Development of Space Technologies the United Nations ...space-lt.eu/failai/Prezentacijos/Werner Balogh_Development of Spac… · the United Nations Perspective Satellite Registration

7 October 2010 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 1United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 1

Development of Space Technologiesthe United Nations Perspective

Satellite Registration Procedures

Werner BaloghUnited Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

Vienna, Austria

Space Economy in the Multipolar World – SEMW 20101st International Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania

6-8 October 2010

United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 2

Presentation Overview

� Space Technologies

� UN Programme on Space Applications

� Basic Space Technology Initiative (BSTI)

� BSTI Workplan

� Satellite Registration

� Outer Space Treaties

� Registration Obligations

� Registration Procedures

7 October 2010

SPACE TECHNOLOGIES

7 October 2010 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 3

The United Nations and Outer Space

� 4 October 1957: Beginning of the space age with the launch of Sputnik-I

� Concerns over an arms race and the need for rules to regulate the activities of States in outer space

� In 1958 UN General Assembly establishes the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS)

� Serviced by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA)


United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs


UNCOPUOS

UN InteragencyMeeting on OuterSpace Activities

UNISPACE Conferences

UN Programmeon SpaceApplications

Capacity Building

SatelliteRegistry

7 October 2010 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 6United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 6

Office for Outer Space Affairs

Office of the Director(Ms. Mazlan Othman)

Committee Services and Research Section

(Mr. Niklas Hedman)

Space ApplicationsSection

(Mr. Takao Doi)

UN-SPIDER

ICG Secretariat


Programme on Space Applications

� Established in response to recommendations of the first UNISPACE conference in 1968

� Became operational in 1971� Implemented by UNOOSA� United Nations Expert on

Space Applications � UNISPACE’82 in 1982, and

UNISPACE III in 1999, further expanded the mandate of the Programme

http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/history.html

Programme on Space Applications - Mandate

� Promotion of greater cooperation … in space science and technology ;

� Development of a fellowship programme for in-depth training … ;

� Organization of seminars on advanced space applications and new system developments for managers and leaders of space applications and technology development activities … ;

� Stimulation of the growth of indigenous nuclei and an autonomous technological base … ;

� Dissemination of information on new and advanced technologies and applications … ; and

� Provision of technical advisory services ….7 October 2010 8United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

UNGA RES 37/90 (§7),http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/mandate.html


Programme on Space Applications - Achievements

� >11,000 people participated in more than 200 activities (workshops, seminars, training courses…)

� ~300 specialists, selected from among ~1500 applicants, participated in various long-term fellowships programmes

� Establishment of four Regional Centres for Space Science and Technology Education, affiliated to the United Nations

http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/accompl.html


Towards Capacity Building in Space Technology

� Interest to establish capabilities for basic space technology development in a growing number of countries

� Increasingly capable small satellites can be developed with an infrastructure and at a cost that is now also affordable to universities and smaller institutions

� University-based small satellite projects have led to the establishment of small and medium -sized space enterprises that are now marketing their products on a commercial and world-wide basis

� Create new opportunities for international space cooperation and contribute to further promote the use of space technology and its applications


Small Satellite Activities

� Small satellites have been addressed by the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space since the mid-1990s

– Microsatellites and Small Satellites: Current Projects and Future Perspectives for International Cooperation, 2 November 1995 ( A/AC.105/611)

– Symposium on Utilization of Micro- and Small Satellites for the Expansion of Low-cost Space Activities, Taking into Account the Special Needs of Developing Countries, 12-13 February 1996 ( A/AC.105/638)

– Report on the United Nations/Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aerosespecial/European Space Agency International Conference on Small Satellites: Missions and Technology, Madrid, 9-13 September 1996 ( A/AC.105/645)

� UNISPACE III: UN/IAA Workshop on Small Satellites– UNISPACE III, "Report of the Technical Forum", 28 July 1999 ( A/CONF.184/L.13)– UNISPACE III, Technical Forum, "Conclusions and proposals of the Workshop on

Small Satellites at the Service of Developing Countries", 27 July 1999 (A/CONF.184/C.2/L.7)


Documents available from http://documents.un.org


Basic Space Technology Initiative (BSTI)

� Launched in 2009 in the framework of the United Nations Programme on Space Applications

� Mission– To enhance access to space application tools for sustainable

development through building capacity in basic space technology

� Objectives– Respond to the growing interest in many countries to establish

indigenous capacities in basic space technology – Address the growing role of small satellites for education, basic

space science and for operational applications– Assist countries to assure adherence to the relevant regulatory

frameworks and promote the use of standards– Promote international cooperation and information exchange

in capacity building in basic space technology



A Results -Oriented Work Programme


I. Foundations– UN Workshops/Symposiums on Basic Space Technology– BSTI Website (http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/bsti/index.html)

– BSTI Mailing List

II. Regional Space Technology Conferences– Conferences in the regions that correspond to the United Nations

Economic Commissions for Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Western Asia

III. Space Technology Education Curriculum– Basic Space Technology Education Directory based on a survey

of Aerospace Engineering and Small Satellite Programmes– Development of a Space Technology Education Curriculum

IV. Establishment of Long-term Fellowship Programmes V. BSTI Projects

I. Foundations: UN/Austria/ESA Symposium


http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/act2010/graz/index.html

UN/Austria/ESA Symposium 2010


UN/Austria/ESA Symposium 2010

� Symposium report will be issued in the six official UN languages (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish)

� Includes observations and recommendations made by participants

� Reflects future plans for BSTI

� Submitted to UN Member States through UNCOPUOS and the UN General Assembly


II. Regional Space Technology Conferences

� Conferences are planned in the regions that correspond to the United Nations Economic Commissions:� Africa� Asia and the Pacific� Latin America and the Caribbean� Western Asia

� Objectives:� Address regional aspects of small satellite programmes and

capacity building in basic space technology� Develop the Space Technology Education Curriculum in

cooperation with educators and experts � Consider possible BSTI Pilot Projects

� These conferences will build on the outcomes of the UN/Austria/ESA series of Symposiums


III. Space Technology Education Curriculum


� A survey of world-wide academic programmes in aerospace engineering and small satellite development

� 250 academic institutions in more than 40 countries contacted and replies received from 43 academic institutions in 18 countries

� Published as UN publication ST/SPACE/53

� Available from http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/bsti/bsti-education/index.html

� BSTI will build on these contacts in the development of the Space Technology Education Curriculum

IV. Establishment of Fellowship Programmes

� BSTI seeks to help establish opportunities for long-term fellowship programmes for engineers from developing countries

� Announcing the United Nations/Japan Long-term Fellowship Programme, hosted by the Kyushu Institute of Technology at its Center for Nanosatellite Testing

� 3-year PhD programme ending with a doctorate degree in Nano-satellite Technologies (Doctor of Engineering) after successful thesis defense

� All cost (tuition, living cost, travel) covered by KIT and UN� Application package will be available from

http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/bsti/index.html (for UN) and http://cent.ele.kyutech.ac.jp/index_e.php (for KIT)

� Application deadline: 30 April 2011, Start: October 20117 October 2010 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs 19

V. BSTI Projects


� BSTI can be used as a framework to implement regional or international projects related to capacity building in space technology

� Example Projects:– Support to the HUMSAT Constellation Project (with University of

Vigo, Spain)– Development of a Best Practices Handbook for Small Satellite

Programmes (with International Space University)– …

21

Space Technologies - Concluding Remarks

� There is a large increase in the number of countries in which small satellites are being developed.

� An active community and a commercial market for small satellite space technology are developing.

� Small (nano-, micro-) satellites may not be a revolution for space activities, however, they certainly are a revolution for capacity building in space technology development!

� They enable developing countries and countries with limited space budgets to catch up with the active space nations and to become equal partners in international space cooperation.

� BSTI is the Initiative of the UN Programme on Space Applications to support countries that seek building capacity in space technology development

217 October 2010 United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs

SATELLITE REGISTRATION



Five United Nations Treaties on Outer Space

� Outer Space Treaty , 1967 (100 ratifications, 26 signatures)– Peaceful Uses of Outer Space– Freedom of Exploration– Non-Appropriation of Outer Space– Responsibility of State Parties for national space activities

� Rescue Agreement , 1968 (91 ratifications, 24 signatures)– Assistance in search and rescue– Return of astronauts and equipment

� Liability Convention , 1972 (88 ratifications, 23 signatures)– Liability for damage caused by objects launched into outer space

� Registration Convention , 1975 (53 ratifications, 4 signatures)– Establishment of UN register on space objects

� Moon Agreement , 1979 (13 ratifications, 4 signatures)– The Moon and its natural resources are common heritage of

mankindStatus as of 1 January 2010

Outer Space Treaty

� Article VIStates Parties to the Treaty shall bear international responsibility for national activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities, and for assuring that national activities are carried out in conformity with the provisions set forth in the present Treaty. The activities of non-governmental entities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, shall require authorization and continuing supervision by the appropriate State Party to the Treaty.

(…)


Outer Space Treaty

� Article VII Each State Party to the Treaty that launches or procures the launching of an object into outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, and each State Party from whose territory or facility an object is launched, is internationally liable for damage to another State Party to the Treaty or to its natural or juridical persons by such object or its component parts on the Earth, in air or in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies.


Liability Convention

� Article II A launching State shall be absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space object on the surface of the earth or to aircraft flight.

� Article III In the event of damage being caused elsewhere than on the surface of the earth to a space object of one launching State or to persons or property on board such a space object by a space object of another launching State, the latter shall be liable only if the damage is due to its fault or the fault of persons for whom it is responsible.


Registration of Space Objects

� On the basis of two General Assembly Resolutions launching states are called upon to register their objects launched into outer space with the United Nations:

1. UNGA 1721 B (XVI). International co-operation in the peaceful uses of outer space (1961)“The General Assembly, (…)1. Calls upon States launching objects into orbit or beyond to furnish information promptly to the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, through the Secretary-General, for the registration of launchings;2. Requests the Secretary-General to maintain a public registry of the information furnished in accordance with paragraph 1 above; “

•For United Nations Member States that have not yet ratified the Registration Convention.

2. UNGA 3235 (XXIX). Registration Convention (1976)

� Both registers are maintained by UNOOSA


Registration Convention� Article IV

1. Each State of registry shall furnish to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, as soon as practicable, the following information concerning each space object carried on its registry:

(a) name of launching State or States;(b) an appropriate designator of the space object or its registration number;(c) date and territory or location of launch;(d) basic orbital parameters, including:

(i) nodal period;(ii) inclination;(iii) apogee;(iv) perigee;

(e) general function of the space object.

2. Each State of registry may, from time to time, provide the Secretary-General of the United Nations with additional information concerning a space object carried on its registry (…).



Registration example in conformity with UNGA 1721 B (XVI)


Registration example in conformity with Registration Convention


On-line Index of Space Objects

http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SORegister/index.html

Other Registration -relevant UNGA Resolutions

� A/RES/59/115 Application of the concept of the "launching State“ (10 Dec. 2004)– Clarifying the term “launching state” in view of new developments

and new space actors

� A/RES/61/101 Recommendations on enhancing the practice of States and international intergovernmental organizations in registering space objects (17 Dec. 2007)– Enhance utility of the Register– Enhance adherence to the Registration Convention– Enhance acceptance also by International Organizations– Harmonization of practices (e.g. designators, units, UTC)– More detailed information– Information about changes in supervision



Registration Submission Form


Registration Submission Form

Contact: [email protected]


Space Launches since 1957

Figures from http://fas.org/irp/dia/product/smp_88.htm and http://www.geocities.com/launchreport/slr.html

� There were 69 orbital launch attempts in 2008

� 2009: approx. same number of launch attempts


Number of Space Objects Launched & Tracked

� Total number of tracked objects since 1957 (functional & non-functional): ~38,000

– Of these, functional: ~ 6338 (as of 6 October 2010)

– Of these still in orbit: ~ 3500

– Of these still operational: ~1200

� About 93% have been registered

� Number of (functional & non-functional) space objects that have re-entered since 1957: ~22,000

� Number of space objects presently tracked: ~16,100

� Online Index: http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/osoindex.htmlData from http://www.space-track.orgAlso see A/AC.105/C.2/L.255 and Corr.1, Corr. 2

Satellite Registration - Concluding Remarks

� Under international law, international registration and regulatory frameworks for satellites exist (Space Treaties, UNGA Resolutions, ITU Radio Regulation)

� With the expected further increase of the number of small satellite missions and the entry of new satellite developers, it is important that these activities are in compliance with the international registration and regulatory frameworks

� UNOOSA, through the Basic Space Technology Initiative (BSTI), and in cooperation with ITU aims to assist satellite developers in assuring compliance with international law and the existing regulatory frameworks

� The 2011 UN/Austria/ESA Symposium will focus on these issues (Frequency Management, Launching Opportunities, Satellite Registration, Space Debris Mitigation …)



Thank you for your attention!

Office for Outer Space AffairsUnited Nations Office at Vienna

Vienna International Centre P.O. Box 500, 1400 Vienna, Austria

Tel: +43-1-26060-4950Fax: +43-1-26060-5830

Werner BaloghProgramme Officer – Basic Space Technology

[email protected]

http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SAP/bsti/index.html