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Dbybcm~gb`t mi Kjh` [totb

Dv. [ocoh Tr` Tjo`

H`tvmdrkthm`

Tjb Kjh` [totb h{ tjb cbo{t dbybcm~bd vbahm` h` tjb R`hm` mi Frvgo. Tjb ~vb{b`t ghchtovx

odgh`h{tvothm` yhkthgh|b{ tjb Kjh` [totb {h`kb m`cx tjb Kjh`{ mi dhiibvb`t tvhfb{ chyb tjbvb5 o`d ottjb {ogb thgb ocgm{t occ mi tjbg ovb Kjvh{tho`{. Ht h{ vrgmrvbd tjot {mgb {bkvbt cbttbv{ ovb

khvkrcotbd ogm`a tjb Frvgb{b {mcdhbv{ {toth`a tjot o`x Frvgb{b {mcdhbv mrcd fb kmg~chgb`tbd

htj covab ogmr`t{ mi ko{j o`d ~vmgmthm` hi jb kmrcd govvx o Kjh` Kjvh{tho` co{{ o`d km`ybvt

jbv h`tm o Frddjh{t. Mi kmrv{b tjb bzh{tb`kb mi tjh{ cbttbv mrcd fb db`hbd o`d byb` dh{m`bd hiimr`d vbd jo`dbd o{ ht h{ tjb kmggm` ~vokthkb mi tjb Frvgb{b ghchtovx amybv`gb`t. Go`x mi tjb

Kjrvkjb{ o`d bvbktbd kvm{{b{ m` tjb gmr`toh` to~{ ovb db{tvmxbd o`d {mgb Kjh` Kjvh{tho`~o{tmv{ ovb ovvb{tbd htjmrt o`x kjovab{.

Dbgmkvokx# `bybvtjbcb{{# hcc fb okqrhvbd h` Frvgo h` tjb ybvx `bov irtrvb o`d Kjh`{ gr{t fb

vbodx o`d ~vb~ovbd tm dbybcm~ tjb Kjh` [totb jmbybv dhiihkrct tjh{ gox fb. Tjb Kjh` [totb jo{

ybvx ib vb{mrvkb{ o`d tjb co`d h{ gm{tcx {tbb~ o`d jhccx htj `mt grkj icot co`d byb` tm km`toh`

o immtfocc ihbcd. @otrvoccx# m`b mi tjb jovdb{t ibot{ h` tjb Kjh` [totb mrcd fb tm km`{tvrktgmdbv` jhajox{ imv {rviokb kmggr`hkothm`. Jmbybv# ht {jmrcd `mt fb tmm dhiihkrct o{ h` tjb

imvgbv dox{.

[rvybx# Bz~cmvothm`# Bz~bvhgb`tothm` o`d Doto Kmccbkthm

[rvybx mi ybabtothm`# ~jx{hkoc ibotrvb{ mi co`d o`d vhybv{ imv ibo{hfhchtx mi irtrvb jhajox{# bkm'

tmrvh{g# vhybvh`b tvo`{~mvtothm`# iovgh`a# jxdvm'bcbktvhkhtx# gh`bvoc{ o`d r{birc {tm`b bztvokthm`#

btk. gr{t fb kovvhbd mrt o{ o` h`hthoc dbybcm~gb`t mve. Tjb ihv{t ~vhmvhtx gr{t fb ahyb` tm tjbibo{hfhchtx {trdx mi tvo`{~mvtothm` *fmtj co`d o`d otbv imccmbd fx ohv(# iovgh`a# bkmtmrvh{g#

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o`d b`bvax. Tjbx ovb tjb ihv{t tjh`a{ ~bm~cb hcc `bbd. Kchgotmcmahkoccx doto {jmrcd fb kmccbktbd

ot tjb {ogb thgb {h`kb tjb{b vbkmvd{ hcc fb r{birc imv occ r`dbvtoeh`a{.

Qjhcb tjb yb`trvb{ imv tjb dbybcm~gb`t mi tvo`{~mvtothm`# iovgh`a# bkm'tmrvh{g# o`d b`bvax ovb

h` ~vmavb{{# tjb `bt ~vhmvhtx {jmrcd fb ahyb` tm {trdx tjb `bbd tm b{tofch{j h`dr{tvhb{ imv

trv~b`th`b S~vmdrkthm`# thgfbv o`d ~cxmmd ghcc{# o`d go`rioktrvh`a ~o~bv. Tjb oktroc~vmdrkthm` ko` fb {tovtbd {mm` oitbv occ botjbv tvo`{~mvtothm` h{ h` {bvyhkb o`d o{{rvbd b`bvax h{

oyohcofcb.

O dbtohcbd {trdx m` tjb bz~cmvothm` o`d bztvokthm` mi gh`bvoc{ o`d r{birc {tm`b{ {jmrcd fb tjb

co{t m`b tjb ~vhmvhtx ch{t tjmraj bz~cmvothm` {trdx gox fb {tovtbd ivmg tjb ybvx fbah``h`a o{ hth`ymcyb{ h` db~tj {trdx o`d gmybgb`t mi jboyx gokjh`bvx. @otrvoccx tvo`{~mvtothm` o`d o{{rvbd

oyohcofhchtx mi b`bvax ~cox o yhtoc vmcb tm {tovt oktroc hg~cbgb`tothm` imv ~vmdrkthm`.

Tvo`{~mvtothm`

Tvo`{~mvtothm` mi occ eh`d{ h{ tjb gm{t hg~mvto`t jb` oktroc dbybcm~gb`t mi Kjh` [totb fbah`{.

Qjb` b cmme ot tjb Kjh` [totb go~ b ih`d tjot tjbvb ovb `rgbvmr{ {tvbog{ gm{tcx icmh`a

ivmg tjb `mvtj tm tjb {mrtj. [mgb mi tjbg {jmrcd fb godb `oyhaofcb fx io{t {gocc fmot{ mv byb`{gocc jmybvkvoit{. [mgb otbv{jbd{ {jmrcd fb km`tmrvbd {rhtofcx o`d ~co`tbd htj dmrfcb jbdab

vm{ ocm`a tjb km`tmrv htj cbargh`mr{ tvbb{. Tjbvb jbdab vm{ hcc goeb tjb {mhc of{mvf voh`

otbv o{ grkj o{ ~m{{hfcb o`d {bb~ mrt {~vh`a otbv {cmcx tjvmrajmrt tjb xbov. Tjr{ tjb otbv

cbybc h` tjb {tvbog{ hcc fb goh`toh`bd gmvb mv cb{{ tjb {ogb tjvmrajmrt tjb jmcb xbov. Fb{hdb{#imvb{t ihvb{ gr{t fb ~rt mrt o{ {mm` tjbx ovb dbtbktbd. Dbkoxbd cboyb{ fbkmgb jrgr{ h` tjb {mhc

jhkj goeb{ tjb {mhc of{mvf{ gmvb otbv. Dvbdah`a otbv ox{ {jmrcd oc{m fb dm`b o{

`bkb{{ovx.

Tjbvb h{ o {rviokb gmtmv vmod ivmg Exoreto h` tjb Voejh`a [totb tm ^ocbo h` Kjh` [totb o`d

{bbg{ tm fb o iohv botjbv vmod. Tjh{ vmod {jmrcd km`th`rb tm Gob co` to co` kcm{b tm Fo`acodb{jo`d H`dho` fmvdbv{. Tjh{ vmod {jmrcd km``bkt Docbtgo o`d Qhtm` m` ht{ ox o`d ht {jmrcd fb

drvofcb o`d {bvyhkbofcb h` occ botjbv o`d joyb dmrfcb co`b{.

Tjbvb {jmrcd fb o`mtjbv occ botjbv {bvyhkbofcb o`d kmrfcb co`b vmod ivmg @ao gxh` tjmr`a

jhkj h{ kcm{b tm Voejoh`a [totb tm [o for`a tb ocm`a tjb [ogh kjor`a ~o{{h`a [oghyhccoab.[ofor`atb h{ kcm{bd tm tjb H`dho` fmvdbv.

Tjbvb h{ o`mtjbv vmod ivmg Kjhjeo# tjb `mvtjbv` gm{t mi tjb Kjh` [totb# tm Gh`dot tm tjb {mrtj.

Tjh{ vmod {jmrcd fb bztb`dbd tm Jm`dr h` tjb {mrtj ivmg Gotr~h ocm`a tjb Exr` Cor`a {tvbog.Occ tjb vmod{ fmtj `b o`d bzh{th`a {jmrcd fb {bvyhkbofcb h` occ botjbv o`d joyb dmrfcb co`b{.

Tjbvb {jmrcd fb 4 tm 2 occ botjbv dmrfcb ch`b vmod{ ivmg bo{t tm b{t mi tjb Kjh` [totb ot

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8/9/2019 Development of Chin State by Dr Tun Than

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Thgfbv o`d ^cxqmmd H`dr{tvx

Oaoh` ht h{ `bbdcb{{ tm {ox tjot km`th`rmr{ o`d {riihkhb`t {r~~cx mi vo gotbvhoc{ h{ vbqrhvbd. O{

{totbd ofmyb# kbvtoh`tx mi b`bvax {r~~cx# ammd tvo`{~mvtothm`# ~vmihtofcb km{t mi ~vmdrkthm`# o`d

o{{rvbd govebth`a gr{t fb km`{hdbvbd. Imv gozhgrg cofmrv bg~cmxgb`t o`d h`kmgb# irv`htrvb

fr{h`b{{ htj gmdbv` db{ha` {jmrcd fb toeb` h`tm okkmr`t.

^o~bv H`dr{tvx

Tjb {ogb r`dbvcxh`a ~vh`kh~cb{ ovb h`ymcybd h` ~o~bv h`dr{tvx. Imv gmvb cofmrv bg~cmxgb`t

~okeh`a {trii# tmhcbt gotbvhoc{# o`d {tothm`bvx ~vmdrkt{ gox fb go`rioktrvbd.

Kjvmghtb# @hkebc# [cotb# Govfcb# Tock ^vmdrkthm`

Dbtohcbd bz~cmvothm` {trdx h{ `bbdbd imv tjb kmggbvkhoc ~vmdrkthm`# ibo{hfhchtx mi gh`h`a o`dgo`rioktrvb mi kjvmghtb# `hkebc# {cotb# govfcb# tock o`d mtjbv{. O{ {totbd ofmyb kbvtoh`tx mi

bcbktvhkhtx# ammd tvo`{~mvtothm` o`d ~m{hthyb govebth`a ovb `bkb{{ovx km`{hdbvothm`{ fbimvb o`xkmggbvkhoc ~vmdrkthm` ioktmvhb{ ovb frhct. Km{t mi ~vmdrkthm` gr{t oc{m fb km`{hdbvbd imv cm`a

tbvg go`rioktrvh`a.

Km`tvhfrthm` mi Kjh`{

Imv tjb dbybcm~gb`t mi Kjh` [totb bybvx tjh`a jo{ tm fb ~co`bd h{bcx {m tjot thgb# gm`bx#

jrgo` b`bvax# o`d `otrvoc vb{mrvkb{ gox `mt fb o{tbd o{ tjb ~vmavb{{hm` mi dbybcm~gb`t amb{

m`. O{ tjbvb ovb go`x tvhfb{ h`ymcybd# `m tvhfb {jmrcd fb cbit fbjh`d `m gottbv jm {gocc#b{t m`b

fb okkr{bd mi ioymrvhth{g.

O{{h{to`kb ivmg Kjh`{ jm ovb bz~bvt{# {~bkhoch{t{# o`d ~vmib{{hm`oc{ ovb `bbdbd h` bybvxr`dbvtoeh`a. @mtjh`a {jmrcd fb dm`b jo{thcx. Tjb dbybcm~gb`t mi Kjh` [totb vboccx kmr`t{ m`

kmggm` Kjh`{ jm joyb `mtjh`a frt hcch`a`b{{ tm ~ovthkh~otb. Bybvx kb`t o`d dmccovkm`tvhfrthm` ivmg Kjh`{ occ mybv tjb mvcd hcc jo{tb` tjb Kjh` [totb dbybcm~gb`t o`d tjbhv

hdbo{ hcc r`dmrftbdcx b`jo`kb Kjh` [totb dbybcm~gb`t hggb`{bcx.

Mrv ^vb{b`t [htrothm`

Ht h{ db{kvhfbd h` &@mvtj Ogbvhko Kjh` Dhvbktmvx 6>>:& tjot bt co`d vhkb h{ avm` h` cmco`d

o`d yoccbx ovbo{ o{ ^ocbto# Eo`~btcbt# Gh`dot# Gotr~h# Tjo` Cm`a# Joeo# b{tbv` ~ovt mi

Iocog# o`d To` |o`a. Mvkjovd kvm~{ {rkj o{ mvo`ab# o~~cb# kmiibb# o`d tbo ovb oc{m voh{bd m`~bvgo`b`t ihbcd{ m` {cm~h`a jhcc{ octjmraj tjb okvboab h{ `mt bztb`{hyb. Tjb kvm~{ tjot mkkr~x m`

tjb golmvhtx mi {cm~h`a co`d ovb r~co`d vhkb# kmv`# ghccbt# {mxfbo`# {mgb ~rc{b{# ~mtotm# {bbt

~mtotm# o`d mtjbv ybabtofcb kvm~{. Tjb{b kvm~{ ovb avm` r`dbv {jhith`a krcthyothm` gbtjmd. Tjb

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xhbcd{ mftoh`bd h` fmtj tx~b{ mi ~bvgo`b`t o`d {jhith`a krcthyothm` ovb ybvx cm drb tm h`ibvthchtx

mi tjb {mhc o`d cm h`~rt mi go`rvb{ o`d ibvthch|bv{# o`d ~mmv go`oabgb`t.

^vmfcbg{ mi [jhith`a Krcthyothm`

O {jhith`a krcthyothm` iovgbv ko``mt iovg o` o ahyb` co`d gmvb tjo` o xbov fbkor{b mi {bybvbcxvbdrkbd ibvthchtx h` tjb {bkm`d xbov drb tm {mhc bvm{hm` o`d yhvrcb`kb mi bbd{ o`d ~b{t{. H` o

kcbo` krt o`d frv`t ~cokb {mgb ibvthchtx h{ mftoh`bd h` tjb ihv{t xbov ivmg frv`t o{j o`d gm{t mitjb bbd {bbd{ o`d ~b{t vb{hdrb{ h` tjot ~cokb ovb oc{m frv`t# tjr{ goeh`a tjb ihv{t xbov vbcothybcx

ivbb ivmg bbd{ o`d ~b{t{. O{ db{kvhfbd ofmyb# h` tjb {bkm`d xbov tjh{ co`d h{ fb{hbabd fx occ

eh`d{ mi gh{bvhb{ {rkj o{ cm ibvthchtx# bbd{# yhkhmr{ dh{bo{b{ o`d h`{bkt{. Tjh{ goeb{ ht `mtmvtj jhcb tm km`th`rb krcthyothm` o`d ht h{ fbttbv tm gmyb tm o `b ~cmt fx {tovth`a occ mybv

oaoh` fx krtth`a# frv`h`a# btk.. Ht h{ r{roccx dm`b m`cx h` jhcc vbahm`{.

@bkb{{htx mi &[OCT& Iovgh`a

Tjh{ {jhith`a krcthyothm` h{ tm fb {rf{thtrtbd fx o ~bvgo`b`t iovgh`a. &[OCT& mv [cm~h`aOavhkrctrvoc Co`d Tbkj`mcmax jo{ tm fb bg~cmxbd h` tjh{ ko{b. Tjh{ gbtjmd hcc dm oox htj

bvm{hm` o`d tjbvbimvb {mhc ibvthchtx cm{{ hcc fb ot gh`hgrg. Fb{hdb{# ht hcc {oyb tjb iovgbv{

ivmg xbovcx krtth`a# frv`h`a# btk. Gm{t hg~mvto`t mi occ m`b hcc joyb b`lmxofcb b`yhvm`gb`t irccmi `otrvoc ior`o o`d icmvo o`d tjb dvx {tvbog{ hcc fb icmh`a oaoh` ihccbd htj ih{j o`d otbv

o`hgoc{.

Tjb {cm~h`a co`d {jmrcd `mt fb iovgbd hi tjb {cm~b ~bvkb`toab h{ gmvb tjo` 62 ~bv kb`t.

Jmbybv# tjb ortjmv jo{ {bb` {mgb iovgbv{ krcthyotb o` ovbo jhkj jo{ o {cm~b mi ofmrt 42 ~bvkb`t jbvb tjb co`d h{ {kovkb. Mi kmrv{b hi tjb iovgbv imccm{ o {tvhkt [OCT gbtjmd tjbvb {jmrcd

fb `mt grkj jovg tm tjb {mhc bzkb~t dhiihkrct mveh`a km`dhthm`.

Qjot h{ [OCT Iovgh`a Gbtjmd =

[OCT iovgh`a gbtjmd h{ krcthyothm` m` o jmvh|m`toc {tvh~ mi o {cm~h`a co`d jbvb tjb {cm~ h{

dhyhdbd fx o {bvhb{ mi kcm{b dmrfcb ch`b{ mi jbdab vm{ mi cbargh`mr{ ~co`t{ jhkj ovb voh{bd ot{rhtofcb km`tmrv cbybc{. Hi tjb {cm~b ~bvkb`toab h{ 62 tm 42# o ~bv~b`dhkrcov dvm~ imv tjb km`tmrv

ch`b {jmrcd fb 9 ibbt. Tjb hdtj mi {tvh~ imv krcthyothm` m` tjh{ co`d hcc fb fbtbb` 8 tm ?; ibbt.

Fbtbb` tjb {cm~b ~bvkb`toab mi ?> tm 62 o dvm~ mi 2 ibbt km`tmrv ch`b gox fb r{bd o`d ht hccahyb tjb {tvh~ hdtj mi ?; tm 62 ~bvkb`t. Fbcm ?> ~bvkb`t {cm~b m`b gox bg~cmx o {rhtofcb dvm~

db~b`dh`a m` tjb co`d km`iharvothm`. Ofmyb 62 ~bvkb`t {cm~b {cmrajh`a o`d jovvmh`a {jmrcd

`mt fb kovvhbd mrt o{ ht b`kmrvoab{ bvm{hm` o`d dhiihkrct tm m~bvotb. H`{tbod dhffch`a gbtjmd gox

fb bg~cmxbd tm ~co`t {bbd{.

Oavhkrctrvoc Bz~bvhgb`t [tothm`{

Db~b`dh`a m` tjb kchgotb# {mhc tx~b{# o`d co`d ~jx{hkoc ibotrvb{ vbcbyo`t oavhkrctrvoc bz~bvhgb`t

{tothm`{ gr{t fb b{tofch{jbd occ mybv tjb {totb. Tjb{b bz~bvhgb`t {tothm`{ {jocc km`drkt odo~tothm`

o`d kjovoktbv{ mi `b kvm~{# kvm~ vmtothm`{ o`d vbcox {x{tbg# otbv go`oabgb`t b{~bkhoccx otbvjovyb{th`a gbtjmd{ imv dvx {bo{m` iovgh`a# ibvthchtx {trdhb{# cmkoc immd km`{rg~thm` o`d both`a

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jofht{# govebth`a# vrvoc {mkhoc fbjoyhmv# go` o`d gokjh`b cofmrv vbqrhvbgb`t# thgb o`d gmthm`{trdx h` tjb tjb iovg jmr{b o`d iovg m~bvothm`# o`d tb{th`a mi gokjh`b{# bqrh~gb`t# o`d

kjbghkoc{. Bz~bvhgb`t{ m` iovg o`hgoc{# tjbhv ~vmkb{{h`a# bcc fbh`a mi {mhc{# kvm~{# o`hgoc{#

o`d b`yhvm`gb`t gr{t fb km`drktbd. Tjb vb{rct{ mftoh`bd gr{t fb hg~mvtbd tm tjb iovgbv{ o`doc{m ~rfch{jbd imv ab`bvoc ~rfchk o`d oavhkrctrvoc {khb`th{t{. M`cx tjb` vrvoc ~bm~cb hcc ~vm{~bv

o`d h`tbcchab`t xmrtj hcc o`t tm mve h` tjb iovg{ tm fmm{t ~vmdrkthm`. Mi kmrv{b tjb vb{rct{mftoh`bd hcc fb o yocrofcb {mrvkb imv tjb b{tofch{jgb`t mi gmvb gmdbc iovg yhccoab{ occ mybv tjb

Kjh` [totb o`d tjb Ibdbvoc R`hm` imv.

^vb~ovotmvx [toab

O` ovbo ofmrt ?2>> okvb{ mi km`th`rmr{ o`d byb` {cm~h`a co`d jbvb o gmtmv vmod ko` fb

km`{tvrktbd o`d o` okkb{{ tm bcbktvhkhtx ko` fb godb oyohcofcb h{ kjm{b` imv iovgh`a. O`mtjbv?>>> okvb{ ~cmt kcm{b fx h{ oc{m cmkotbd imv iovg imvb{t. Tjb iovgbv ovbo jo{ tm fb kcbovbd. Tjb

h`dhyhdroc iovg ~cmt{ ovb ovvo`abd h` {rkj oox tjot iovgbv{ chyb h` tjbhv m` ~cmt{ h` o kcr{tbv mi4 jmr{b{. Tjbvb {jmrcd fb ofmrt ?>> iovg jmr{b{ h` 62 kcr{tbv{ mi 4 jmr{b{. H` tjb ghddcb mi

tjb yhccoab tjbvb {jocc fb o {kjmmc# o gbdhkoc kch`hk# o govebt ~cokb# o`d o ~mchkb {rf{tothm` imv

{bkrvhtx. O kmggm` frvhoc avmr`d gox fb occmkotbd o`d {m oc{m o kmctoab h`dr{tvx. Bokj iovg{jmrcd fb ofmrt ?6.2 okvb{ mv 2.> jbktovb{. Occ tjb iovg ~cmt{ ovb km`tmrvbd htj dmrfcb jbdab

vm{ mi ~co`t{.

Iovgbv{ o`d Iovg Qhyb{

Iovgbv{ mi tjh{ gmdbc yhccoab gr{t joyb vb~vb{b`tothyb{ ivmg occ tvhfb{. Bhtjbv B`ach{j mvFrvgb{b gox fb r{bd hi `m `othyb dhocbkt kmrcd fb r{bd o{ o kmggm` co`aroab. Tjbvbimvb tjb{b

iovgbv{ {jmrcd fb bcc bdrkotbd o`d tjh{ hcc jbc~ `mt m`cx r`dbv{to`dh`a fbtbb` tvhfoc avmr~{ht hcc fb bo{x tm tbokj gmdbv` iovgh`a {rhtofcb tm tjb iovg cmkothm`. Tjr{ m`cx jhaj {kjmmc

avodrotb{ {jmrcd fb okkb~tbd h` bqroc `rgfbv h` tjh{ gmdbc yhccoab.

Tjb iovgbv{ hcc fb torajt h` gmdbv` iovgh`a o~~vm~vhotb tm tjb iovg cmkothm` tm fbb{tofch{jbd. Tjb{b iovgbv{ hcc fbkmgb iokhchtotmv{ imv irtrvb gmdbc iovg yhccoab{. Tjbx hcc fb

tvoh`bd h` tjb m~bvothm` mi gmdbv` iovg h`kcrdh`a r{oab mi {rhtofcb gokjh`b{# iovg okkmr`th`a#

o`d kmg~rtbv m~bvothm`{.

Iovg hyb{ gox ~ovthkh~otb jb`bybv tjbx ko` b{~bkhoccx h` tjb cottbv tm {ehcc{. Tjbx hcc fb

tvoh`bd h` fo{hk kmmeh`a# `rtvhthm`# {bh`a o`d e`htth`a# immd ~vb{bvyothm` o`d mtjbv {rhtofcbtvodb{.

Tjbvb {jmrcd fb dh{kr{{hm` ogm`a iovgbv{ o`d iovg hyb{ o`d byb` bzkjo`ab mi iovgbv{ htjh`tjb {totb# mrt mi tjb {totb# o`d mybv{bo{. [b`dh`a tjbg tm odyo`kb kmr`tvhb{ imv iovgh`a o`d iovg

chyh`a {jmrcd fb km`{hdbvbd.

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Qotbv

Oyohcofhchtx mi otbv imv tjb iovg drvh`a tjb voh`x {bo{m` {jmrcd `mt fb o ~vmfcbg. Hi tjbvb ovb

~bvb``hoc icmh`a {tvbog{ `bovfx tjbvb {jmrcd fb `m ~vmfcbg oc{m. Mtjbvh{b iovgbv{ joyb tm

db~b`d m` jovyb{th`a otbv h` ofmyb to`e{ ivmg tjb iovg frhcdh`a{ o`d fbcm tjb avmr`d h` tjb

ghd{t mi km`tmrv {tvh~{. To`e{ ofmyb avmr`d o`d mybvjbod {jmrcd fb h`{toccbd kcm{b tm tjb iovgfrhcdh`a{ tm kmccbkt iocch`a otbv ivmg tjb vmmi{ drvh`a tjb voh`x {bo{m`.

Bdrkothm`

Tjb kb`tvoc amybv`gb`t mi tjb Ibdbvoc R`hm` mi Frvgo {jmrcd imvgrcotb o kmvb {xccofh jhkj

{jmrcd fb m`cx 1> ~bvkb`t. Tjb vb{t {jmrcd fb dbybcm~bd fx {totb{ tm {rht tjbhv vbqrhvbgb`t{. Ivm

~vhgovx# ghddcb# o`d {bkm`dovx bdrkothm` occ tjb {trdb`t{ {jmrcd cbov` tjvmraj tbokjbv{ o`d {bci

{trdx ivmg fmme{# o{{ha`gb`t{# dh{kmybvx fx ox mi ihbcd {tvh~{# bz~bktothm`{# dh{kr{{hm`{# btk.

Bzogh`othm`{ {jmrcd fb m~b` fmme bzogh`othm`# toeb jmgb bzogh`othm`{# avmr~ bzogh`othm`{#

btk. lr{t tm dh{kmybv o`{bv{ fx tjbg{bcyb{. Tb{t gove {jmrcd fb `mt ?>> frt byb` gmvb tjo` otbokjbv kmrcd o`{bv htjh` o ahyb` ~bvhmd# lr{t cheb TMBIC bzogh`othm`. Tjb bzogh`othm`

{jmrcd fb `mt tm ih`d jbvb tjb {trdb`t h{ boe frt jbvb jb-{jb h{ {tvm`a. H` mtjbv mvd{ hi o

{trdb`t h{ h`tbvb{tbd m`cx h` {~mvt cbt jhg-jbv fbkmgb{ o {~mvt ~bv{m`. Tjb {trdb`t{ {jmrcd e`mjm o yhccoab mv o tm` mv o {totb h{ m~bvotbd {m tjot jb-{jb fbkmgb{ o vb{~m`{hfcb ~bv{m`. Tjb

{trdb`t {jmrcd {bvyb jh{-jbv kmr`tvx fx ox mi jh{ h`tbvb{tbd {~bkhoctx

Jboctj

Jrgo` jboctj {jmrcd fbah` tjb dox tjot ~bv{m`!{ irtrvb ~ovb`t{ dbkhdb tm abt govvhbd. Irtrvb

~ovb`t{! jboctj {jmrcd fb bzogh`bd imv tjbhv irtrvb fmdx. Qjb` tjb gmtjbv abt{ ~vba`o`t tjbvb

{jmrcd fb h`{tvrkthm`{ m` jm tm toeb kovb mi jbv{bci o`d tjb jboctj db~ovtgb`t gr{t ~vmyhdb tjbfb{t ~vb`otoc kovb. Kjhcd fhvtj {jmrcd fb r`dbv o tvoh`bd ~bv{m`. Cotbv m` Codx Jboctj Yh{htmv

{jmrcd toeb kovb mi tjb kjhcd jboctj tmabtjbv htj o dmktmv. .

Bybvx yhccoab {jmrcd joyb o bcc tvoh`bd `rv{bvx o`d ~vb{kjmmc jbvb mveh`a gmtjbv kmrcdcboyb tjbhv fofhb{ h` ammd jo`d{ htjmrt o`x mvvx. [kjmmc kjhcdvb`!{ ~jx{hkoc o`d gb`toc

jboctj {jmrcd fb ahyb` avbot kovb r`thc tjbhv avodrothm`. Tjbvb {jmrcd fb fmme{ m` jboctj vhttb`

h` ~coh` co`aroab ivmg ~vb`otoc kovb tm r`thc dbotj. Mcd oab ~bm~cb {jmrcd fb bcc kovbd imv o`d

jmgb{ imv tjb oabd gr{t fb b{tofch{jbd o{ vbqrhvbd.

Miihkhoc{ h` tjb Iovg{

Tjbvb {jmrcd fb kmgb oavhkrctrvoc {~bkhoch{t{# ybtbvh`ovho`{# imvb{tbv{# {~bkhoc mvebv#

bkm`mgh{t{# dmktmv{# db`th{t# tbokjbv{# odgh`h{tvotmv{# btk. Tjbx {jmrcd {tox h` tjb iovg ofmrt oxbov o`d yh{ht tjbg jb`bybv `bkb{{ovx tm goeb tjh{ gmdbc yhccoab o {rkkb{{ h` cotbv

xbov{. Tjb{b miihkhoc{ gr{t mve o{ o tbog `mt o{ h`dhyhdroc{. Tjbx ko` jbc~ tjb yhccoabv{ ivmg

bybvx o{~bkt mi o {rkkb{{irc kmggr`htx.

8/9/2019 Development of Chin State by Dr Tun Than

8/8

Gmdbc Yhccoab ^rfchkothm`{

Tjbvb {jmrcd fb o``roc ~rfchkothm` ivmg bybvx {bkthm` mi r`dbvtoeh`a mi tjh{ gmdbc yhccoab# {rkj

o{ bdrkothm`# jboctj# oavhkrctrvb# ~mchkb# kmttoab h`dr{tvx# btk. Tjbx {jmrcd fb h` o ao|bttb mv

miihkhoc vbkmvd o`d kmg~hcbd o{ o` o``roc yhccoab ao|bttb. Tjbvb gox fb o yhccoab goao|h`b

jbvb o`x yhccoabv gox bz~m{b tjbhv chtbvovx {txcb m` o`x ihbcd.

Tjbvb gox fb o ~m{tbv tx~b yhccoab `b{~o~bv. O`x `b{ gox fb vhttb` mv ~vh`tbd m` o ~m{tkovd {h|b o`d ~m{tbd m` o {~bkhoc tofcb. Tjbvb gox fb dhiibvb`t {bkthm`{ {rkj o{ cm{t o`d imr`d#

{mkhoc# vbchahm`# cmkoc `b{# botjbv# btk..

Fbxm`d tjb Gmdbc Yhccoab

Ot tjb b`d mi 2 xbov{ tjbvb {jmrcd fb {jvbd# ~b`btvoth`a# o`d ~vokthkoc o~~voh{oc{ m` tjh{ gmdbciovg yhccoab. Ht {jmrcd fb tokecbd fx tjb iovgbv{ tjbg{bcyb{# tjb `bhajfmrvh`a iovgbv{# gb` m`

tjb {tvbbt# odgh`h{tvotmv{# o`d tjb cbah{cotmv{. Tjb qrb{thm`{ &H{ tjh{ gmdbc iovg yhccoab tx~b

db{hvofcb h` tjb cm`a vr` imv tjb Kjh` [totb=& &Ovb tjb iovgbv{ {oth{ihbd htj tjbhv ~vb{b`tbg~cmxgb`t=& H{ tjb gmdbc iovg yhccoab chib b`yhofcb imv xmr=& &H{ tjbvb o`xtjh`a xmr mrcd

cheb tm kjo`ab h` tjh{ gmdbc iovg=& Hi `mfmdx cheb{ ht `otrvoc# b {jmrcd ofo`dm` ht tmtoc o`d

km`{hdbv {mgb mtjbv tx~b fbkor{b m`b ko``mt vr` oox ivmg tjh{ yhccoab chib. Hi bybvx fmdx cheb

ht htj mv htjmrt kjo`ab tjb` cbt r{ dm ht h` cbo~{ o`d fmr`d{.

Qb gr{t tbog r~ tmabtjbv o`d mve imv tjb kmggm` hg~vmybgb`t mi tjb Kjh` [totb. Tjb ~otj

imv tjh{ to{e h{ `mt o fbd mi vm{b{. Ht h{ `mt hg~mvto`t jm b iocc frt ht h{ hg~mvto`t jm b vh{b

r~. Cbt r{ `mt ~vbdhkt mrv irtrvb# cbt r{ kvbotb ht tmabtjbv. H` tjb `ogb mi Amd b ko` dm ht.