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Page 1: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

� �������������� �� � ��� ����� ������� ������� � �! #"�$&%(') *�,+.- -�+0/�+213-4+216527 8 9�9 : ��;(<>=,?A@CBD E �F< DHG @C;)B I @KJMLN���OB��2PQ� E LR� � D PQ� G LR; GTS�U <V�W?X;YJ�IG � DZG DH[QE �2� @CB D <K< G ��� DHGTG\E @C] S�G �W? ;(J^8 _ G ���2B LR� ` D B?TL DHU G �,�a@ E : `b;Qc U ;)B��2B G ? D Bd= [ � G G LR; B��2L GTS�U <V�W?G � DZG DHE � D <>?T; @CB I e

8 : ; G ��� E ?

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Page 2: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

g hikj ���� lnm�oqp�r!s�m�tvuwp�xqy3s{z x�|�|�m�zR}�~k�Zp�s!t�z���s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�|3� L�@ G �� � � p�xqy3s 9�9 }�~k�Zp�s!t e ��J lnm�oqp�r!s�m�t � D ? G �,� G LR;GTS�U <C�W?2�

B D c � D =�= E U �,;QB��W? ]3�O� E ?T�i@C�Q�W=? S � � � f �qf? S � � �3� � �

@ G c S ? GND <>?T; � D P)� G ��� ? D c � GTS�U <C�W? L�@ G � }�~k�Zp�s!t`b;Qc U ;QB��2B G ?N?�L DHU,U �W=��

B D c � D =�= E U �,;QB��W? ]3�O� E ?T�i@C�Q�W=? S � � � f � �? S � � �3� �qf

� � ; G �Q� LR� c S ? G `����W`�� G �!@>? `b;)Bd=�@ G @V;QB J�; E ') & U3D @ E ?A;(J G\S�U <C�W? G � DZG DH[QE �2� ;QB p�xqy3s _�B�; G��0S ? G;QB�� U3D @ E e

Page 3: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

� � � � ���� ��f e ��P)� E�� � � @�? D B � � � e

F   �W` DHS ?�� @¡JM8 9 : _ G ���2B ?TL DHU�U @CB [ : ¢*?]3� G LR�2�OB GTS�U <V�W? G � DHG DH[QE �2� ;QB 8 =£;��W?TB¤¢ G` E � DHG � B��OL GTS�U <C�W?2e

F�¦¥ D c U <C�Q_!@CB lnm�oqp�r!s�m�t � p�xqy3s 9,9 x�|�|�m e

��e §©¨ª� /« K+2� +21d"¬')"�$�¨(1���@KJM8 9�9 : _ G �,�2B 8 9�9 ­ _LN��� E � ­ @>? D <K< DZGTGTE @C] S�G ��? B�; G @CB 8 ; E : e

F�¦¥ D c U <C�Q� ?®@VBd`b� p�xqy3s 9�9 }�~k�Zp�s!t��;(<>=�?N@CB lnm�oqp�r!s�m�t _6?�; =£;��W?p�xqy3s 9�9 x�|�|�m ��s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�| e

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Page 4: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

° �����&�2�W����± � ²� ��q��³#� ´ ²k���µ ;Qc � G @Cc ��? � ; S B��2�W= G ; � D PQ� ?T�2PQ� E¶D < DZGTGTE @C] S�G ��? ;QBG ��� E @ [ � G ;(J D B � � � e � ; E �F¥ D c U <C�)�lnm�oqp�r!s�m�tvuwp�xqy3s{z x�m�s�x�·£�)|�s{z�}�~k�Zp�s!t�zR��s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�|�z��s�s�m4¸!x(p!¹k�B D c � DZE � D�º ;n=!� U ��;QB,�W?   �2� E ?��i@C�Q��= ]3�2� E � D B!Jµ S � »)¼(½ ¼Q¼Q¼q¾ fQfQf)f   S = ¿ e   eµ S � »)¼(½ ¼Q¼Q¼q¾ fQfQf)f À @>`��Q��=�¿ <C� Á{� G �Q¢*?µ S �  f ¼ ¼Q¼Q¼q¾0ÃQÃQÃ)à   S = ¿ e   eµ S �  f ¼ ¼Q¼Q¼q¾0ÃQÃQÃ)à À @>`��Q��=�¿ <C� Á{� G �Q¢*?

� p�xqy3s 9�9 x�m�s�x�·£�)|�s }�~k�Zp�s!t ��;(<>=�?2_d] S�G B,�a@ G ��� Ep�xqy3s 9�9 x�m�s�x�·£�)|�s B�; E p�xqy3s 9�9 }�~k�Zp�s!t =£;�e

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Page 5: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

Ä3Å Æ�¦<K@Cc @CB DHG � E �W= S BÇ= D Bd` � = S � G ; c S < G @ U <K@>` DHG @ÈPQ� �FÉÊ�W` G;(J{� � � ¢*?Fe� Ë ; S�[ �!< � � GTE � DHG � � � ¢Ì? D ? � � ¢*?RJÍ; E=£�W`b;)c U ;�?0@ G @C;QBi_k] S,G B,; G JÍ; ENÎ Bd=�@CB [ �Q� � ?Fe� � ; E c D <K< � � I @>?�@CB � ; S�EÏG � � ; E c D < � ; E c @KJ

LN���2B��2P)� E � � � 8 9�9 : @>? 16¨ª1d"�Ð.$Ñ%q$�') ÊÒÓ:@>? B�; G D ? S ]Ç?�� G ;(J^8 _ D Bd= 8 Ô : @>? B�; G D <K<DHGTGTE @C] S,G �W?aÕ�_ G ���2B 8 @>? D ? S�U � E �Q� � e

F Ë �2c �2c ]3� E _n8 9 : @Cc U <K@C�W? 8 9�9 : _d?T;Â � � @>?Ac ; E � ? GTE @CB [ �2B G G � D B   º � � e

� � �W`a;Qc U ;�?T� I _ S ?0@CB [ Â � � P�@C;(< DHG @>;QB 8 9�9 : _@CB G ; 8 : D BÇ= 8 Ô Ò�I Ö : Õ�e

I 8 :

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Page 6: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

g hikj ���� lnm�oqp�r!s�m�tvuwp�xqy3s{z x�|�|�m�zR}�~k�Zp�s!t�zR��s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�|k�� � � � p�xqy3s 9 x�|�|�m� � ;QB G\E @CP�@ D <^� � � ¢*?2� p�xqy3s 9�9 }�~k�Zp�s!t D Bd=

p�xqy3s 9�9 ��s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�| e� × B!< � �Q� � � Ø p�xqy3s{z�}�~k�Zp�s!t�z���s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�|�Ù� ¿ <K< G � E �2� =£� U �2Bd=!�2Bd`.@C��? D ]3;ZPQ� P�@C;(< DZG �  � � e� µ S `2`a�W?�?0@CPQ� =£�W`b;Qc U ;�?®@ G @C;QB � @C�a<>=,?  � � E �a< DZG @C;QBd?2�

lÛÚÊuwp�xqy3s zNx�|�|�mk�l!Ü^uwp�xqy3s z©}�~k�Zp�s!t �l!Ý^uwp�xqy3s z©��s�s�m�t(��oHr!s�| �

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Page 7: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

� ��Í!�W��²Ç����©Þ ��±k �ß�àZ¿ ?Tc D <K<á?�� G ;(J^; U � E.DZG ; E ? G � DHG D <K<C;ZL S ? G ;c D B@ U�S < DZG � E �a< DHG @V;QBd?N@CB <K@Cc @ G �W= ] S�GNS ?T�aJ S <âL DW� ?Fe����� ; U � E¶DHG ; E ? DHE �Q�f e ã B!@C;QBi_!@CB G � E ?T�W` G @C;QB¤_ D BÇ= =n@KÉÊ� E �2Bd`b�Q� G ��� S ? S3D <?�� G ; U � E¶DHG ; E ?2e

F   S�GNG ��� E �a< DZG @C;QB ?�`����2c D ?äc S ? G ]3� G ���? D c �Qe��e åÊ+W K+.5W"�$�¨(1���Á¦@>`���@VB [ `b� EÏG�D @VB E ;ZL ?�J E ;Qc D

E �F< DHG @C;)B¤e¯ e æRÐϨ®çO+.5W"�$�¨(1��NÁ�@>`���@CB [ `a� E�GèD @CB `b;Y< S c Bd?2eÂ�e æRÐϨq-ª�,5W"Íé 'ª13-Nç2¨($&1éY� º ;)c U ;�?0@CB [ E �F< DHG @C;)Bd? @CB

S ?T�aJ S <�L Dê� ?2e¼�e ë +216'ª� $Ñ1�ì ;YJ E �a< DHG @C;QBÇ? D Bd= G ���a@ E DHGTGTE @C] S,G �W?2e

í

Page 8: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

° ��� ��Y���Ͳ3�

I îNï ð3ñRÒ�I òQÕLN��� E � ó @>? D `b;QBd=�@ G @C;QB @CB�P);(<CP�@CB [ G ��� DHG\GTE @V] S�G �W? ;YJE �a< DHG @V;QB I ò eg hikj ���� Ë �a< DHG @C;QB ô s�õ�õnt �

] DHE ]3�2� E U�E @>`b�öQ;��Q¢Ì?   S = ��e÷¼(½öQ;��Q¢Ì? � @K<¡<C� E ��e í ¼µ S �)¢Ì?   S = ��e÷¼(½µ S �)¢Ì? º ;�; E ? ¯ e*½Q½

ø���sQ¸!s(p�ù ú ðkû�ü¶ý�þ�ÿ�� ����� u ô s�õ�õnt��] DHE ]3�O� E U�E @>`b�öQ;��Q¢*?   S = ��e÷¼(½öQ;��Q¢*? � @K<K<V� E ��e í ¼

Page 9: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

� àZ²2 ��Y�W��²3�

I î ï � �iÒ�I òQÕLN��� E � � @�? D <K@>? G ;(J DHGTGTE @C] S,G �W?NJ E ;Qc G �,� ?Ï`��,�2c D ;(JI ò eg hikj ���� �«û ��� ý����2ý���� � u ô s�õ�õnt��

]3�2� E U�E @>`b�

  S = ��e÷¼(½� @K<K<C� E ��e í ¼º ;�; E ? ¯ e*½Q½

� � ; G @>`a� �a<K@Cc @CB DHG @V;QB ;(J{= S�U <K@>` DHG � GTS,U <C�W?2e

Ã

Page 10: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

� àZ²��^���Q�I ï I î � I ò

U3D @ E ?A� D `�� GTS�U <C� ��î ;(J�I î L�@ G � � D `�� GTS�U <C� �0ò ;(J�I òD Bd= U�S�G ?�@CB I D G\S�U <C� � î � ò e� � 4�W����â²k���

I ï I î �! ñ I ò@>? �#" S @CP D <C�2B G G ; I ï ð ñ Ò�I î � I ò Õ�e

f ½

Page 11: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

g hikj ���� ô s�õ�õnt ï

] DHE ]3�2� E U�E @>`b�öQ;��Q¢Ì?   S = ��e÷¼(½öQ;��Q¢Ì? � @K<¡<C� E ��e í ¼µ S �)¢Ì?   S = ��e÷¼(½µ S �)¢Ì? º ;�; E ? ¯ e*½Q½

$!x�m�t ïB D c � D =�= EöY;��Q¢*? � DHU <C� µ G eµ S �Q¢*? Ë @CP)� E Ë =�e

$!x�m&%Wp!¹£� ú ô s�õ�õnt �! ' ��()(*��+-, ü¶ý�þ , ü¶ý ��+-. ü0/ � $!x�m�t] DHE ]3�2� E U�E @>`b� B D c � D =,= EöQ;��Q¢*?   S = ��e÷¼(½ öQ;��Q¢*? � DHU <C� µ G eöQ;��Q¢*? � @K<¡<C� E ��e í ¼ öQ;��Q¢*? � DHU <C� µ G eµ S �Q¢*?   S = ��e÷¼(½ µ S �Q¢*? Ë @VPQ� E Ë =�eµ S �Q¢*? º ;�; E ? ¯ e*½Q½ µ S �Q¢*? Ë @VPQ� E Ë =�e

fQf

Page 12: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

Å £�q��àZ��1�Û²d� �

I ï I î �! I ò` D <¡<>? JÍ; E G ��� G ��� GèD ¾ � ;(@CB ;YJ�I î D Bd= I ò L�@ G � G �,�`b;QBÇ=�@ G @C;)B G � DHG D <K< DHGTGTE @C] S�G �W? ;(J G ��� ? D c � B D c �]3� �#" S3DHG �W=�e �����2Bi_�;QB�� `b;(< S c B J�; E � D `�� U3D @ E ;(J�#" S3DZG �W= DHG\GTE @V] S�G �W? @�? U�E ; � �W` G �W= ; S,G eg hikj ���� µ S�U,U ;�?�� G �,� DZGTGTE @C] S�G � p�xqy3s @CB E �a< DHG @V;QB $!x�m�t L D ?`�� D B [ �W= G ; ��x�m _ G ; c DHG `�� G ��� ] DHE B D c � @CB ô s�õ�õnt e$!x�m&%Wp!¹£� ú ô s�õ�õnt �2 $!x�m�t

] DHE ]3�O� E U�E @>`b� D =�= EöQ;��Q¢Ì?   S = ��e÷¼(½ � DHU <C� µ G eöQ;��Q¢Ì? � @K<K<V� E ��e í ¼ � DHU <C� µ G eµ S �)¢Ì?   S = ��e÷¼(½ Ë @CPQ� E Ë =�eµ S �)¢Ì? º ;�; E ? ¯ e*½Q½ Ë @CPQ� E Ë =�e

f �

Page 13: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

� ���kj ����±3 '547698 � +:+:+ � 6<;>= Ò�I Õ U,E ;n= S `b�W? D E �a< DHG @V;QB @�=£�2B G @>` D < G ; I] S�G B D c �W= ? D Bd= L�@ G � DHGTG\E @C] S�G �W?2_d@CB ; E =£� E _£B D c �W=@ îBADCECDCFA @ G eg hikj ���� $!x�m�t ï

B D c � D =�= EöY;��Q¢*? � DHU <C� µ G eµ S �Q¢*? Ë @CP)� E Ë =�e

3IH 4 û�ü.ý�� üKJ0J�ý = Ò $!x�m�t Õ�ï] DHE D =,= EöQ;��Q¢*? � DHU <C� µ G eµ S �Q¢*? Ë @VPQ� E Ë =�e

� ����� B D c � ;(J G ��� D ]3;ZPQ� E �a< DHG @C;QB @>? I e

fq¯

Page 14: DHG E D G - Lehmancomet.lehman.cuny.edu/stjohn/teaching/dbSpr02/ullmanSlidesF00/sli… · dhg @>pq #r; u e¶dhg e?2_ 2 _ 2 ñ d bd= e ¯ e v;zlr w? g dze q d = = @ @vpq #r; u e¶dhg

L ²3j ß���������± M �� �àZ£�W��²3���¿ < [ �O] E.D ïf e   D ?0@>? DHEÏ[QS c �2B G ?ON��e À DW� ?A;(J{`b;QBÇ? GTEÏS ` G @CB [ �a¥ U�E �W?�?0@C;QBÇ?Fe� ; ENE �a< DHG @C;QB D < D < [ �O] E.D �f e ¿ E�[)S c �2B G ?Xï P DHE @ D ]!<C�W? ? G�D BÇ=�@CB [ JÍ; E E �F< DHG @C;)Bd?

N Î B@ G �Q_6`b;QBd? G�D B GNE �a< DHG @C;QBÇ?Fe��e ��¥ U,E �W?Ï?0@C;QBd? `a;QBd? GTE�S ` G �W= ] � DZU�U < � @CB [ ;QB�� ;(J

G ��� ; U � E¶DHG ; E ? N U3DHE �2B G ���W?T�W?Fe� P S � EÏ� ï �a¥ U�E �W?�?0@C;QB ;(J E �F< DHG @C;)B D < D < [ �2] E¶D e

f Â

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M �� �àH£��²kà � àH ��� ��� ����4 ����� B�; E c D <ÛL Dê� G ; [QE ; S�U ; U � E.DHG ; E ?�@>?F�f e ã B DHEÏ� ; U � E¶DHG ; E ? ð�_I�{_ D Bd= 3 � D P)� �!@ [ ���W? G

U�E �W`b�W=£�OBd`b�Qe��e � �a¥ G �!@ [ ���W? G DHE � G �,� QTc S < G @ U <¡@>` DHG @>PQ�#R; U � E¶DHG ; E ?2_ �2 _ �2 ñ _ D Bd= � e¯ e �v;ZLR�W? G DZE � G ��� Q D =�=�@ G @VPQ�#R ; U � E¶DHG ; E ?F_«Ô�_TS�_ D Bd=Ö e�   S�GNG �,� E � @>? B�; S B!@VPQ� E ? D < DH[QE �2�2c �2B G _,?�; LR�

D <CL DW� ? U�S,GAU6DHE �OB G ����?��W? '(ÐϨª�n13- G ��� DHE�[)S c �2B G;(J D S B DHEÏ� ; U � E¶DHG ; E _ D Bd= @ G @>? D [ ;�;n= @>=£� D G ;[QE ; S�U D <K< ]@CB DHEÏ� ; U � E.DZG ; E ?XL�@ G � U3DHE �2B G �,�W?���?+2135W K¨Hé.$Ñ1�ì G ���a@ E DHEÏ[QS c �OB G ?2e

g hikj ���� U E ; S�U I Ô ð9? �2 V D ?XI Ô Ò�ð�ÒW?©Õ �2 V Õ�e

f ¼

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