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Developments and Applications of Optical Parametric Devices Title of Lecture #1: Development of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Time: 2:30-4:45 PM, Tue., August 1, 2006 Title of Lecture #2: Applications of OPA in Ultra-sensitive Detection and Other Non-academic Fields Time: 2:30-4:45 PM, wed., August 2, 2006 Jing-Yuan Zhang (张景园) 国家自然科学基金委员会 数理学部实验物理讲习班

Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

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Page 1: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Developments and Applications of Optical Parametric Devices

Title of Lecture #1:Development of Optical ParametricDevices as Tunable SourcesTime: 2:30-4:45 PM, Tue., August 1, 2006

Title of Lecture #2:Applications of OPA in Ultra-sensitiveDetection and Other Non-academic FieldsTime: 2:30-4:45 PM, wed., August 2, 2006

Jing-Yuan Zhang (张景园)

国家

自然

科学

基金

委员

数理

学部

实验

物理

讲习

Page 2: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Development of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources

Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Physics Department and the Laboratory for Nonlinear Optics

Georgia Southern UniversityStatesboro, GA 30460

E-mail: [email protected]

August 1, 2006

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Page 3: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Outline1. Why do nonlinear-optical effects occur2. Maxwell's equations in a medium3. Second-harmonic generation3. Sum- and difference-frequency generation4. Second-order and higher-order nonlinear optics5. Phase-matching and Conservation laws for phot6. Optical parametric processes as a tunable sourc7. Current status of optical parametric devices8. Application of parametric devices in laser TV

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Page 4: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Why do nonlinear-optical effects occur?• Recall that, in normal linear optics, a light wave acts on a molecule,

which vibrates and then emits its own light wave that interferes with the original light wave.

We can also imagine thisprocess in terms of the

molecular energy levels,using arrows for the

photon energies:

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Page 5: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Why do nonlinear-optical effects occur? (continued)Now, suppose the irradiance is high enough that many molecules are excited to the higher-energy state. This state can then act as the lower level for additional excitation. This yields vibrations at all frequencies corresponding to all energy differences between populated states.

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Page 6: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

ABC of Nonlinear Optics and OPA• Nonlinear Optics and SHG/SFG/DFG/OPG

The electric polarization becomes nonlinear at high E-field:

P (t) = εοχ(1)E(t) + χ(2) E2 (t) + χ(3)E3(t) + ...

P (w) = εο Σχij(ωm) (1) E(ωn) + Σχ ijk(2)(ωm, ωn)Ej (ωm)Ek(ωn)

+ Σχ ijkl(3)(ωm,ωn, ωo)Ej (ωm) Ek(ωn) Eo(ωo) + ...

E-field of a high-power laser pulse:I = 10-50 GW/cm2 E = 3-6 x108 V/m

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Page 7: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Second-order nonlinear-optical effects

Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)

Sum Frequency Generation (SFG)

Electro-Optics (E-O)

Optical Rectification (OR)

Difference Frequency Generation (DFG)

Optical Parametric Generation/Amplification (OPG/OPA)

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Page 8: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Term Σχijk(2)(ωm , ωn)Ej (ωm)Ek(ωn) is responsible to all of the

three-wave second order of nonlinear optical effects, including second harmonic generation (SHG: ω + ω =2ω), sum-frequency generation (SFG: ω1 + ω2 = ω3), difference frequency generation (DFG: ω1 − ω2 = ω3), or optical parametric processes (OPG/OPA and OPO: ω1 = ω2 + ω3):

ω1 SHG: ω1 + ω1 =2ω1

ω2 SFG: ω1 + ω2 = ω3

DFG: ω1 − ω2 = ω3

Nonlinear Optical medium

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Page 9: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Maxwell Eq. for Second Harmonic Generation (SHG)

Equations for SHG:

2(2) *1

1 2 321 1

2(2) *2

2 1 322 2

2(2) 3

3 1 223 3

1v 2

1v 2

1v 2

i k z

g

i k z

g

i k z

g

E i E E ez t c k

E i E E ez t c k

E i E E ez t c k

ωχ

ωχ

ωχ

Δ ⋅

Δ ⋅

− Δ ⋅

⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

where:ki = wave vector of ith waveΔk = k1 + k2 - k3vgi = group velocity of ith wave

The solutions for E1 and E2involve exponential gain!

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Page 10: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Phase-matching in second-harmonic generation

How does phase-matching affect SHG? It’s a major effect, another important reason you just don’t see SHG—or any other nonlinear-optical effects—every day.

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Page 11: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

We can now satisfy the phase-matching condition.

Use the extraordinary polarizationfor ω and the ordinary for 2ω.

Phase-matching second-harmonic generation using birefringence

Birefringent materials have different refractive indices for different polarizations. Ordinary and extraordinary refractive indicescan be different by up to ~0.1 for SHG crystals.

(2 ) ( )o en nω ω= ω 2ωFrequency

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

ne

on

ne depends on propagation angle, so we can tune for a given ω.Some crystals have ne < no, so the opposite polarizations work.

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Page 12: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Noncollinear SHG phase-matching

0

ˆ2 cos

2 ( )cos

pol

pol

k k k k z

k nc

θ

ω ω θ

′= + =

⇒ =

2 (2 )sigo

k ncω ω=

(2 ) ( ) cosn nω ω θ=

ˆˆcos sink k z k xθ θ= −

ˆˆcos sink k z k xθ θ′ = +

z

x

But: So the phase-matching condition becomes:

θθ

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Page 13: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

First demonstration of second-harmonic generation• P.A. Franken, et al, Physical Review Letters 7, p. 118 (1961)

The second-harmonic beam was very weak because the process was not phase-matched.

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Page 14: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

First demonstration of SHG: the dataThe actual published results…

Input beamThe second harmonic

Note that the very weak spot due to the second harmonic is missing. It was removed by an overzealous Physical Review Letters editor,who thought it was a speck of dirt.

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Page 15: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

SHG efficiency

22 0( , ) exp( 2)sinc( 2)

2LE L t i P i kL kL

kω μ ω

= − Δ Δ

2 (2) 2 2 22 20

2 30

( ) ( ) sinc ( 2)2

I LI kLc n

ωω η ω χ

= Δ

I 2ω

Iω =2η0ω 2d 2I ω L2

c02n3

28 2[5 10 / ]I W I L

I

ωω

ω−≈ ×

The second-harmonic field is given by:

The irradiance will be:

Dividing by the input irradiance to obtain the SHG efficiency:

Substituting in typical numbers:

Take Δk = 0

d ∝ χ (2), and includes crystal additional parameters.

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Page 16: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Sinusoidal dependence of SHG intensity on length

Large Δk Small Δk

Notice how the intensity is created as the beam passes through the crystal, but, if Δk isn’t zero, newly created light is out of phase with previously created light, causing cancellation.

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Page 17: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Serious second-harmonic generation

Frequency-doublingKDP crystals atLawrence LivermoreNational Laboratory

These crystals convertas much as 80% of theinput light to its secondharmonic. Then additionalcrystals produce thethird harmonic withsimilar efficiency!

These guys are serious!

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Page 18: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Even higher intensities!

National Ignition Facility (under construction)

192 shaped pulses; 1.8 MJ total energy

Nova

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Page 19: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Even Higher Intensities!

National Ignition Facility (under construction)

192 shaped pulses10.4 kJ per beam in UV (done)21 kJ per beam in IR (done)>1.8 MJ total energy (planned)Pulses 0.2 to 25 ns in length

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Page 20: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

I

Δk

Phase-matching bandwidth

Phase-matching only works exactly for one wavelength, say λ0. Since ultrashort pulses have lots of bandwidth, achieving approximate phase-matching for all frequencies is a big issue.

The range of wavelengths (or frequencies) that achieve approximate phase-matching is the phase-matching bandwidth.

[ ]4( ) ( ) ( / 2)k n nπλ λ λλ

Δ = −

0λ 0

2λWavelength

Ref

ract

ive

inde

x

ne

no

2 2( ) ( / ) sinc ( / 2)sigI L L k Lλ∝ Δ

Recall that the intensity out of an SHG crystal of length L is:

where:

( ) )/ 2 (n nλ λ≠

λ

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Page 21: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Group-velocity mismatch of SHG of ultra-short lasers

Inside the crystal the two different wavelengths have different group velocities.

Define the Group-Velocity Mismatch (GVM):

0 0

1 1v ( / 2) v ( )g g

GVMλ λ

≡ −

Crystal

As the pulse enters the crystal:

As the pulseleaves the crystal:

Second harmonic createdjust as pulse enters crystal(overlaps the input pulse)

Second harmonic pulse lagsbehind input pulse due to GVM

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Page 22: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Group-velocity mismatch (GVM)

0 / ( )v ( )1 ( )

( )

gc n

nn

λλ λ λλ

=′−

0 0 0 00 0

0 0 0 0

( / 2) / 2 ( )1 ( / 2) 1 ( )( / 2) ( )

n nn nc n c n

λ λ λ λλ λλ λ

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤′ ′= − − −⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

00 0

0

1( ) ( / 2)2

GVM n ncλ λ λ⎡ ⎤′ ′= −⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

Calculating GVM:

0

1 ( ) 1 ( )v ( ) ( )g

n nc nλ λ λ

λ λ⎡ ⎤′= −⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

So:

0 0

1 1v ( / 2) v ( )g g

GVMλ λ

≡ −

x xx x x xBut we only care about GVM when n(λ0/2) = n(λ0)

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Page 23: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Group-velocity mismatch lengthens

the SH pulse.

Assuming that a very short pulse enters the crystal, the length of the , SH pulse, δ t, will be determined by the difference in light-travel times through the crystal:

δ t =L

v g(λ0 / 2)−

Lv g(λ0 )

= L GVM

Crystal

L GVM << τ pWe always try to satisfy:

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Page 24: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

L /LD

Group-velocity mismatch pulse lengthening of ultra-short laser pulses

Second-harmonic pulse shape for different crystal lengths:

It’s best to use a very thin crystal. Sub-100-micron crystalsare common for fs-laser.

LD ≡τ p

GVM

Inputpulseshape

LD is the crystal length that doubles the pulse length.

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Page 25: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Group-velocity mismatch numbers国家

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Page 26: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Group-velocity mismatch limits bandwidth.Let’s compute the second-harmonic bandwidth due to GVM.

Take the SH pulse to have a Gaussian intensity, for which δt δν = 0.44. Rewriting in terms of the wavelength,

δt δλ = δt δν [dν/dλ]–1 = 0.44 [dν/dλ]–1 = 0.44 λ2/c0

where we’ve neglected the minus sign since we’re computing the bandwidth, which is inherently positive. So the bandwidth is:

01

0 02

0.44 /( ) ( / 2)FWHM

Ln n

λδλλ λ

≈′ ′−

Calculating the bandwidth by considering the GVM yields the sameresult as the phase-matching bandwidth!

2 20 0 0 00.44 / 0.44 /

FWHMc c

t L GVMλ λδλ

δ≈ = 0

0 00

1( ) ( / 2)2

GVM n ncλ λ λ⎡ ⎤′ ′= −⎢ ⎥⎣ ⎦

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Page 27: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Alternative method for phase-matching: periodic poling

Recall that the second-harmonic phase alternates every coherence length when phase-matching is not achieved, which is always the case for the same polarizations—whose nonlinearity is much higher.

Periodic poling solves this problem. But such complex crystals are hard to grow and have only recently become available.

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Page 28: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Phase-matching = Conservation laws for photons in nonlinear optics

Adding the frequencies:

is the same as energy conservation if we multiply both sides by ħ:

1 2 3 4 5 sigω ω ω ω ω ω+ + − + =

1 2 3 4 5 sigk k k k k k+ + − + =

1 2 3 4 5 sigω ω ω ω ω ω+ + − + =

1 2 3 4 5 sigk k k k k k+ + − + =polk

ωsig

So phase-matching is equivalent to conservation of energy and momentum!

Adding the k’s conserves momentum:

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Page 29: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

ω1

ω1

ω3

ω2 = ω3 − ω1

Parametric Down-Conversion(Difference-frequency generation)

Optical Parametric Oscillation (OPO)

ω3

ω2

"signal"

"idler"

By convention:ωsignal > ωidler

Difference-Frequency Generation: Optical Parametric Generation, Amplification, Oscillation

ω1

ω3 ω2

Optical Parametric Amplification (OPA)

ω1

ω1

ω3ω2

Optical Parametric Generation (OPG)

Difference-frequency generation takes many useful forms.

mirror mirror

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Page 30: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Maxwell Eq. for Optical Parametric Amplification

Equations are just about identical to those for SHG:

2(2) *1

1 2 321 1

2(2) *2

2 1 322 2

2(2) 3

3 1 223 3

1v 2

1v 2

1v 2

i k z

g

i k z

g

i k z

g

E i E E ez t c k

E i E E ez t c k

E i E E ez t c k

ωχ

ωχ

ωχ

Δ ⋅

Δ ⋅

− Δ ⋅

⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

⎛ ⎞∂ ∂+ = −⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟∂ ∂⎝ ⎠

where:ki = wave vector of ith waveΔk = k1 + k2 - k3vgi = group velocity of ith wave

The solutions for E1 and E2involve exponential gain!

OPA’s etc. are ideal uses of ultrashort pulses, whose intensities are high.

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Page 31: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Gain of OPA

G=Is(L)/Is(0)=(1/4)e2ΓL when ΔK=0

where

Γ2=(8π2d2eff Ip)/(ninsnp λiλsλpεοC)

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Page 32: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

Phase-matching curves a BBO-based OPA by angle-tuning (type I: o+o e and type II:

o+e e) pumped at 355 nm国

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Non-critical Phase-matching: T-tuningWe can vary the crystal angle in the usual manner, or we can vary the crystal temperature (since n depends on T).

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Dye laser as a tunable source国家

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Optical configuration of国家

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Optical Parametric Generation/Amplification and Oscillation

(OPG/OPA and OPO)Nanosecond OPO

Key Features

• Tunable output from 410 nm to 2 μm with several linewidth and energy options

• Master Oscillator/Power Oscillator design for highest conversion efficiency and mode quality

• Active feedback loops ensure day-to-day peak performance

• Automated control electronics • A single set of proprietary dichroic mirrors

separate the signal and idler beams across the entire tuning range

• Beam lock technique provides active stabilization of beam pointing and UV energy

• Integral frequency doubler (FDO) bolts directly to the MOPO baseplate

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Optical configuration of picosecond-OPA

PS-YAG SHG THG

BBO-1 BBO-2HM-4 BBO-3 BBO-4

DM1

BS

BD

HM1-3

DM2-3

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Traveling Wave PS/FS OPA/OPA

Key Features

•Tunable from 1.1 μm to 3.0 μm with no tuning hole in output •Optional harmonic and difference frequency-mixing accessories extend tuning range from <300 nm to >10 μm •Sum frequency mixing option •Pulse-to-pulse stability with kHz repetition rates •Type II phase matching of the OPA crystal (BBO) produces near transform limited output and allows tuning through degeneracy point •Two-stage amplifier design with unique pump beams for each amplification stage •Sub-50 fs and sub-90 fs pulse widths available •Picosecond option with <25 cm-1 linewidth •Capable of dual OPA operation with single Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier •Operation with fs or ps output or with different pumping energies

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Recent development of OPG/OPA in the ultra-short pulse duration

**8-fs OPA: with a bandwidth of ~660-800 nm, G. Cerullo et al. Optics Letters, 23, 1283, 1998

**~5-fs OPA with a bandwidth of ~600-800 nm, T. Kobayashi’s group, Optics Letters, April, 2002 White-light (bandwidth of 700 nm) OPA---potential for <3-fs

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NOPA specs国家

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Commercial All Solid Optical Parametric Systems as Tunable Sources国

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Optical Parametric Generation of IR

Recent results using the nonlinear medium,periodically poledRbTiOAsO4

Sibbett, et al., Opt. Lett., 22, 1397 (1997).

signal:

idler:

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Recent development of OPG/OPA in the tuning range:

1.Extension to UV (266-nm-pumped CLBO)J. Y. Zhang, Y. F. Kong, Z. Xu (许祖彦)and D. Shen (沈德中), “Optical parametric properties of UV pumped cesium lithium borate crystals ", Applied Optics, Vol. 41, pp. 251-258 (2002)Tuning range: 347nm—1137nmOptical efficiency: 11%

2. Extension to Far-IR & THZ (1064-pumped GaSe)C.-W. Chen, Y.-K. Hsu, J. Y. Huang, C.S. Chang, C.-L. Pan, J.-Y. Zhang, "Intense Picosecond Infrared Pulses Tunable from 2.4 μm to 38 μm for Nonlinear Optics Application", (Presented at JQEC and CLEO-Pacific-Rim, paper CFI3-1, Tokyo, Japan, July 11-15, 2005)Y.-K. Hsu C.-W. Chen, J. Y. Huang, C.S. Chang, C.-L. Pan, J.-Y. Zhang, “Erbium doped GaSe crystal for mid-IR applications”, (Optics Express, 14, 2006)C.-W. Chen, Y.-K. Hsu, J. Y. Huang, C.S. Chang, C.-L. Pan, J.-Y. Zhang, “Parametric gain dominated picosecond infrared light source tuning from 2.4 μm to 38 μm by difference frequency generation in GaSe”, (Optics Express, to be published)

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12:00

Frequency (Hz)108 109 1010 1011 1012 1013 1014 1015 1016 1017

Radio Microwave Infrared UV X-raysT-rays

Visible

ν = 1 THz λ = 300 μm

Terahertz radiation (“T-rays”).

THz light has very unusual absorption properties.

hν = 33 cm-1 T = 48 K4.1 meV

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Generation of free-space THz pulses using ultrashort pulses

radiated THz waveDC bias

photoconductive switchfemtosecond optical beam

A fs pulse induces conductivity in a biased photoconductive switch.

When the pulse is on, current flows. Accelerating charges emit light.

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THz yields a time-domain spectrometer

Scanning optical delay line

THzTransmitter

Current preamplifier

A/D converter & DSP

THzDetector

DC bias

Femtosecond Laser

Sample

Simply measuring

the THz spectrum

before and after a

sample tells us its

absorption spectrum

in the THz range.

THz has been used to measure species in a flame (Grischkowski and coworkers).

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THz sees the metal leads through the plastic packaging.~ 0.25 millimeter spatial resolutionUseful for fault detection, delamination

Visible image

THz image of a semiconductor integrated circuit

THz image

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THz imaging of tooth decay

M. Pepper, Teraview Ltd.

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50 mm

paraffin

metastasis

healthy tissue

Optical image of a liver sample containing tumors

THz image: 0.2 - 0.5 THz

M. Koch, TU Braunschweig

THz imaging for tumor detectionTumors appear to have different THz absorption

properties from normal tissue.

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Plant is allowed to dry somewhat, and then wateredAs the leaf rehydrates, THz transmission decreases

Proof of principle experiment:

AfterBefore

After watering

0 10 20 30 40 500

10

20

30

% tr

ansm

issi

on

position (mm)

Before watering

Changes smaller than 1% are detectable

Water content in a living leaf国家

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THz (0.1-10 THz) Generation by Difference Frequency Generation (DFG)

Ns-YAG SHG

OPO

GP

GaSeTHz detector

W. Shi, Y. J. Ding, X. Mu, and N. Fernelius, Appl. Phys. Lett. 80, 3889 (2002).W. Shi and Y. J. Ding, Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 1635 (2004).

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THz generation by optical rectification

OSC. Stretcher Regen

Amp Compressor

Bolometer

G1

G2

1.5 kw, 0.7-2.0 THz, ps, Daniel. F. Gordon et al. Optics Express, 14, 6815, 2006

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Effect of Er-doping on THz-DFG in GaSe crystal

Optical Configuration of DFG for generating high-power, picosecond FIR/THz

OPA

Delay

Delay

ND filter

psNd:YAG

Laser

355 nm

λp=1.064μm

GaSe

Ge filter

MCT detector

PBSλs=1.1-1.7μm

M3

M7

M10

M11

M12

M8

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Phase matching curve for Type-I GaSe crystal pumped at 1064-nm

30 40 50 60 70 80 90

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Theoretical Experimental

Out

put W

avel

engt

h (μ

m)

External PM Angle (degrees)

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(a) (b)

Fig. 2. X-Ray rocking curves of the diffraction peak from the (008) plane of the pure GaSe and 0.5% Er:GaSe crystals.

*

22.5 22.8 23.1

FWHM=0.0250

(90 arcsecond)

XRD

Inte

nsity

(arb

. uni

ts)θ (degrees)

0.5% Er:GaSe

22.5 22.8 23.1

FWHM=0.020

(72 arcsecond)

XRD

Inte

nsity

(arb

. uni

ts)

θ (degrees)

pure GaSe国家

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Absorption and doping in GaSe

*

0 5 10 15 20 250.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.10.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8 pure GaSe 0.5% Er:GaSe

Tran

smitt

ance

Wavelength (μm)

pure GaSe 0.5% Er:GaSe

Tran

smitt

ance

Wavelength(μm)Infrared transmission spectra of the pure and 0.5% Er:GaSe crystals. Inset, optical transmission spectra of the pure and 0.5% Er:GaSe crystals at near infrared region.

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Generation of Tunable Far-IR in GaSe

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

0.01

0.1

1

10

Pu

lse

Ener

gy (μ

J)

Output Wavelength (μm)

pure GaSe 0.2% Er:GaSe 0.5% Er:GaSe

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Doping and Optical Efficiency in DFG

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.60.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0Ef

ficie

ncy(

%)

Energy/Pulse(μJ)

0.5% Er:GaSe pure GaSe

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Why Thin and Large Screen Laser-TV?国家

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Demands for large screen TV has been increasing and only laser-TV can provide >80” screen国

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Consumer’s needs are the fuel国家

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Advantages of Laser TV--- RGB Generation

Lasers have long been recognized for their potential as illumination sources for projection applications due to their wide color gamut and high light energy efficiency

Advantages of laser TV:• Laser enables thin, sculpted, modern look• Laser enables large, lightweight, efficient design• Laser provides the most precise light source available• Widest range of colors of any display technology• Color gamut (>90%) 1.8x standard LCD (58%) displays

1.3x NTSC(78%), and 3.3x plasma (30%) displays• Pure deep colors ( Ultra High Color Intensity)• Laser enables unrivaled picture quality• Laser enables large-screen

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Chromaticity diagram according to CIE 1931, taken from efg's Computer Lab, page on chromaticity diagrams, with friendly permission from Earl F. Glynn. His webpage contains more information on different kinds of chromaticity diagrams.

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激光显示与传统电视色域的比较

Advantages of Laser TVAdvantages of Laser TV

TVTV

激光激光显示显示

电视电视

激光显示激光显示Wavelength( nm )

400 500 600 700

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

a.u.

红红

绿绿蓝蓝

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Schematics of RGB Laser-TV国家

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Optical configuration for OPA-based RGB generation

Laser-I @1.06 μm Laser-II @1.34 μ[email protected] μm

SHG SFG

SHG

SFG

532 nm 628 nm 447 nm

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A very thin 100-inch Laser TV国家

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100”, thin wall-hanging laser-TV国家

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Laser-based projection system displays high definition television (HDTV) images on 20 ft. screen. (Courtesy of

COLOR )国

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Using DPSS and OPO technology for RGB generation

* Modulation: Reflective liquid crystal display technology * Pump source: Near-IR by DPSS in vanadate (Nd:YVO4) laser * RGB generation:

(a) OPO pumped by DPSS at 1.0-μm to generate 1.5- μm beam; (b) SFG of 1.5- μm beam with 1.0-μm to generate pulsed 628 nm

emission with an average power of 10 W (c) SHG of vanadate (Nd:YVO4) laser capable of producing 13

W at 532 nm. (d) A second Nd:YVO4 laser operating at third harmonic (SHG+SFG)

produces 7 W of output at 447 nm * Brightness: exceeds 10,000 lumens, reduced by 2/3 as it passes

through the projection system, * Effective luminance: 3000 ANSI lumens at the screen * Resolution: 1600 x 1200 DPI; * Contrast ratio: as high as 1700:1 (500:1 for lamp-based systems) * Video bandwidth: as high as 150 MHz

Data from COLOR’s Color-Vision System

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---- 参加国家十五重大科技成就展、上海国际工业博览会、参加国家十五重大科技成就展、上海国际工业博览会、

国家科技创新成就展国家科技创新成就展

----20052005年年1111月获上海国际工业博览会创新奖月获上海国际工业博览会创新奖

中科院物理所许祖彦院中科院物理所许祖彦院

士小组的研究成果士小组的研究成果

(2004(2004--2005)2005)140英寸

60英寸

84英寸

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最新最新(2006.5)(2006.5)的研究成果的研究成果 关键技术突破,关键技术突破,

达到实用化水平达到实用化水平

200英寸Recent Specification:R: 8 W (21.7 W)@660nmG: 3.5 W (30W)@532nmB: 5 W (6.3 W)@440nmSize: 200-inch (4mx3m)Brightness: 1500 lumen

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单 位红光(nm)

绿光(nm)

蓝光(nm)

色 域( %NTSC)

覆盖率(%)

253.4253.4 79.279.267.0

65.4

69.367.3

瑞士 ETH 603 515 450 169.0 54.8

214.4

209.4

221.7215.5

中国科学院中国科学院 669669 515515 440440日本 SONY 642 532 457

德国 LDT 628 532 446

美国 LPC 656 532 457美国 Q-peak 628 524 449

与国际激光显示采用的色域的比较(计算结果)

色 域:235.1% NTSC235.1% NTSC色域覆盖率:73.6%73.6%本成果色域 测量结果测量结果: 国际最大国际最大

中科院激光电视与已有技术的比较中科院激光电视与已有技术的比较国家

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Page 74: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

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Page 75: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

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Page 76: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

• Tuning range of OPO/OPGOPA:Visible: 405-2500 nm (355-nm pumped BBO, LBO) J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang and Y. R. Shen, Applied Physics Letters, 58, 213 (1990); J. Y. Huang, J. Y. Zhang and Y. R. Shen, Applied Physics Letters, 57, 1961 (1990);Near/mid-IR:1.2-8.5 μm (1064-nm pumped LiNbO3, AgGaS2) J. Y. Zhang et al., 1990, J. Y. Zhang, et al. 1995Far-IR/THz: 0.2-10 THz, 200W at 1.5 THz ns W. Shi, Y. J. Ding et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 8.0, 3889, 2002);

4-10 THz, 5KW, ps, C. W. Chen and J. Y. Zhang et al, 2005 CLEO; Optics Express, 14, 5484, 2006;1.5 kw, 0.7-2.0 THz, ps, Daniel. F. Gordon et al. Optics Express, 14, 6815, 2006

• Bandwidth of OPO/OPG/OPA:ns-OPO: 0.1-1.0 cm-1; ps-OPG/OPA: 1-10 cm-1;(J. Y. Zhang, 1990)fs-OPG/OPA: 103 cm-1; (Akira Shirakawa, Takayoshi Kobayashi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 147-149(1998).We have increased to 13,400 cm-1 (J. Y. Zhang et al., 2004)

• Pulse duration of OPO/OPG/OPA :Nano-second OPO (3-5 ns)Picosecond OPG/OPA (10-20 ps)Femtosecond OPG/OPA (5-150 fs) (Akira Shirakawa, Takayoshi Kobayashi, “Sub-10-fs tunable pulses in visible and NIR and visible sub-5-fs pulses generated by noncollinear OPA”, J. Luminescence, 87-89, 119-120(2000). Potentially can be reduced to ~2-3 fs

Summary of Optical Parametric Devices国家

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Page 77: Developments and Applications of Optical …wls.iphy.ac.cn/chinese/1219/1/qyzj/zhangjingyuan_1.pdfDevelopment of Optical Parametric Devices as Tunable Sources Prof. Dr. Jing-Yuan Zhang

• J. Y. Huang, J. Y. Zhang and Y. R. Shen, "A new, high power, widely tunable picosecond coherent light source from optical parametric amplification in barium borate", Applied Physics Letters, 57, 1961 (1990);

• J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang and Y. R. Shen, "Picosecond optical parametric amplification in lithium triborate", Applied Physics Letters, 58, 213 (1990); • H. Zhou, J. Y. Zhang, T. Chen, C. Chen and Y. R. Shen, "A picosecond, narrow-band, widely tunable optical parametric oscillator using a temperature-

tuned lithium borate crystal", Applied Physics Letters, 62, 1457 (1993);• J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang, Y. R. Shen and C. T. Chen, "Optical Parametric Generation and Amplification in Barium Borate and Lithium Triborate

Crystals", (Invited paper) J. Opt. Soc. Am.: B. 10, 1758-1764 (1993);• J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang and Y. R. Shen, "Optical Parametric Generation and Amplification" (An International Handbook on Laser Science and

Technology) Edited by V.S. Letokhov, C. V. Shank, Y. R. Shen and H. Walther ( Harwood Academic Publishers, Feb., 1995); • Zuyan Xu, J. Y. Zhang, Chaowen Yu, Yufei Kong and Daoqun Deng, "Femtosecond traveling-wave optical parametric amplifier with BBO", Chinese

Journal of Lasers, Vol. A23, No.8, 678, 1996;• K. S. Wong, , H. Wang, G. K. Wong and J. Y. Zhang, "KHz Visible Femtosecond parametric generation and amplification in BBO and LBO crystals",

Applied Optics, Vol. 36, 1889, (1997);• J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang and Y. R. Shen, "Picosecond optical parametric amplification in lithium triborate" SPIE Milestone Series and Optical

Parametric Oscillators and Amplifiers, Edited by J. H. Hunt (1997);• J. Y. Huang, J. Y. Zhang and Y. R. Shen, "A new, high power, widely tunable picosecond coherent light source from optical parametric amplification in

barium borate", SPIE Milestone Series and Optical Parametric Oscillators and Amplifiers, Edited by J. H. Hunt (1997);• H. Zhou, J. Y. Zhang, T. Chen, C. Chen and Y. R. Shen, "A picosecond, narrow-band, widely tunable optical parametric oscillator using a temperature-

tuned lithium borate crystal", SPIE Milestone Series and Optical Parametric Oscillators and Amplifiers, Edited by J. H. Hunt (1997);• J. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Huang, K. S. Wong, H. Wang, and G. K. Wong, "Second harmonic generation from Regeneratively Amplified femtosecond laser

pulses in BBO and LBO crystals", Journal of Optical Society of America B, Vol. 15, Jan., 200-209 (1998);• J. Y. Zhang, Z. Y. Xu, Y. F. Kong , Chaowen Yu, and Yichen Wu, "Highly efficient, widely tunable, 10-Hz parametric amplifier pumped by frequency-

doubled femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser pulses", Applied Optics, Vol. 37, No. 15, May 20, 3299-3305 (1998); • D. Zhang, Y. F. Kong J. Y. Zhang, “Optical parametric properties of 532-nm-pumped BBO near the infrared absorption edge”, Optics Communications,

184, 485-491 (2000);• J. Y. Zhang Y. F. Kong, Z. Xu and D. Shen, “Optical parametric properties of UV pumped cesium lithium borate crystals ", Applied Optics, Vol. 41, pp.

251-258 (2002);• Chao-Kuei Lee, Jing-Yuan Zhang, J. Y. Huang and Ci-Ling Pan, “Generation of femtosecond laser pulses tunable from 380 nm to 465 nm via cascaded

nonlinear optical mixing in a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier with a type-I phase matched BBO crystal,” Optics Express 11, 1702-1708 (2003);• Chao-Kuei. Lee, Jung Y. John Huang and Ci-Ling Pan, Jing-Yuan Zhang, “Theoretical and experimental studies of tunable UV/blue femtosecond pulses

in a 405-nm pumped type-I β-BaB2O4 non-collinear optical parametric amplifier and cascading sum-frequency generation”, Journal of Optical Society of America B, 21, 1494-1499 (2004).

• Yu-Kuei Hsu, Ching-Wei Chen, Jung Y. Huang, Ci-Ling Pan, and Jing-Yuan Zhang,” Erbium doped GaSe crystal for mid-IR applications”, Optics Express, 14, 5484-5491, 2006.

• X. H. Chen, X. F. Han, Y. X. Weng, Jing-Yuan Zhang, “Transient Spectrometer for Near-IR Fluorescence Based on Parametric Frequency Up-Conversion”, (accepted for publication at Appl. Phys. Lett., 2006);

• Ching-Wei Chen, Yu-Kuei Hsu, Jung Y. Huang, Ci-Ling Pan, and Jing-Yuan Zhang, “Parametric gain dominated picosecond infrared light source tuning from 2.4 μm to 38 μm by difference frequency generation in GaSe”, (Optics Express, to be published, 2006)

• X. H. Chen, X. F. Han, Y. X. Weng, Jing-Yuan Zhang, “Characteristic of OPA-based ultra-sensitive femtosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectrometer”, (submitted to Optics Express, 2006)

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