?A 15 ?A 30 ?A 50 `A 75 ?A 100 ?A 150 FA 200 ?A 300 ?A 400 ?A
1 ?200 V 8 ?A 15 ?A 25 `A 50 ?A 75 /A 100 ?A 150 ?A 200 ?A 300 ZA
RG? 250 ?150 ?82 @50 ?33 ?25 ?15 T12 ?8 ?.2 5 ?3 #.3
4 .5
4 .5 .1
, di?dt , d i?d t; , du?d t ,
011
- RC , 4 27ab , 4 27c
4 27 ( a) di?dt; ( b) d u?d t; ( c)
GTRGTOMOSFETIGBT , , , GRT , di?dtdu?d t,
4 .5 .2
1 .GTR 4 28a GTR Cs VDs GTR ( V )
V , VDs Cs , GTR , Cs , V du?d t , 4 28b
Cs Ucc , 12 Cs U2cc
4 28 GTR ( a) ; ( b)
4 28 L s Rs VDr V , , , L s d i?d t; , Cs Rs VDrLsV , Rs , GTR ,
1114
,
4 29 GTO (a) ; ( b)
2 .GTO 4 29a GTO , Lk d i?d t; du?dt GTO
4 30 MOSFEF
RCD , Ls Lk Cs , , GTO GTO 4 29b
3 .MOSFET IGBT MOSFET IGBT
d i?d t, du?d t , GTR , GTO , 4 30 MOSFET , RCD ; 4 31 IGBT ; 431b
4 31 IGBT (a) ; ( b)
211
4 .6
4 .6 .1
4 .6 .1 .1 (1 ) , ;(2 ) ( ) , ;(3 ) , , ,
4 .6 .1 .2 1 . :(1 ) I2 t I2 t ;(2 )2 . 4 32a GTR UBE , UBE IC
, 4 32b UBE UR , N , V , GTR
4 32 (a) ; ( b) UBE IC
4 33a GTR UCE , UCE IC 4 33b , UCE , V , GTR
GTO IT AO , , 4 34
VT1 GTO , SA1 , VT1 , E GTO , C1 GTO ITA O , VT3 , VT2 , C1 VT2 , VT1 , GTO
3114
4 33 (a) ; ( b) UCE IC
4 34 SCR
4 .6 .1 .3 LEM LEM ,
: 0500 kA , 06400 V , 0100 kHz 0 .5% , 1sLEM 4 35a , 4 35b
LEM , IP , , , , IS , IS IP , , IS , IP , IS , ,
NP IP + NS IS = 0 (4 5) , NP ; NS
, IS , IP
411
4 35 LEM ( a)L EM ; ( b)
LEM , U 15 V , Rm :
Rm 0 .133 , (2 )
Uo = E = ( t1?T) E = 0 .4 110 = 44( V ) (3 )
Io =Uo - EM
R =44 - 11
0 .25 = 132 (A )
(4 ) ( 5 6) ( 5 7) I0min I0 max , = 0 .40 .625 = 0 .25
I1 0 = I0mi n =e - 1e - 1 - m
ER
=e0 .25 - 1e0 .625 - 1 - 0 .1
1100 .25 = 99 .94 (A )
I2 0 = I0max =1 - e-
1 - e- - mER
=1 - e- 0 .2 5
1 - e- 0 .6 25 - 0 .11100 .25 = 165 .4(A )
5 .1 .2
( Boost Chopper, Step Up Chopper) 5 2
221
, L , V , L I1 , t1 , L EI1 t1 C R , , uo , Uo V , L , C t2 , L I1 , , L ( Uo - E) I1 t2 T ,
EI1 t1 = ( Uo - E) I1 t2 ( 5 13)
Uo =t1 + t2
t2E = Tt2
E ( 5 14)
(5 14) T?t2 > 1 , , , Uo
5 2 (a) ; ( b)
, , EI1 = Uo Io ( 5 15)
,
5 .1 .3
, , 5 3a, 5 3bc 5 2 , 5 2 , ,
V , L , i1 ,
Ld i1d t + Ri1 = EM ( 5 16)
i1 I10 ,
i1 = I10 e- t?
+EMR
(1 - e- t? ) ( 5 17)
V , , i2 ,
Ld i2dt + Ri2 = EM - E ( 5 18)
3215
5 3 (a) ; ( b) ; (c)
i2 I20 ,
i2 = I20 e- t?
+E - EM
R ( 1 - e- t?) ( 5 19)
t= t1 , i1 = I2 0 , t T , i2 = I1 0 , ( 5 17 ) ( 5 19) , = t2?T ,
I10 =EMR -
1 - e- t2?
1 - e- T?ER =
m - 1 - e-
1 - e- ER ( 5 20)
I2 0 =EMR -
e- t
1?
- e- T?
1 - e- T?ER =
m - e-
- e-
1 - e- ER ( 5 21)
, ,
I10 = I2 0 = ( m - ) ER ( 5 22)
L Io ,
Io =EM - Uo
R =EM - ( t2?T) E
R =EM - E
R = ( m - )ER
,
m = 1 - e-
1 - e- ( 5 23)
5 .1 .4
( Boost-Buck Chopper, Step Up& Down Chopper) , , ,5 4
V , , VD , uL = E , i1 C , R V ,
421
5 4 (a) ; ( b)
, i2 , , , uL = - uo , , ,
Et1 = Uo t2 ( 5 24) Uo
Uo =t1t2
E =t1
T - t1E = 1 - E ( 5 25)
0 < < 1?2 , Uo , ; 1?2 < < 1 , Uo , I1 I2 , :
I1?I2 = t1?t2 ,
I1 =t1t2
I2 =
1 - I2 ( 5 26)
,EI1 = Uo I2 ( 5 27)
,
5 .1 .5
: , ; , ; 5 5a Cuk , ( Cuk Chopper) , , , , L1 L2 , C , VD ,
V , V L1 , C V L2 R V , E L1 VD C , L2 VD R , , uo C 5 5a 5 5b 5 5c 5 5b 5 5c 5 2a 5 1a , , Cuk 5 5bC , ( 5 14 )
5215
5 5 Cuk (a) ; ( b) ; (c)
5 6 Cuk
UC =Tt2
E = TT - t1E = 11 - E
( 5 28 ) 5 5c , UC , (5 1 )
Uo = UC ( 5 29 ) (5 28) (5 29)
Uo =
1 - E
(5 25) , Cuk 5 6 , ,
5 .2
, ( Reversible Chopper) ; , ( Multi-Phase Multiplex Chopper) ,
5 .2 .1
5 .2 .1 .1 , ,
, , ( Current Reversible Chopper) , 5 7a , ,
: V1 VD1 , V2 VD2 , , ,
621
5 7 (a) ; ( b)
V2 VD2 , V1 VD1 , , , ,
V1 , , L ; V1 , L , , , , V2 , EM , L ; V2 , EM L VD2 , L , , V1 , 5 7b , V1 V2 , ,5 .2 .1 .2
, , , , ( Bridge Reversible Chopper) , 5 8
5 8
V4 , V1 V2 VD1 VD2 , 5 7a V1 VD1 , , ; V2 VD2 , ,
V2 , V3 V4 VD3 VD4 V3 VD3 , , ; V4 VD4 , ,
7215
V1 V2 V3 V4 ,
5 9 ( a) ; ( b)
5 .2 .2
, , ,
5 9 , uo io , 3 , , , ,
, , , ,
5 .3
, [ 3 ]
5 .3 .1
(5 1 ) , , ,
1 . , , ,
( Pulse Width Modulation, PWM ) ,
2 . ,
,
821
3 . , ,
, 5 10
5 10a , u , uin uo u uin PWM 5 10bc , uin (0 < uin < u m ) uo uo u , 5 10b 5 10c , 5 10c , , uo , uo , , 5 10d
5 10 (a) ; ( b)(c) ; ( d)
5 .3 .2
, , , , , , 5 11 ,
9215
,
5 11 ( a) ; ( b)
5 .3 .3
, , , , , , , [ 20 ] 8 .3 5 12 , , , , , , , , , , , , 5 12b , ,
5 12 ( a) ; ( b)
5 .4
( Commuta-tion) , , , ,
031
, ( ) , ; , , , , ,
5 .4 .1
5 13 ?
( a) ; ( b)
5 .4 .1 .1 ,
( Line Commutation) , , , , ,5 .4 .1 .2
( LoadCommutation) , , ,
5 13a , , R < 2 L?C ,RLC 513b 0 t1 , VT1 VT4 , , , t1 t2 , io , VD1 VD4VD1 VD4 , VT1 VT4 ,VT2 VT3 ,
, , 7 .2 .1 5 .4 .1 .3
RL , , ,
1315
, , , ( Forced Commutation) , ,
5 14
1 . ( ) ,
5 14 VT , S , , , S ,
2 . ( )
5 15
, 5 15 VT , , 515a, S , LC , VT , VT , VD, VD VT , 5 15b, S , LC VT , , LC , VT , VT , , VD VT
5 .4 .2
5 .4 .2 .1
5 16
5 16 , 5 1 ,
S, R C , UC = E , VT1 , , C VT1 L1 VD1 ; iC , UC ; iC , UC , UC = E , , VD VT1 , VT2 , VT1 , VT1 , , VT2 , E , ,
231
5 .4 .2 .2
5 17
5 17 S, VD2 L1 C , VT1 , VT1 , VT2 , C VT2 L1 , C , , VT1 , VT1 , VT1 , CL1 VD1 VD2 , ,VD1 , VT1 ,
5 18
5 .4 .3
(DC Power Electronic Switch) , , , , , ( ) , 5 18 , VT1 , RCVT2 , VD ,
,
, ( ) ,
,
, , , , ; ,
3315
5 1 5 2 5 1a , E = 110V , L = 1 mH, R = 0 .25, EM = 11 V , T = 2500s, t1 =
250s ,
5 3 5 4 5 2a , E = 50 V , L C , R = 20, T = 40s, t1 = 25s,
Uo Io5 5 Cuk , ?5 6 5 7a , E = 110 V , R = 0 .2, EM = 50 V , T = 4000s, L
, 100 A , ,
5 7 ?5 8 ?5 9 ? ?5 10
431
6 ( AC Voltage
Controller) : , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
6 .1
6 .1 .1
6 1 VT1 VT2 ui = 2 U1 sint, 2 k+ VT1 , ui R , io , VT1 ( 2 k + 1 )+ VT2 , , Id
VT IV T , R Uo Io
cos?
IdVT
=1
2
2 U1R
sintd(t) = 2 U12R (1 + cos) (6 1)
IV T =1
2
2 U1R sint
2
d(t) = U1R
12 1 -
+
sin22 (6 2)
Uo =1
( 2 U1 sint)2 d( t) = U1 12sin2+
- (6 3)
Io = Uo?R (6 4)
cos? = Uo IoUi Io
=
UoUi
=1
2sin2+ - (6 5)
, Ui
6 1
( 6 3) ,= 0 , Uo = Ui ; = , Uo = 0; 0 , Ui , 180
6 2 = cos?
cos? 6 2 , , , ,= 0 , cos?= 1 ; = 180,cos?= 0
, 6 1e uo , , , , , 3 , 5 , 7 , 9 , , ,
, , ,
631
6 .1 .2
6 3 , io , , , , VT1 ,
ui = 2 Ui sin(t + ) (6 6) VT1 (0t) ,
2 Ui sin( t + ) = L d iod t + Rio (6 7)
, io (0 ) = 0 ,
io ( t) = i1 ( t) + i2 ( t) = 2 U1Z sin(t + - ) -2 U1Z e
- t?sin( - ) (6 8)
, Z= R2 + (L )2 ;= L?R ;= arctan(L?R)
6 3
(6 8 ) i1 , u1 ; i2 , - ioi1 i2 6 3d t = io ,io () = 0 VT1 , ( 6 8)
7316
sin(+ - ) = e- ctansin( - ) (6 9)
6 4 #
, (6 9 ) 6 4
VT2 , , io , 180
1 .= =, i2 = 0 , ,
uo = ui , io = i1 =2 UiZ sint, io uo
6 5c , ,
2 . <
Uo IV T Io
Uo =1
0[ 2 Ui sin( t + ) ]2 d(t) = Ui +
12[sin2 - sin(2+ 2) ]
( 6 10)
IV T =1
0i2o d(t) = UiZ
-
sincos( 2+ + )cos ( 6 11)
Io = 2 IVT ( 6 12) 3 . 0 < <
(6 9 ) > VT1 VT2 , VT2 , , VT2 VT1 , VT2 , VT2 VT1 , VT1 , io uo 6 5d ,
4 . 0 < < , - 180, VT1 , VT2
, VT2 VT1 , > , VT2 < 180 , VT1 , VT2 , , , = 180= ,
6 1 , Ui = 220 V , f = 50 Hz, R = 10, L = 10,= 90, Uo Io cos?
?Z= R2 + (L )2 = 102 + 102 = 14 .1 ()= arctan(L?R) = arctan( 10?10 ) = 45
(1 ) = 45= 90, 6 4 = 130= 2 .27 ( rad)
(2 ) ( 6 10 )
Uo = Ui +
12[sin2 - sin(2+ 2) ]
= 220 2 .273 .14 +12[sin2 90- sin( 2 90+ 2 130) ] = 165 .4( V )
(3 ) ( 6 12 )
Io =2 UiZ
-
sincos(2+ + )cos
=2 22014 .1
2 .273 .14 -
sin130cos(2 90+ 45+ 130) cos45 = 11 .55( A)
(4 ) ,
9316
cos? = UoUi
=165 .4220 = 0 .752
6 .2
6 .2 .1
[ 9 ] , 6 6 ,
6 6 (a) Y N ; ( b) Y ; ( c) ; ( d) ; (e) Y
6 6a (Y N ) , , , 180 , , , ,
6 6c , , 3 3 , , 6 ,
6 6b (Y ) , , ,
6 6de ,
041
,
6 .2 .2 Y
Y 6 7 6 7a , , , , , , 60 , , Y , UVW VT1 VT3 VT5 120, VT4 VT6 VT2 120, 180, 60 , , Y
6 7 Y ( a) ; ( b)= 0
, , , , = 0
1 .= 0 t = 0 , uG
1uG
6, uUV > 0 , VT1 VT6
1416
, UV , uRU = uRV = 0 .5 uUV , uR W = 060 uG
2 , VT2 , UVW , uRU = uU uRV = uV uRW = uW
t = 120 , uV VT6 , VT3 uG3 ,
, 6 7b , t= 60 , ,
2 .= 30 , uRU , 6 8 t = 0 , uG
6 ,
t = 30 , uG1 , uG
6 , VT1 VT6 , uRU = 0 .5 uUV t= 90
, uG2 , VT2 , t= 120, uRU = uU t = 120 , uV
, VT6 , UW , uRU = 0 .5 uUW t = 150 , uG3
, VT3 , , uRU = uU t = 180 , uU , VT1 , VW , uRU = 0 ,
6 8 Y = 30
3 .60= 60= 90= 120 uRU 6 9 = 150 , uG
1
uG6 uU = uV , uU < uV , VT1 VT6 ,
, uRU = 0 , Y , 150,
, , 4 . , ,
; , , ; > , ; 150 ,
241
6 9 Y 60(a)= 60; (b)= 90; (c)= 120
6 .3
6 .3 .1
(AC Chopping Circuit) 6 10 , ,
6 10
6 .3 .1 .1 ui , V1
, ui V2 (V1 V2 ) t1 , T , = t1?T , 6 11 uo ( ) ii , T , 6 .3 .1 .2
, V1 , V4 , V2 V3 :1 , V2 ,
3416
6 11
V1 ;2 , , V1 , V3 , V2 , V3 , V1 V4 , 6 1
6 1
1 ?2 ?1 $2 ;
1 Q2 h1 ?2 ?
V1 ? V3 ?
V2 ? V4 ?
6 12
6 12
441
6 .3 .2
(AC Power Controller) , , , , , =0, , , , ,
, 6 13a b TC , T , TC m , n ,
Uo =1
2( m + n)2 m
0u
2d(t) = mm + nU = DU ( 6 13)
, U ; D = m?( m+ n)
6 13
Io = DI ( 6 14)
, I Po = Uo Io = DUI ( 6 15)
, D ,
cos? ,
cos? = PoUI = D ( 6 16) 6 1 , VT1 VT2 ,
IdVT
=m
2( m + n)
02 Isintd(t)
5416
=2 DI =
2 DUR ( 6 17)
, , m , D = 1
, , 34 ; , , m , ( 6 13 ) ( 6 14 )
6 .3 .3
( AC Power Electronic Switch) , , , , ,
6 14a S , , , S , , , , S , , , S ,
6 14
VTB, 6 14b S , VTB + , - , , S , , VTB , ,
, , , ,
, , , , Y
641
6 1 220 V10 kW , 5 kW ,
6 2 , 220 V , R = 0 .5, L = 2 mH : , , , = 90
6 3 6 15
6 15
6 4 Y = 306 5 6 6 ? ? ?6 7 , R = 2, 15 , 9
, 220 V , , ,
7416
7 ,
, ; , (Frequency Conversion)
: , , , ( AC?DC?AC Frequency Converter) ; , ( AC?AC Frequency Converter) ( Cycleconverter) , ,
, , , , , ; , , , ,
, , ;
, ; GTRIGBT ; , ,
7 .1
7 .1 .1
( Voltage Source Type Inverter, VSTI ) 7 1aC , , , , , , , ( VVVF ) , 1 4 , 2 3 , IGBT V1 , 4 V2 , 3 , VD2 , 3 VD1 , 4 , 7 .1 .1 .1
V1 , 4 V2 , 3 , ,
, 7 1bc ,1 .
7 1 ?
t= t1 , V1 V4 , ,
Ld iod t + Rio = Ud t t1 (7 1 )
io ( t1 ) = 0
io ( t) = ER 1 - e- ( t - t
1)?
t t1
(7 2 ) ,= L?R, , 7 1a , 7 1e t1 t2 , Uo = Ud
2 . t= t2 V1 V4 ,
; V2 V3 , io , VD2 VD3 , io , , V2 V3 VD2 VD3 VD2 VD3 , Uo =- Ud , ,
Ldiod t + Rio = - Ud t t2 (7 3 )
io ( t2 ) = ER 1 - e- ( t
2- t
1)? (7 4)
(7 3 )
io ( t) = - ER +ER 2 - e
- ( t2
- t1
)? e- ( t - t2 )? t t2 (7 5)
t = t3 io ( t3 ) = 0 VD2 VD3 , V2 V3 7 1e t2 t3
3 . t= t3 , V2 V3 , Uo = - Ud , ( 7 3 ) , io ( t3 ) = 0
io ( t) = - ER (1 - e- ( t - t
3)? ) t t3 (7 6)
(7 2 ) , , t3 - t1 = T?2 ,4 .
9417
t= t4 , V2 V3 , VD1 VD4 ,V1 V4 Uo = Ud , (7 1 ) , io ( t) , T?2 , ,
io ( t) = ER -ER
2 - e- ( t4 - t3 )? e- ( t - t4 )? t t4 (7 7)
, 7 1f , , , V1 , 4 V2 , 3
V1 V4 , RL 7 .1 .1 .2
1 . 7 1 , ,
uo ,
Uo =2T
T?2
0U2d d(t) = Ud
uo ( t) = 4 Ud sint +13 sin3t +
15 sin5t + (7 8)
uo1 Uo1
uo1 =4 Ud sint (7 9)
Uo1 =4 Ud
2= 0 .9 Ud ( 7 10)
, RL , n io n ( t)Io nn :
ion ( t) = 2 UonR
2+ ( nL )2
sin( nt - n ) = 2 UonZn sin( nt - n ) ( 7 11)
Ion =Uo n
R2 + ( nL )2=
Uo nZn
( 7 12)
n = arctan nLR ( 7 13)
, Uo n =4 Ud2 n
n ; Zn n n
io1 ( t) = 2 Uo1R2 + (L )2
sin t - arctanLR ( 7 14)
051
io ( t) =
n = 1 , 3 , 5 ,
4 UdnZn sin( nt - n ) ( 7 15)
Io =
n = 1 , 3 , 5 ,
4 Ud2 nZn
2
= I2o1 + I
2o3 + I
2o5 + ( 7 16)
, Io1 Io3 Io5 ,2 . , , , ,
Idv Iv
Idv =12
ER ( 7 17)
Iv =E
2 R( 7 18)
, , T?4 , , , IdV D IV D
IdVD =1T
T?4
0
UdL td t =
Ud T32 L ( 7 19)
IVD =1T
T?4
0
UdL t
2
d t =3 Ud T24 L ( 7 20)
Ud 7 1 7 1a ud = 110V , f = 100 Hz, R = 10, L = 0 .02 H
Uo1 , Io1 , Io Po
(1 ) Uo1 = 4 Ud2
=4110
2= 99( V )
(2 ) Z1 = R2 + (L )2 = 102 + ( 21000 .02)2 = 18 .59 ()Io1 = Uo1?Z1 = 99?18 .59 = 5 .33(A )
(3 ) ?Z3 = R2 + ( 3L )2 = 102 + (321000 .02 )2 = 39 ()Z5 = R
2+ ( 5L )2 = 102 + (521000 .02 )2 = 63 .6 ()
Z7 = R2
+ ( 7L )2 = 102 + (721000 .02 )2 = 88 .56()Io3 = Uo3?Z3 = 4110?(3 239 ) = 0 .85( A)Io5 = Uo5?Z5 = 4110?(5 263 .6 ) = 0 .31( A)Io7 = Uo7?Z7 = 4110?(7 288 .56) = 0 .16 (A )
Io = I2o1 + I2o3 + I2o5 + I2o7 = 5 .332 + 0 .852 + 0 .312 + 0 .162 = 5 .41 (A )(4 ) Po = I2o R = 5 .412 10 = 292 .6( W ) , , ,
1517
,
7 .1 .2 180
7 2
, 7 2 , , IGBT 60 ,
, 180 120 , 180 120 , 180 120180 , , , 120, , ,
7 3 180
251
7 .1 .2 .1 7 3af , ,
180, 120, 60
060 , uGE1uGE
5uGE
6, V1 V5
V6 , 7 4 60120 , uGE5
= 0 uGE2
> 0 , V1
V2 V6 , V5 V2 7 4 U , V1 , U N uUN = Ud?2 V4 , uUN = - Ud?2 uUN Ud?2 , VW uV NuWN uU N , 120 7 3ghi
7 4 180
uU V uV W uWU :uU V = uUN - uV N
uV W = uV N - uWN
uWU = uWN - uU N
( 7 21)
7 3j uU V N N uNN ,
uUN = uUN - uNN
uV N = uV N - uNN
uWN = uWN - uNN
( 7 22)
uU N + uV N + uWN = 0 , uNN = ( uUN + uV N + uWN)?3 ( 7 23)
uNN , uUN 3 , 1?3 , Ud?6 , 7 3k (7 22) ( 7 23 ) uUN uV N uWN , 120,
7 3lmn
3517
,?3 , , , , ,
, , , V1 V6 ,
180 , , , , 7 .1 .2 .2
, 7 3p
UUV1m UUV
1
UU V1m
=
2 3 Ud = 1 .1 Ud ( 7 26)
UUV1
=
UU V1m
2=
6 Ud = 0 .78 Ud ( 7 27)
U uUN
uU N =2 Ud sint +
15 sin5t +
17 sin7t +
111sin11t +
113sin13t -
=
2 Ud sint +
n
1nsinnt ( 7 28)
, nk UUN
UUN =1
22
0u
2U N d(t) = 0 .471 Ud ( 7 29)
UUN1m UUN
1
UUN1m
=
2 Ud = 0 .637 Ud ( 7 30)
UU N1
=
UUN1m
2= 0 .45 Ud ( 7 31)
180 , , , , , ,
7 .1 .3 120
7 6 ? 120
, 120, , , 7 6 , , 7 7
, 120, , , , ,
180 , : UUV = 0 .707 UdUUV
1m= 0 .955 Ud
UU V1
= 0 .675 Ud ; UUN =
5517
7 7 120
0 .408 UdUUN1m
= 0 .55 UdUU N1
= 0 .39 Ud 180 , Ud
, 180 , 120 ,
, , ,
7 .2
, , , ( Current Source Type Inverter, CSTI )
, , , , , ,
7 .2 .1
, (Paralled-Resonant Inverter) ( ) , , 7 8
, , Ld Ld , , Ld
651
7 8
7 9
, L T , d i?d t, L T , , , 0 .050 .3 , ,
C RL , , , , , , , , 7 .2 .1 .1
7 9 t1 t2 VT1 VT4 , io = Id , t2 C AB ,
t2 VT2 VT3 , t2 VT2 VT3 , , VT2 VT3 , LT , VT1 VT4 , t2 , , 7 8 , VT1 VT4 , VT2 VT3 ; t = t4 , VT1 VT4
7517
, Id VT1 VT4 VT2 VT3 , t4 - t2 = tr , , Ld ,
, VT1 VT4 t , t =t5 - t4 tq
, VT2 VT3 t2 uo t5 , t = t5 - t2 , , 7 9 t = t + t io uo t = ( t?2) + t t ( )
= t2 + t =2 + ( 7 32)
, ; tt ;
t5 t6 VT2 VT3 t6 VT2 VT3 VT1 VT4 ,
7 9 uG1 uG
4, uV T
1 uV T
4
ui , LT , , , ui = 0 , ui 2 ui , C , Ld
7 8
Z =( R + jL ) - j 1C
R + jL - j 1C=
LC
1 + RjL
R + j L - 1C R , , R L ,
Z LC 1
R + j L - 1C=
LC
R - j L - 1CR2 + L - 1C
2 ( 7 33)
, L > 1C , > 1? LC = 0 ,
7 .2 .1 .2
1 . , ,
io =4 Id sint +
13 sin3t +
15 sin5t + ( 7 34)
Io1 =4 Id2
= 0 .9 Id ( 7 35)
2 .
851
, , ,
P = Uo Io1 cos = Ud Id ( 7 36) (7 35) (7 36) Uo
Uo =Ud Id
Io1 cos = 1 .11Ud
cos ( 7 37)
3 . iV T
7 10
7 10 , t = 0 , uo
= 2 Uo , uo = 2 Uo cost VT1 VT3 , , LT
1
LT3 ,
2 LTd iV Td t = 2 Uo cost ( 7 38 )
(7 38)
iV T =2 Uo
2LT sint + A
t = 90- (+ ) VT3 , t = 90- (+ ) iV T = 0 , A , iV T
iV T =2 Uo
2LT [sint - cos(+ ) ] ( 7 39)
4 . t 7 10 , t = 90- , , iV T = Id , ( 7 39 )
Id =2 Uo
2LT [cos - cos(+ ) ] ( 7 40)
= arccos cos -2LT Id
2 Uo- ( 7 41)
, , d iVT?d t ,
t =Id
diV T?d t
= t = 2fId
diVT?dt ( 7 42)
, di?dt d iVT?d t ,
5 . LT
9517
(7 40)
LT =2 Uo
2Id [cos - cos(+ ) ] ( 7 43)
6 . C ,
L , ( ) ,
QC =P
cosL sinL +P
cossin = P ( tanL + tan) ( 7 44)
C =P
U2o ( tanL + tan) ( 7 45)
7 2 KGPS 100 1 .0 , P = 1 000 kW, f =1 000 Hz, Ud = 500 V , Id = 250 A , cos= 0 .8 , cosL = 0 .1
(1 )
Uo = 1 .11Ud
cos = 1 .115000 .8 = 694( V )
UN = (2 3 ) 2 Uo = 1 963 2 944 (V )
, iV T ,
IV T = Id? 2 = 250? 2 = 177(A )
IT ( A V ) = (1 .5 2 ) 1771 .57 = 169 255(A )
220 A2 400 V (2 ) d i?d t= 20 A?s, ( 7 42 )
= 2f Idd iV T?d t = 2 103 250
20 106 = 0 .0785( rad) = 4 .5
= 2 + ,
= - ?2 = arccos0 .8 - 4 .5?2 = 34 .61 (7 43)
LT =2 Uo
2Id [cos - cos(+ ) ]
=2 694
2 2 103 250 (cos34 .61- cos39 .11) = 14 .7(H)
(3 )QC = P ( tanL + tan) = 1 000 ( tanarccos0 .1 + tanarccos0 .8) = 1 070( kVA)
RY SO75 90 1 , 750 V
061
90 kVA1000 Hz250F 700 V ,
Q1 = U2o C = 7002 2 103 25 10 - 6 = 77 ( kVA )
QC?Q1 = 1070?77 = 14( )
7 .2 .2
7 11 , VT1 VT6 60 , 120, 7 12
7 11 7 12 ?
C1 C6 , VD1 VD6 7 .2 .2 .1
, Ld , , : , ( VT1 ) ( C1 C5 ) , , UC 0 , ( C3 ) ; ,
1 . , VT1 VT3 ,
C13 C3 C5 C1 C1 C6 C , C13 = 3 C2
1617
VT1 VT2 , VT1 VT2 , C13 UC0 , , 7 13a
7 13
VT3 , C13 , VT3 VT1 Id VT1 VT3 , C13 UC 0 VT3 VD1 U WVD2 VT2 Id , , 7 13bC13 , VT1 , ,
7 14
C13 , , VD3 iV , VD1 iU = Id - iV , C1 3 C13 , , iV , iV = I d , VD1 , C13 UC0 , VT3 , 7 13c
, U V , VT2 VT3 , 713d ,
261
7 15 C
2 .
, C1 C5 UC 0 , , C3 t1 ( 7 15 ) VT3 , C1 UW ; C3 C5 UW , C3 , C5 , 7 14a C1 2 I d?3 , C3 Id?3 C3 C5 C1 C1 ( t2 ) , , C3 C5 UC 0?2 , , 7 14b C1 , C3 , C5 ( t3 ) , , C1 C3 , C5 iU iV 7 15
3 . 7 15 , uC 1 UC0 VT1 tF
tF = t2 - t1 =C1 UC 02 Id?3 =
C1 3 UC0Id
( 7 46)
7 13c, , iV L ,
1C13
t
0( Id - iV ) d t + L d( Id - iV )d t = L
d iVd t
2 L d iVd t +1
C13t
0( iV - Id ) d t = 0
iV = 0 , uC13
= 0 iViV = Id (1 - cos0 t) ( 7 47)
,0 = 1? 3 LC VD1 VD3
iVD1
= Id - iV = Id cos0 t ( 7 48)iVD
3= iV = Id (1 - cos0 t) ( 7 49)
, iV = iV D3
= Id , iV D1
= 0 , VD1 ( 7 48 ) tC
0 tC = ?2
tC = ?20 = 3 LC?2 ( 7 50) C13
uC13
=1C13
t
0( Id - iV ) d t = Id 2 LC1 3 sin0 t ( 7 51)
3617
,
UC 0 = Id2 LC13
= Id4 L3 C ( 7 52)
7 .2 .2 .2
7 16
, t2 uC1
= 0 ,
eV U > 0 , VD3 , 7 16 C1 uC
1 eV U , t2 > t2 , VD3
,
cos, V eV =Em sint, Em V iV
1
eV , eV U eV 30 120 , iV iV1 30, iV ( ) t2 eV U , , eV U =
3 Emsin 7 16
, ,
UC0 =4 L3 CId + 3 Em sin ( 7 53)
UVT = UC 0 =4 L3 CId + 3 Emsin ( 7 54)
UVD = UC 0 + 3 Em sin = 4 L3 CId + 2 3 Em sin ( 7 55)
7 17
UC0 3 Em sin,
tF =C1 3 UC0
Id
= 3 LC + 3 32 Id CEmsin ( 7 56 )
, tF
461
, , , ,
, , , , 7 17 , ,
7 .2 .3
GTO 7 18a , ,
7 18 ( a) ; ( b)
7 18b uUV , , , 120, 180, 60 Id 120 ,
I1 Id I1 = 6 Id?
7 .2 .4
1 . , , ;
,2 . ,
, 7 19a , , 7 19b , , , ,
3 . ,
5617
7 19 ( a) ; ( b)
, , , , , , ( 7 20a b ) , , , , , , , ( 7 20c d ) ,
7 20 ( a) ; ( b) ;(c) ; ( d)
4 . , ,
, , 5 . , ,
; , 6 . ,
; , , PWM ,
661
,7 . , ;
,8 . ,
,
7 .3
7 .3 .1
( CVCF ) , , , , , ( VV VF )
, , , , , , , ; , , , , ,
7 21 I
, 7 1a , IGBT 180 , 180 , V1 V2 V3 V4 V3 V1 ,< 180, V3 V4 V2 V1 , 7 21ad
t1 V1 V4 , uo= Ud t1 V3 V4 , V4 , io , V3 , VD3 V1 VD3 , t2 V1 V2 , V1 , , V2 , VD2 ,
7617
VD3 , uo = - Ud , VD2 VD3 , V2 V3 , uo - Ud t3 V3 V4 , V3 , V4 , VD4 , uo 7 21e , uo ,
: , , , , , , , , (PWM ) , , ,
7 .3 .2
( Multiplex) , , , , ,
, ; , 7 .3 .2 .1
1 . 7 22a ,
, 30, 7 22b
7 22 (a) ; ( b)
, , , [ 3 ] , , ,
7 23 ,
861
f (t) =
n = 1Fn sinnt ( 7 57)
Fn =2
0f (t)sinntd(t) = 4nsin
n2 sin
n3 ( 7 58)
,
f( t) =
n = 1
1n
sinnt 4sinn2 sin
n3
=2 3 sint -
15 sin5t -
17 sin5t +
111sin11t +
113sin13t - ( 7 59)
7 23
(7 59) , n= 6 k1 , k 5 7 , ,
, 30,
i (t) = Id f t - 12 + Id f t +12
=4 2 Id sintcos
12 -
15 sin5tcos
512 -
17 sin7tcos
712 +
=4 3 cos
12 Id (sint - 0 .0536sin5t + 0 .0383sin7t -
0 .0909sin11t - 0 .0769sin13t + ) ( 7 60) (7 60) , n = 6 k1 , , 5 7 , 11 13
, , ,
2 . , ,
, , 7 24a , , 11 11? 3 Y , y12 D, y11 30
9617
Id , 120 7 24b
7 24 (a) ; ( b)
7 25
7 25 , ( U ) U iU
2
, 120 60 VT6 VT1 , U 2 Id?3 , Id?3 VW ; 60 VT1 VT2 , UV Id?3 , W 2 Id?3 VT1 60 VT2 VT3 , U , U
- Id?3 , ,
3 iu2
U iU1 120 , iU
230 11 Y , y1 2
iu1
, iU1 U , iu
1 iu
2 ,
iu
iu (t) = Id f (t) + 13
Id f t - 6 +13
Id f t + 6
=2 3 Id sint -
15 sin5t -
17 sin7t +
111sin11t +
113sin13t + +
071
2 3 Id sint +
15 sin5t +
17 sin7t +
111sin11t +
113sin13t +
=4 3 Id sint +
111sin11t +
113sin13t +
123sin23t +
125sin25t + ( 7 61)
, n= 12 k1 , k ,7 .3 .2 .2
7 26
7 26 [ 1 ] ,30 180 , 120 T1 D?Y
, 1 3 ( ) T2 ; , , , 7 26 , T1 T2 UU
1
UU2 T2
( 7 27a) , v22 - Uv22
u21 Uu21
60
7 27 ( a) T 2 ;
( b) u
30, Uu21 T1 u1
Uu1
30, UU1 Uu
1 UU
2=
Uu21
+ ( - Uv22
) 7 27b , UU1
UU2 u
UU N = UU1
+ UU2 UU
1 UU
2
, T1 T2 ,
31 7 28 UU
1UU
2UU N
, UUN UU1
, n = 12 k1 ,
1717
7 28
7 .4
, , ,
7 .4 .1
, , , ,
7 29a VT1 VT2 , , , 7 29b
, , , 7 30a , P N 7 30b , , 1?5 , , 7 30c , 90 , 90, P , N
271
7 29
7 30
3717
, d , 7 30e , , , ,
7 31 ?
, , , , , ,
, 7 31a , , 7 31b , io , uo , io , uo , io ; io uo , , uoio , 0 t1 t2 t3 , , , ; , uoio , t1 t2 t3 t4 , , , , ,
7 32 , , uo io
7 .4 .2
, , , , 7 33 7 31a
u1 u6 uUV uUW uV W uV U uWU uWV ,
471
7 32
7 33
60, = 0 uR
uR = 2 Uo sino t , Uo o
VT1 , u1 , uR - u1 u2 - uR ( u1 u2 ) , ; u2 - uR ( u1 u2 ) , ,
uR - u1 = u2 - uR
uR =u1 + u2
2 ( 7 62)
u1 u2 , ( u1 + u2 )?2 , u2 = 0 ,= 90 , u2
5717
, u2 , uT2 ,
uT2
= Ud0cos ( 7 63)
Ud0= 0 uT
2
uR = uT =ui + ui + 1
2 ( 7 64)
uR uT , a f ,
, = 0
7 34 ?
7 34 , VT1 VT6 , VT1 VT6 7 34a ( ) 734b , , uR , io uR
, io , 6 uR A , VT6 , A , a, VT6 B , uR 1 , VT1 , , VT6 , io , , t0 , t0 ,
io , , uR 4 C , VT4 , C , , uR DEF , VT5 VT6 VT1 , DEF ,
, uR , , , G io , t0 , , , VT6 VT1 VT2 HIJ ,
, ,
671
, , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , , 1?31?2 50 Hz , 20 Hz
7 .5
120 ,
7 .5 .1
, , , , , , , , , , 7 35 , ,
7 35
, , 7 36 120 , , , , ,
7717
7 36 7 37
, 7 37 , , , , , , , ,
7 .5 .2
, , , , , , , , , ,
, iG = Im sintt 0180 , , , , t= 180 , iG = 0 ,= 150 , , , , iG t = 360 , , , , ,
871
7 .5 .3
, 7 38 , , T?6 ( T ) , T?3 , , 7 39 7 40 , 120 , , ; Id , , , [ 20 ]
7 38
7 39
, , , , , ,
9717
7 40
7 .5 .4
:(1 ) , ,
, , (2 ) , (3 ) , :(1 ) , 1?21?3 ,
, 2(2 ) , 36 , ,
(3 ) , , , ,
7 .6
( Matrix Frequency Converter) [ 7 ] [ 10 ] , , , 1 , ; , ; , ,
, 7 41a uU
1uV
1uW
1, uU
2uV
2uW
2 33 ,
, , 741b
081
7 41 (a) ; ( b)
uS , PWM , , uo
uo = ( ton?TC )?uS = uS ( 7 65)
7 42 (a) ; ( b)
, TC ; ton ;
, uS uo uS , uo , 7 41a S11 S12 S13 U , 742 ,
S11 S12 S13 , , , , , , U uU
2
uU2
= 1 1 uU1
+ 12 uV1
+ 13 uW1
( 7 66) ,11 12 13 S11 S12 S13
1 1 + 1 2 + 1 3 = 1 ( 7 67)
, ( 7 66 ) uV2uW
2
, ,
1817
uU2
uV2
uW2
=
1 1 12 132 1 22 233 1 32 33
uU1
uV1
uW1
( 7 68)
uo = ui ( 7 69)
,uo = uU2 uV2 uW2
T
ui = uU1 uV1 uW1T
=11 12 1 321 22 2 331 32 3 3
, , , , ,
, , iU1iV
1iW
1 iU
2iV
2
iW2 ,
,iU
1
iV1
iW1
=
1 1 21 311 2 22 321 3 23 33
iU2
iV2
iW2
( 7 70)
ii = T io ( 7 71)
,ii = iU1 iV1 iW1
T
io = iU2 iV2 iW2T
(7 68) ( 7 70 ) , ,
uU1
uV1
uW1
=
Uim cosi tUim cos(i t - 2?3)Uim cos(i t - 4?3)
( 7 72)
iU2
iV2
iW2
=
Iom cos(o t - o )Iom cos(o t - 2?3 - o )Iom cos(o t - 4?3 - o )
( 7 73)
, Ui mIom ; i o ; o
281
uU
2
uV2
uW2
=
Uom coso tUom cos(o t - 2?3 )Uom cos(o t - 4?3 )
( 7 74)
iU1
iV1
iW1
=
Iim cos(i t - i )Iim cos(i t - 2?3 - i )Iim cos(i t - 4?3 - i )
( 7 75)
, UomIim ;i 1 ,i = 0 ( 7 72) (7 75) (7 68 ) ( 7
70 ) , Uom coso tUom cos(o t - 2?3 )Uom cos(o t - 4?3 )
= Uim cosi tUim cos(i t - 2?3)Uim cos(i t - 4?3)
( 7 76)
Iim cosi tIim cos(i t - 2?3)Iim cos(i t - 4?3)
= TIom cos(o t - 0 )Iom cos(o t - 2?3 - o )Iom cos(o t - 4?3 - o )
( 7 77)
(7 76) (7 77 ) , ,
Ii m cosi t = m Iomcoso cosi t ( 7 78) ,m = Uom?Ui m ,
, , 18 , , , ,
, , ; , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ( ) ; , , , ,
3817
,
, ( , ) , , , ,
,
, , , , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
1?21?3 , ,
7 1 :( 1) ; ( 2) ; ( 3)7 2 ? ?7 3 ? ?7 4 , ?7 5 180 120 ?7 6 , ?7 7 180 , Ud = 100 V UUN1m
UUN1 UUV1m UUV1 , UUV5
7 8 , , 4 .5 kW, U1e = 380V , I1e = 10 .2 A , cos= 0 .85 , L = 11 mH 15A , cos= 0 .84 400 V , 300s ( : Id )
7 9 ? , ?
481
7 10 ? ?7 11 ? ?
?7 12 7 13 ?7 14 ? ? ?7 15 7 16 ? ?7 17 7 18 ? ?7 19
5817
8 ( PWM ) 8 .1 PWM
, ( Pulse Width Modulation, PWM ) ,
PWM , PWM , PWM PWM
8 .1 .1 PWM
: , , 8 1ab , , ( )
8 1 (a) ; ( b)
8 2 (a) ; ( b) SPWM
, 8 2a n , n , , , 8 2b , PWM , PWM 8 2a PWM SPWM ( PWM )
8 .1 .2 PWM
PWM , , , PWM , , , PWM , , , ,
uc ( ) ur ( ) , PWM , 8 3a ur , PWM , 8 3b ur , PWM
8 3 PWM ( a) ; ( b) PWM
8 4 PWM 8 5 PWM
7818 ( PWM )
8 4 ur , PWM ur , PWM 8 4 , , ur uc PWM ; | ur | > | uc | PWM
8 4 , uc , PWM , PWM
8 5 , uc ur , , PWM PWM
, 8 6 , PWM , uruurvurw , 120 , uc , 8 7
8 6 PWM
8 .1 .3 PWM
uc fc , ur fr , fc? fr = N , N , fc fr N , PWM
(1 ) , N = , uc fc ur fr ,
N (2 ) , N , fc fr ,
N 8 8 , 8 8ab
; 8 8cd 8 8ac , N ,
8 8c , , ,
881
8 7 SPWM
8 8
8 8bd , N fc , fr N , , N , , ,
, , , , , ( ) ,
9818 ( PWM )
, N , N , , N HET4752 , N ( f )
8 1 8 9 N f
8 1 N f
f?Hz N
62 t32 18 ?
31 t16 36 ?
15 ?8 72 ?
7 F.54 144 ?
8 9 fc f
8 .2 SPWM
8 .2 .1
8 10
, SPWM , SPWM , 8 10 , SPWM
8 10 , A , tA , B , tB A B t2 () t1 t3 , t1 t3 , Tc =t1 + t2 + t3 8 10 ucm , urm
urm ucm M , M 01 1 ucm ,
ur = M sinr t (8 1) ,r ur
:
= Tc2 1 +M2 (sinr tA + sinr tB ) (8 2)
091
(8 2 ) tA tB , , , ,
8 .2 .2
8 11