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‘O’
Level Exam topics
Section A (45 minutes)
Topics: Natural Vegetation, Rivers & Coasts
• 2 questions, Choose 1 (25 marks)
Section B (45 minutes)
Topics: Development, Geography of Food
• 2 questions, Choose 1 (25 marks)
‘N’
Level Exam Topics
• Section A:– Topics: Rivers and Coasts– 2 questions, Choose 1 (25 marks each)
• Section B: – Topics: (1) Geography of Food, (2) Development
– 2 questions, Choose 1 (1 will be set on a specific topic, 1 question will be set on a topic or a
combination of topics) – 25 marks each
What is development?
• Refers to improvements in Standard of Living and Quality of Life
• Standard of Living (SOL) refers to the
living conditions
in which people live in.
– Access to education, health services and basic amenities (i.e. clean water supply and sanitation
system)
• Quality of Life (QOL)
refers to the degree of satisfaction that you have with your living
conditions and lifestyle.
Mexico City
Mexico City
How do you feel towards the photographs you have seen just now?
Pit StopPit Stop 2 mins2 mins
Development is Uneven; Some places are more developed than others.
1. How can we tell?
2. What caused these differences?
3. What can be done?
Essential Questions:
1.
What
is Development?2.
How do we measure the level of development in
a country?3.
Where
are the DCs (Developed Countries) and
LDCs (Less Developed Countries) located?4.
Why
is there uneven development?
5.
What
are the strategies to reduce uneven development?
6.
How does National Development alleviate uneven development?
Uneven development
between & within
countries
Development
What is
Development?
Standard of
Living
Quality of
Life
How to Measure
Development?
Indicators1.
Economic 2.
Education3.
Health
Limitations
of each
indicator
Reasons for
Uneven
Development
S.H.E.E.PFactors:SocialHistoricalEconomicEnvironmentPolitical
How to bring
about
development?
National Level
International Level
Core‐Periphery
Model
•Spread effect•Backwash effect•Cumulative causation
•International
Organisations•International
Agreements
Strategies:•Economic•Education•Social
EffectivenessGood/ Bad?
EffectivenessGood/ Bad?
Tool:HDI0<HDI<1
1. What
is development?
• Improvements in Standard of Living and Quality of Life
• Standard of Living (SOL) refers to the living conditions in which people live in.
– Access to education, health services and basic amenities (i.e. clean water supply and sanitation
system)
• Quality of Life (QOL)
refers to the degree of satisfaction that you have with your living
conditions and lifestyle.
2. How do we measure the level of development in a country?
• Income per capita• Employment
Structure • Employment
Opportunities
• Income per capita• Employment
Structure• Employment
Opportunities
• Literacy Rate • Literacy Rate
• Life Expectancy• Infant Mortality Rate• Availability of health
services •Access to clean water
supply & sanitation
• Life Expectancy• Infant Mortality Rate• Availability of health
services•Access to clean water
supply & sanitation
1. Economic 3. Education
2. Health
Level of UrbanisationLevel of Urbanisation
4.
1. Economic indicators
i. Income per capita
• Income = Wealth of people in a country = Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National Product (GNP)
• Per capita = Per person• Income per capita
refers to the average income earned by each
worker in a country in a year.
How is GDP and GNP different?
• GDP
refers to the income earned by residents working in a country in a year (includes citizens
and non‐citizens working in the cty).vs.
• GNP refers to the income earned by citizens in a country in a year (includes citizens working in the country as well as overseas).
Mathematically,
• GDP per capita
• GNP per capitaTotal income generated by citizens in a country in a year
Total Population (Citizens)
Total income generated by residents in a country a yearTotal Population (Residents)
• Higher GDP or GNP means that a country is wealthier and has more resources to develop.
• The same holds for countries with higher GDP per capita or GNP
per capita.• Countries with low GDP/ GNP means that country is
undeveloped as there is little resources available for development.
• The same holds for countries with lower GDP per capita or GNP
per capita.• E.g. According to UNDP 2005, developed country, U.S.A, has a
GDP per capita of US$37 562, as compared to developing country,
Ethiopia, who only has a GDP per capita of US$711 in the same
year.
Limitations1.
GDP / GNP is a gross figure, it does not take into
account the population size of a country.
2.
GDP per capita/ GNP per capita is an average figure, it does not account for individual or regional differences in income.
3.
Does not reflect the local cost of living. I.e. a pen may cost $0.50 in Cty A but $2 in Cty B.
4.
Does not account for informal activities such as hawking, tuition.
As a result, income/ income per capita may not be an accurate measure of the level of development in a
country.
ii. Employment Structure
Employment Structure
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
e.g. logging,
farming, mining
e.g. garment
manufacturing
e.g. services: banking, tourism
industry
1. Economic indicators
Which industry, do you think, brings in the most income?
Most
$$$
Least
$$$
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
ACTIVITY TIME
Drag each label to the pie graph that represent its economy.
Developed Country (DC)
Less Developed Country (LDC)
Newly Industrialising
Country
ACTIVITY TIME
• Primary industries contribute little wealth to the country
• Jobs in primary industries are low paying
• Jobs in secondary & tertiary industries are higher‐paying
• Hence, generally, most DCs
have largest proportion of workforce in tertiary, followed
by secondary, lastly, primary.
• On the other hand, LDCs
have
largest proportion of workforce in primary, followed
by secondary, then tertiary.
Limitations• Some countries may have a sizeable
proportion of workforce in the primary industry and yet still be a DC.
• E.g. USA has a relatively balanced primary, secondary and tertiary industry because of its
large domestic economy.
As a result, employment structure may not be an accurate measure of the level of development in a
country.
Triangular graph showing employment structure
HOW TO READ A TRIANGULAR PYRAMID?
iii. Employment Opportunities• Cycle of Development
Many employment Opportunities
Income per capita
Improved SOL & QOL
Developed Countries
1. Economic indicators
Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
Few
Employment Opportunities
Low Income per capita
Low SOL & QOL
• Greater employment opportunities in DCs allow its people to earn more income and have higher SOL and QOL.
• Few employment opportunities in LDCs
cause its people to be poor and have higher SOL and QOL.
2. Health indicators
• Health conditions refer to the general well‐ being
of a person with regard to his/ her
mental and physical conditions.• It differs between DCs
and LDCs.
• Determined by whether there is:– Medical & healthcare is available and accessible– Facilities such as hospitals and clinics– Safe drinking water & proper sanitation– Balanced diet
Definitions of terms:
i. Life expectancy refers to the average
number of years a person is expected to live.
ii. Infant Mortality Rate refers to the rate at
which the number of babies less than one year of age dies, for every 1,000 live births, in a year.
iii.
Access to water supply & sanitation facilities
Life Expectancy
Infant Mortality
Rate
Clean Water Supply
Proper Sanitation
Facilities
DC High/ Low High/ Low Yes/ No Yes/ No
LDC High/ Low High/ Low Yes/ No Yes/ No
Why?
ACTIVITY TIME
• People in
DCs have higher life expectancies than LDCs because:
– Balanced diet– Clean environment – Access to leading medical services – Afford medical treatment
– E.g. UNDP 2005: Japan has a high LE of 82 years as compared to Ethiopia with 47.6 years.
• People in DCs
have lower infant mortality rates than LDCs
because there is access to:
– Proper healthcare amenities such as clinics, hospitals and medical research facilities
– E.g. DCs such as Norway and USA have lower IMR (3 and 7 per 1000 live births respectively) than
LDCs such as Cambodia and Sierra Leone (97 and 166 per 1000 live births respectively).
• People in DCs
have access to clean water supply supplied by pipes to home
• People in LDCs
do not have access to clean water
• Unclean water is unsafe for drinking and will cause water‐borne diseases such cholera &
polio.• E.g. UNDP 2005: Access to clean water;
Norway (100%), Ethiopia (22%)
• DCs
have proper sanitation facilities (i.e. toilets with flush and waste disposal system)
• LDCs
has poor/ no sanitation facilities
(i.e. human waste left in open ground) seep
into ground and contaminate groundwater rivers contaminate water sources lead to widespread of diseases such as dysentery.
• E.g. UNDP 2005: 100% Australians has access to sanitation compared to only 6% in Ethiopia.
Hence,
• DCs: Access to medical facilities, clean water and proper sanitation reflects High
Standards of
Living & Quality of Life More developed
• LDCs: Lack of access to medical facilities, clean water and proper sanitation reflects Low
Standards of Living & Quality of Life Less developed
• Literacy rate refers to the percentage of adults (age 15 and above) in a country, who can read
and write.• More developed a country is, the higher its
literacy rate• More financial resources to build schools, train
teachers and subsidise education• E.g. UNDP 2005: Italy has a high literacy rate of
98.5% as compared to Sierra Leone with 29.6%.
3. Education indicators
• Higher literacy rates means people have more skills to work in the technology‐driven tertiary industries higher pay higher SOL and
QOL
• Low literacy rates in LCDs hinder economic development
as industries will be focused on
low‐skilled primary and secondary sectors lowly paid low SOL & QOL
Limitations• Some countries can have a high literacy rate
and yet still classified as a LDC.
• E.g. Vietnam has a high literacy rate of 94% in 2004 despite being a LDC.
As a result, literacy rate may not be an accurate measure of the level of development in a country.
• Higher the percentage of people residing in cities, the more developed a country is.
• More higher paying jobs are available in urban areas compared to rural areas
• Hence, the higher the % of urban population, the higher the SOL
4. Urban population
Limitations1. Rural‐urban migration: Movement of labour from
rural to urban areas in search of better jobs
• Rural farmers lack skills needed for well‐paid jobs in urban areas unemployed/ lowly paid jobs in urban
areas2. Counter‐urbanisation
trend in DCs: People move out
of cities to the suburbs to avoid problems such as overcrowding, high pollution in the cities.
As a result, % of urban population may not be an accurate measure of the level of development in a
country.
Think: Can we measure development more accurately then? How?
Pit StopPit Stop 3 mins3 mins
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX (HDI)
Solution
1. An index used by United Nations to measure the level of development in a country.
Human Development Index (HDI)
2. Takes 3 key indicators:• Economic indicators (Gross Domestic Product
per capita, Gross National Product per capita, Employment structure and opportunities)
• Health indicators (i.e. Life expectancy, Infant Mortality Rate)
• Education indicators (i.e. Literacy rate)3. Value between 1 and 0.
Human Development Index (HDI)
LowLow Medium Medium HighHigh
HDI 0.499 and below 0.500‐0.799 0.800‐1.00
0 ≤
HDI ≥
1
Limitations:
1.Lack of complete data as economies in LDCs
are in informal
trading2.Failure to take into account human rights and freedom3.Time lag between year of publish and time of data collection
(2 years)
What is Standard of Living (SOL)?
What is Quality of Life (QOL)? Pit StopPit Stop
1.
Economic
2.
Health
3.
Education
What are the 3 categories of indicators
used to measure the level of
development?
Pit Pit StopStop
