Developmental Psychology Chapter One

8/17/2019 Developmental Psychology Chapter One

1/34

BASIC CONCEPTS AND NATURE OF

DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

CHAPTER TWO


2/34


3/34

INTRODUCTION

• Developmental psychology !sa )ranch o psychology #h!ch

$eals #!th st%$y!ng$evelopmental changes oh%man an$ an!mal )ehav!or


4/34

DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY AS A

BRANCH OF PSYCHOLOGY

Un!t One


5/34

Defnition n! De"#$i%tion o&De'e(o%)ent( P"*#+o(o,*

• Psychology !s the sc!ence o h%man an$an!mal )ehav!or*

• It !s a sc!ence that see+s to %n$erstan$

an$ pre$!ct h%man an$ an!mal )ehav!or• The 'el$ o h%man $evelopment !s

regar$e$ as $evelopmental psychology

• The )ranches o $evelopmental

psychology are ch!l$• $evelopment or ch!l$ psychology, a$olescent

psychology an$ a$%lthoo$ psychology


6/34

• Ch!l$ psychology !s the centre o$evelopmental psychology s!nce)ehav!or $evelops rap!$ly !n the

ch!l$hoo$ state• A$olescent psychology an$ a$%lthoo$

psychology $eal #!th $evelopmental

changes, character!st!cs an$pro)lems that occ%r espec!ally !na$olescence an$ a$%lthoo$ per!o$s


7/34

• Developmental psychology thereore !sa )ranch o psychology that st%$!es

$evelopmental changes cover!ng

the l!e span rom concept!on to $eath• &cholars an$ a%thor!t!es l!+e H-$(o#.

/10 $e'ne$ $evelopmentalpsychology as the ontogenet!c st%$y o

the $evelopment o organ!sm romconcept!on thro%gh ch!l$hoo$,a$olescent, a$%lt an$ %nt!l $eath


8/34

• Apart rom st%$y!ng chronolog!calan$ mental ages o h%man)e!ngs, !t reg%lates the str%ct%ral,

%nct!onal an$ )ehav!oral changesthat occ%r !n h%mans )eoremat%r!ty*

• Recently $evelopmentalpsycholog!sts !$ent!'e$ s!- ma.oro).ect!ves accor$!ng to H-$(o#.


9/34

• These o).ect!ves are to 'n$ o%t/

What the common an$ character!st!cage changes !n appearance, )ehav!or,

!nterests, an$ goals rom one$evelopment per!o$ to another

When these changes occ%r*

What ca%ses the changes Ho# they )ehave

Whether they can or cannot )epre$!cte$0 a


10/34

• The goal o $evelopmental psychology !s to !$ent!yho# the !n$!v!$%al $evelops cogn!t!vely an$a1ect!vely !n a$$!t!on to motor $evelopmentrom pre2natal stage to a$%lt stage or ol$ age

• DP !s a spec!al )ranch o psychology an$ mentalprocesses #h!ch !nvolves gro#th an$

$evelopmental changes !n terms o/ – $!1erent!at!on

–

(at%rat!on – learn!ng, !ntegrat!on o )!olog!cal

– cogn!t!ve an$ a1ect!ve processes 3A+!n)oye et al45678


11/34

H-)n De'e(o%)ent( C+n,e"

• The $evelopmental changes !nh%man )e!ngs are categor!9e$ !ntochanges !n s!9e, proport!on an$

$!sappearance o ol$ eat%res

• The h%man )e!ng !s never stat!crather he !s %n$ergo!ng constant

changes


12/34

• At every chronolog!cal age some changesman!est at the )eg!nn!ng #h!le others

are at the!r pea+ an$ some are

$ecl!n!ng• These changes occ%r/

– phys!cally,

– emot!onally,

– mentally an$ – $!sappearance o ol$ eat%res to )e replace$ )y

ne# ones 3 !*e* )a)y teeth an$ )a)y eet etc8


13/34

• The process o $evelopment has )eene-pla!ne$ rom $!1erent perspect!ves/

• One perspect!ve P!aget !$ent!'e$ o%r )as!c

elements !n $evelopment #h!ch are asollo#s/

4* mat%rat!on

7* e-per!ence

:* soc!al transm!tte$;* $evelopment s%ch as learn!ng thro%gh lang%age

school!ng or tra!n!ng )y parents an$


14/34

SELF ASSESSMENTEERCISE 1

4* Br!e>y e-pla!n the role omat%rat!on an$ learn!ng !n$evelopment

7* I$ent!y an$ $escr!)e t%tor mar+e$ass!gnment research metho$s !n$evelopmental psychology* Why !s

the st%$y o h%man gro#th an$$evelopment o !mportance or theteacher?


15/34

De'e(o%)ent( T"."

• Other aspects o $evelopment changesare the soc!al e-pectat!ons or eachstage o $evelopment #h!ch H'i,+-$"t

la)ele$ $evelopmental tas+*• Development !s cr!t!cal an$ plays a

s!gn!'cant role !n mat%rat!on an$ learn!ng

• It ollo#s a $e'n!te an$ pre$!cte$ pattern,

as a res%lt o change !n )ehav!or #h!chlea$s to !n$!v!$%al $!1erences


16/34

• Each stage o $evelopment has !tsha9ar$s an$ !s a1ecte$ )y c%lt%ral)el!e an$ changes

• Accor$!ng to Hav!gh%rst, a $evelopmentaltas+ !s a @tas+ #h!ch ar!ses as or a)o%t acerta!n per!o$ !n the l!e o the!n$!v!$%al, s%ccess%l ach!evement o

#h!ch lea$s to happ!ness an$ to s%ccess#!th later tas+s, #h!le a!l%re lea$s to%nhapp!ness an$ $!c%lty #!th later tas+s


17/34

• The a)ove $e'n!t!on !n$!cates that the!n$!v!$%als are meant to +no# the soc!etale-pectat!ons at g!ven ages

• Parents an$ teachers are e-pecte$ tog%!$e the yo%ng ch!l$ren thro%ghteach!ng to ac=%!re $!1erent s+!lls )y the+no#le$ge o #hat the soc!ety e-pects

• The ch!l$ren to master the s+!lls !nor$er to a$.%st s%ccess%lly !n l!e


18/34

• The $evelopmental tas+s pre$!ct thea!l%re or an !n$!v!$%al to master thetas+s as a res%lt o a!$s an$

han$!caps to mastery


19/34

SELF ASSESSMENT EERCISE 2

4* De'ne $evelopmental psychology

7* &tate t#o o).ect!ves o$evelopmental psychology

:* E-pla!n #hat !s meant )y$evelopment?

;* D!st!ng%!sh )et#een @gro#th an$$evelopment !n organ!sm*


20/34

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF GRO5THAND

DEVELOPMENT IN HUMANBEHAVIOUR

Un!t T#o


21/34

INTRODUCTION

• In %n!t 4, #e have $e'ne$ )othgro#th an$ $evelopment, an$some aspects o $evelopmental

changes*

• In th!s %n!t thereore the emphas!9e#!ll )e on the pr!nc!ples o gro#th

an$ $evelopment, actors !n>%enc!nggro#th an$ $evelopment an$ se-

$eterm!nat!on*


22/34

B"i# P$in#i%(e" o& De'e(o%)ent

• H%man l!e !s a process o cont!n%al$evelopment

• It 'n$s e-press!on !n phys!calchange, !ntellect%al change,personal!ty change, an$ soc!alchange across the l!e span an$ to

l!ve !s to change 3Re!!*6 108


23/34

• Early $evelopment o a ch!l$!nvolves $!1erent!at!on, !ncrease !ns!9e an$ comple- orms o

organ!9at!on

• There are str%ct%ral, phys!olog!calan$ )ehav!or patterns !n all the

stages o $evelopment


24/34

• The h%man has pattern o$evelopment

• These patterns orm the )as!cpr!nc!ples o $evelopment/ The patterns are cephaloca%$al

3cephalo hea$0 ca%$al ta!l8

Pro-!mo$!stal 3pro-!mo central orm!$$le0 $!stal per!phery term!nator8


25/34

&tep One

• The process o $evelopmentollo#s an or$erly se=%ence orpattern !n all !n$!v!$%als

• or e-ample/ – The or$erly patterns o phys!cal, an$

mental $evelopment o the ch!l$ ollo#

the la# o $!rect!onal se=%ence o$evelopment*


26/34

&tep t#o

• Development procee$s rom general tospec!'c responses as $!1erent!at!on an$!ntegrat!on

• or !nstance lang%age $evelopment othe ch!l$ )eg!ns rom the )!rth an$ cryas a means o response

• The $!1erent!at!on response starts as

the ch!l$ ac=%!res voca)%lary o many#or$s an$ latter $evelopscomm%n!cat!on s+!lls*


27/34

&tep three

• There are !n$!v!$%al $!1erencesan$ var!at!ons !n $evelopment*

These !mply that ch!l$ren $evelop at

$!1erent rates

• Every ch!l$ !s )!olog!cally,phys!olog!cally an$ mat%rat!on ally

$!1erent rom every other• The $!1erences occ%r as ch!l$

procee$s to a$olescence an$

event%ally to a$%lthoo$


28/34

&tep o%r

• "ro#th an$ $evelopment arecont!n%o%s

• The ch!l$ !s cont!n%o%sly$evelop!ng

• &omet!mes the gro#th an$$evelopment are slo#, an$

somet!mes they are rap!$ !*e*@gro#th &p%rts $%r!ng !nancy an$a$olescence*


29/34

&tep 've

• Development )ehav!or !s controlle$ )y nee$s

• The $evelop!ng ch!l$ nee$s n%tr!t!onalmater!als !n or$er to enhance h!s cogn!t!ve,phys!olog!cal, emot!onal an$ soc!al nee$s

• * or !nstance the ch!l$ re=%!res love an$a1ect!on, )elong!ngness an$ acceptanceespec!ally rom h!s peer gro%p !n or$er to

sat!sy h!s emot!onal an$ soc!al nee$s• I the $evelop!ng ch!l$ !s $e'c!ent, the

$evelopment re=%!rements may not )e %l'lle$


30/34

&tep s!-

• Development procee$s )y $!1erent$evelopmental stages

• H%man l!e procee$s )y stages0 or

e-ample the 've ma.or $evelopmentalstages !n ch!l$hoo$

• Beg!n #!th prenatal stage $o#n to

!nancy, )a)yhoo$, ch!l$hoo$ an$p%)erty #hen the ch!l$ )ecomesse-%ally mat%re*


31/34

&tep seven

• Developmental changes are !nter2relate$ an$ procee$ at $!1erent rates

• The mental, phys!cal, an$ soc!alaspects o $evelopment are!nterrelate$ as s%ch the ch!l$$evelops as a #hol!st!c !n$!v!$%al

• Altho%gh these aspects o tra!ts$evelop at $!1erent rates


32/34

&tep e!ght

• Cr!t!cal per!o$ !n $evelopment F There are cr!t!cal per!o$s !n$evelopment o certa!n organs an$

%nct!ons o the )o$y• The $evelopment o the organs o

the )o$y co%l$ )e perecte$

thro%gh n%tr!ent mater!als an$other acc!$ent !n or$er to ena)lethe organ %nct!on properly


33/34

• Any %rther !ntererence may lea$ tomal2%nct!on or normal $e'c!ency*E-amples o s%ch organs are eyes,

)ra!n, heart, an$ +!$ney*


34/34

SELF ASSESSMENT EERCISE

4* E-pla!n the mean!ng o cephaloca%$alla# o h%man $evelopment*

7* E-pla!n #hat !s meant )y

pro-!mo$!stal la# o h%man$evelopment* OR E-pla!n the la#s#h!ch govern h%man $evelopment asor$erly an$ se=%ent!ally

:* l!st an$ e-pla!n t#o pr!nc!ples o$evelopment

Documents

Developmental Psychology Chapter One