Development and Operation of a Wind Power Based Energy System : Experiences and Research Efforts Professor and Head of Center Jacob Østergaard Technical University of Denmark (DTU) (With acknowledgement to all contributors from DTU, DONG Energy and Energinet.dk) International Conference on Renewable Power Generation Beijing, 17-18 October 2015

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The Electric Power System in Denmark (2013)

Dato - Dok.nr. 3

Load 2,000–6,300 MW

Generation capacity Central power plants 5,000 MW Local CHP plants 2,500 MW Wind power 4,800 MW Solar power 500 MW

~25% of the wind power capacity is offshore.

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DK power system right now…

Courtesy: Energinet.dk (http://energinet.dk/)

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Year 2014 Danish wind power generation: 39.1% of the electricity consumption

January 2014

Danish wind power generation: 63.3% of the electricity consumption

December 21th 2013 Danish wind power generation: 102% of the electricity consumption

Single hour July 9th 2015

Danish wind power generation: 140% of the electricity consumption

March 11th 2014 only 9 MW wind power generated out of installed 4,900 MW

but 480 MW out of 580 MW solar units supplied the grid

Source: Nord Pool Spot and Energinet.dk

Wind Power in Denmark

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Ambitious Energy Policy by the DK Parliament Agreement 2012-2020 & Target for 2050

50% wind power in the electricity system

No coal 100% RE in electricity and

heating systems

100% RE (incl. power,

heat, industry and transport)

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Strategy by DONG Energy

Cost of offshore wind power is the key issue…

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Cost Drivers and Solutions • Design, optimization, standardisation of system solutions and components. • Verification and tuning of solutions before going offshore

Examples of current research efforts:

Optimization of array cables by improved dynamic thermal models.

Real-time test platform for verification and tuning of controllers.

Conventional generator

Superconducting generator

10.05.2010, dok. nr. 18412-10 Integration of Wind - Energinet.dk

Efficient integration of wind power A strong international transmission grid

Smart Grids

Market based mobilization of flexible resources

Strategy by Energinet.dk:

Strong Interconnectors

Dato - Dok.nr. 11

Nordic area

Continental Europe UK area

1000 MW

740 MW

600 MW

600 MW

700 MW

700 MW

700-1400 MW

400 MW

National Grid TenneT

50Hertz

Statnett Svenska Kraftnät

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The Krieger’s Flak Offshore Farm combining WPP connection and interconnection Denmark-Germany • A step toward an offshore grid

• Important research challenges

– Coordinated protection and control of WPP. HVDC and grid connection

– Interaction between market and operation

– Optimal utilization of the grid

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Without coordination

Zone AHVDC1 HVDC2

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

Zone B

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

Zone AHVDC1 HVDC2

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

Zone B

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

50 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

100 MW

0 MW

Zone AHVDC1 HVDC2

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

Zone B

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

Zone AHVDC1 HVDC2

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

Zone B

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

75 MW (capacity: 100 MW)

100 MW

0 MW

100 MW

100 MW

50 M

W

50 MW

Improve Utilization of the Grid - E.g. by Coordination of Controllable HVDC Connections

• Example: Power transfer WE

• N-1 criterion, e.g. allow disconnection of one line

• ‘Shared N-1 security’ • Basic real-time coordination allows

transfer of total 150 MW, i.e. increase by 50%

• In reality: – Complex grid – Different operational situation – Other controllers in system – Dynamics – Time delays – …

With coordination

W E

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Secure Operation of Sustainable Power Systems • Conventional stabilizing resources (central power plants) are displaced • The system operation becomes more dynamic

• How to efficiently ensure a secure operation where the operating point is heavliy

fluctuating?

• Need for real-time stability assessment and corrective control – Maintain stability margins – Improve utilization of the grid (economic impact)

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Overall stability assessment in real-time by an elementwise approach

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Real-time method for assessment of aperiodic small-signal rotor angle stability

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Fast Real-time Security Assessment of Electric Power Systems (ms-range)

Refs: IEEE Transaction in Power Systems , 2015 Patent No. 111681113.6 – 2207, 2011 Patent No. EP11195960.7, 2011

Conventional approaches • Off-line simulation-based analysis • Assessment times of 5 – 15 minutes • Insufficient for systems with high

share of stochastic energy sources • Detailed and accurate models needed

Developed approach • Analytical approach enables real-time assessment of

aperiodic small-signal stability of individual generators • PMU’s provides system observability • Assessment time 2.5 ms on laptop @ 7917 nodes,

1325 gens • 2003 SW-DK blackout -> ≈80 s warning; no blackout • Optimal counteractions can easily and fast be

identified analytically

Proximity-to- instability info

“Where and what”

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Balancing the Wind Power

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Ener

gy p

er h

our i

n D

K (M

Wh/

h)

Year 2020

Wind Power Demand

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EcoGrid EU Large-scale Demonstration of a Prototype for European Smart Grids

• 2,000 active private and commercial customers

• EU fast-track to Smart Grids • Period: 2011-15 • Budget: 21 million Euro • Integrated research and

demonstration

“Best Sustainable IT-project”, 2012 awarded by Sustainia 100 (Arnold Schwarzenegger et. al)

IEA ISGAN Award of Excellence in smart grid systems "Consumer Engagement & Empowerment“, 2014.

Co-funded by EU FP7.

Refs: IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2013. … and others.

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Bornholm island Living-Lab with 40,000 Inhabitants and 33% Wind Power

Bornholm

Resources: - Wind power - Solar power - Biomass - Biogas - District heating - Combined heat and power - eMobility - Active demand

Features: - Nord Pool market - Islanding capability

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT TESTING TRAINING DEMONSTRATION

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Demand response to step in price (other effects excluded)

-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

Time [Minutes]

Pow

er [k

W]

Demand response for automated groups

IBM heat pumpsIBM electric heatingSiemens electric heating

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The Fundamendal EcoGrid EU Concept

The market concept allows regulation of DER through price signal without direct measurement of the individual response

*

* Including flexible demand

/market

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EcoGrid EU 5 min real-time market implementation

Optimize the demand and generation social welfare based on expected (forecasted) demand response.

The real-time market operates coordinated with existing markets.

A baseline market run in parallel with the EcoGrid EU real-time market.

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An example of obtained response in the EcoGrid EU demonstration

24

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Courtesy: Prof. Pierre Pinson

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Courtesy: Prof. Pierre Pinson

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• Scandinavia’s largest city development district

• Over the next 50 years, Nordhavn will develop into a new district with 40,000 residents and 40,000 jobs.

• Will be a role model of a future sustainable city, contributing to the City of Copenhagen's goal of becoming carbon-neutral by 2025.

• A living EnergyLab for real-life demonstration of smart energy solutions.

Nordhavn – the future sustainable city

Nordhavn is the only urban development area that has received the highest certification for sustainability - namely gold - in the DGNB certification system.

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EnergyLab Nordhavn • Objective: To develop new methods and solutions for design and dimensioning of

the future cost-effective multi-carrier energy system (electricity, thermal, transport), buildings based on Nordhavn as a globally visible real-life laboratory.

• Electricity – Heating/cooling – Transportation - Buildings

• New business models • New integrated market designs • Control and operation • Flexible energy use and storage technologies

• April 2015 - March 2019 • 19m Euro

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Thank you for the attention!

Jacob Østergaard Professor, Head of Center Center for Electric Power and Energy (CEE) Department of Electrical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Web: www.cee.elektro.dtu.dk

Tel: +45 45 25 35 01 Email: joe@elektro.dtu.dk