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Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

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Page 1: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange
Page 2: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

CROP DEVELOPMENT AND CASSAVA DEVELOPMENT IN SUB- SAHARAN AFRICA

Dr ALAIN ANGE

Technical Adviser to FARA

FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN AFRICA

ACCRA - GHANA

Page 3: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

FAO grouping for SSA countries

Eastern Africa Middle Africa Southern Africa Western AfricaBurundiComorosEritreaEthiopiaKenyaMadagascarMalawiMauritiusMozambiqueReunionRwandaSomaliaTanzaniaUgandaZambiaZimbabweSudan (in North Africa)

AngolaCameroonCentral African Rep.ChadCongo DRCCongoEquatorial GuineaGabon

BotswanaLesothoNamibiaSouth AfricaSwaziland

BeninBurkina FasoCabo VerdeCote d’IvoireGambiaGhanaGuineaGuinea BissauLiberiaMaliMauritaniaNigerNigeriaSenegalSierra LeoneTogo

Page 4: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Population growth - increased needs from agriculture

• Population has doubled in the last 25 years.• It will increase by 52% within the next 20 years.

Total Population in 1000 – Source FAO Statistics

→ The availability of food per capita progressed by 10% for the last 25 years. It should progress by >30% for the next 20 years = >80% more production

Region 1985 2010 2030

Eastern 165,963 327,187 518,063

Middle 62,411 128,900 201,604

Southern 32,450 57,968 64,036

Western 159,843 306,060 463,134

SSA 425,667 820,123 1,246,837

Page 5: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Agricultural population – Growth and ratio to total• Agricultural population keeps growing.• Ratio to total population evolves differently between regions.

Source = FAO – Statistics – interpretation A. ANGE

Variable Regions 1985 2010 2030

Index for agricultural population

Eastern 1 1.75 2.37

Middle 1 1.64 2.00

Southern 1 0.82 0.53

Western 1 1.38 1.82

SSA 1 1.58 2.07

Agricultural population in % to totalpopulation

Eastern 82.5 73.2 62.6

Middle 71.0 56.4 43.9

Southern 25.5 13.5 7.9

Western 60.7 43.9 38.2

SSA 67.6 55.4 47.7

Page 6: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Effect of decreasing ratio of agricultural people• If availability of products per inhabitant was only to be maintained from 1985

to 2030, the production from every agricultural people should increase by:- 32% in Eastern Africa - 220% in Southern Africa- 62% in Middle Africa - 57% in Western Africa

• For increasing food availability by 43% from 1985 to 2030, farmers should also increase their productivity with this progress rate. Total progress required is by:

- 89% in Eastern Africa - 220% in Southern Africa- 132% in Middle Africa - 225% in Western Africa

Intensification is urgently needed if massive encroachment on forests and bush-land is to be avoided in the next 20 years.

Climate change will add to the need for improved productivity through intensification and significant changes in production systems induced by investments.

Page 7: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Changes in crop production for 25 years in SSAIndexes 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2008

cereals 1 1.13 1.21 1.38 1.70 1.86

Beans + peas 1 1.30 1.43 1.70 2.09 2.34

Oil seeds 1 1.42 1.52 2.03 2.55 2.63

Tubers + bananas 1 1.25 1.60 1.82 2.18 2.32

Vegetables 1 1.25 1.60 1.82 2.18 2.32

Fruits 1 1.13 1.31 1.60 1.82 1.88

Perennial food crops 1 1.05 1.06 1.24 1.33 1.32

Spices 1 1.14 1.19 1.47 1.64 1.73

Non food crops 1 1.20 1.34 1.52 2.14 1.74

Total Population 1 1.15 1.32 1.50 1.70 1.83

Agricultural population 1 1.12 1.23 1.34 1.46 1.53

Page 8: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

SSA - Lessons from production development - 1 Increased production/ availability Lack of progress Production/ inhabit. – Progress slowed down

= oil seeds, legumes, tubers, bananas = cerealsProduction/agric. people – Progress slowed down

Production kg/index 1985 2000 2008Cereals 142.6

/ 1131.2/ 0.92

144.6/ 1.01

Beans + peas 10.6/ 1

12.0/ 1.13

13.5/ 1.27

Oil seeds 9.7/ 1

13.1/ 1.35

13.9/ 1.43

Tubers + bananas 241.0/ 1

290.7/ 1.21

304.6/ 1.26

Vegetables 35.1/ 1

38.9/ 1.11

39.4/ 1.12

Fruits 18.1/ 1

19.3/ 1.07

18.6/ 1.03

Perennial food crops 162.0/ 1

133.8/ 0.83

116.7/ 0.72

Spices 0.1/ 1

0.1/ 1

0.1/ 1

Non food crops 5.1/ 1

5.2/ 1.02

4.9/ 0.96

Production kg/index 1985 2000 2008Cereals 210.9

/ 1217.7/ 1.03

256.7/ 1.22

Beans + peas 15.6/ 1

19.8/ 1.27

23.9/ 1.53

Oil seeds 14.3/ 1

21.7/ 1.52

24.7/ 1.73

Tubers + bananas 355.9/ 1

482.4/ 1.36

540.6/ 1.52

Vegetables 52.0/ 1

64.5/ 1.24

70.0/ 1.35

Fruits 26.8/ 1

32.1/ 1.20

33.0/ 1.23

Perennial food crops 239.6/ 1

222.1/ 0.93

207.1/ 0.86

Spices 0.15/ 1

0.17/ 1.13

0.17/ 1.13

Non food crops 7.6/ 1

8.6/ 1.13

8.6/ 1.13

Page 9: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

SSA - Lessons from production development - 2

Cropped area acreage - 1000 ha

Huge increase of farmed land; no change of farm size

Acreage 1000 ha /index 1985 2000 2008

Cereals 54,869 / 1

70,621 / 1.29

85,423 / 1.56

Beans + peas 9,637 / 1

14,630 / 1.52

19,633 / 2.04

Oil seeds 8,814 / 1

13,699 /1.55

16,498 / 1.87

Tubers + bananas 17,750 / 1

24,904 / 1.58

28,532 / 1.81

Vegetables 3,240 / 1

5,262 / 1.62

6,183 / 1.91

Fruits 860 / 1

1,306 / 1.52

1,532 / 1.78

Perennial food crops 11,883 / 1

15,099 / 1.14

15,957 / 1.34

Spices 153 /1

185 / 1.21

198 / 1.30

Non food crops 1,193 / 1

1,706 / 1.43

1,957 / 1.64

Total 106,398 / 1

147,412 /1.39

175,912 / 1.65

Cropped area/10 agric. people - haCropped area ha / index 1985 2000 2008

Cereals 1.906 / 1

1.83 1 / 0.96

1.848 / 0.97

Beans + peas 0.335 / 1

0.379 / 1.13

0.425 / 1.26

Oil seeds 0.306 / 1

0.355 / 1.16

0.357 / 1.17

Tubers + bananas 0.547 / 1

0.646 / 1.18

0.617 /1.13

Vegetables 0.113 / 1

0.136 / 1.21

0.134 / 1.19

Fruits 0.030 / 1

0.034 / 1.13

0.033 / 1.10

Perennial food crops 0.413 / 1

0.392 0.95

0.345 0.84

Spices 0.005 / 1

0,005 / 0.96

0,004 / 0.86

Non food crops 0.041 / 1

0.044 1.08

0.042 / 1.03

Total 3.696 / 1

3.822 1.03

3.802 / 1.03

Page 10: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

SSA - Lessons from production development - 3Grain yields = STILL LOWMaize and Cowpeas progressed in 23y

Region Kg/ha Rice Maize Sorghum Millet Cowpea

EasternAfrica

Yield2008

2,100 1,301 1,069 1,079 516

Index/ 1985

1.18 0.92 1.24 1.04 1.16

Middle Africa

Yield2008

982 884 834 554 714

Index/ 1985

0.97 1.15 1.11 0.93 1.19

Southern Africa

Yield2008

2,324 3,824 1,847 270 507

Index/ 1985

0.66 2.07 1.43 0.82 0.88

WesternAfrica

Yield2008

1,774 1,759 964 1.002 436

Index/ 1985

1.12 1.66 1.13 1.17 1.64

Tubers and bananas = VERY LOWYams and bananas progressed in 23 y

Cassava Sweetpotatoe

Irish potatoe

Yams Coco yams bananas plantains

8,974 4,964 9,119 7,143 5,585 6,748 5,588

1.24 1.10 1.32 1.70 0.99 1.22 0.99

8,349 4,446 4,700 7,344 5,160 7,206 4,963

1.16 0.79 1.46 1.09 1.26 0.87 1.22

- 3,026 31,992 - - 47,489 -

- 0.79 2.08 - - 3.42 -

11,177 3,169 4,656 10,827 6,684 11,652 6,100

1.19 0.62 0.67 1.57 2.94 1.26 1.34

Page 11: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

What happened in farming in SSA since 1985• Production of cereals did not progress enough, while production for oilseeds,

legumes and roots and tubers improved availability;• Progress in productivity halved on 2000 – 08 as compared to 1985 – 2000;• Average farm size did not changed much; farm numbers increased by 58%;• Cropped areas increased by 65% and doubled in West Africa, with huge cost of

deforestation and land degradation; • Progress of crop yields has been lower than 1.2% per year (half of population growth

rate), with exception for:

- Maize in Southern and western Africa, sorghum in Southern and Eastern Africa;- Cowpea in Western Africa;- Irish potatoes with exception in Western Africa;- Yams in Eastern and Western Africa and coco yams in Western Africa;- Bananas in Southern Africa and plantains in Western Africa;

The progress of cassava yields has been very slow on the whole continent,within a context of poor progress of food availability.

Page 12: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Production in West AfricaKg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index

Prod./cap.Index Population

Index Production

Benin 169.6 352.9 303.5 1.79 2.10 3.76

Burkina Faso 1.7 0.2 0.3 0.18 1.98 0.34

Cote d’Ivoire 119.5 121.5 143.3 1.20 1.97 2.36

Gambia 8.2 5.8 4.7 0.57 2.26 1.30

Ghana 176.8 415.1 486.1 2.75 1.80 4.94

Guinea 87.7 100.8 114.1 1.30 1.89 2.43

Guinea Bissau 9.8 24.5 30.3 3.09 1.71 5.30

Liberia 127.4 156.0 147.6 1.16 1.71 1.98

Mali 0.1 1.4 7.9 - 1.62 -

Niger 28.7 14.9 7.5 0.26 2.15 0.56

Nigeria 142.0 256.4 294.8 2.08 1.78 3.68

Senegal 4.8 13.4 75.4 15.7 1.87 29.75

Sierra Leone 30.3 57.0 66.5 2.19 1.53 3.36

Togo 141.8 133.6 136.4 0.96 1.93 1.86

WEST AFRICA 112.2 198.3 219.5 1.96 1.82 3.57

Page 13: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Production in East AfricaKg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 Index

Prod./cap.Index Population

Index Production

BURUNDI 103.2 101.4 94.9 0.67 1.65 1.11

COMOROS 59.1 76.1 70.6 1.19 1.86 2.22

KENYA 32.3 13.3 19.4 0.60 1.97 1.18

MADAGASCAR 219.1 161.3 125.6 0.57 1.95 1.12

MALAWI 28.8 236.2 235.2 8.17 2.04 16.68

MAURITIUS 0.3 0.1 0.2 - 1.26 -

MOZAMBIQUE 270.2 293.8 225.1 0.83 1.68 1.40

RWANDA 94.7 103.2 100.7 1.06 1.59 1.69

SOMALIA 6.3 9.5 9.2 1.46 1.40 2.05

TANZANIA 376.3 156.5 155.3 0.41 1.95 0.80

UGANDA 182.5 203.2 160.2 0.88 2.14 1.88

ZAMBIA 53.1 77.9 61.3 1.15 1.86 2.15

ZIMBABWE 9.3 14.1 15.4 1.66 1.41 2.34

EAST AFRICA 115.0 94.7 84.0 0.73 1.87 1.37

SUDAN 3.7 0.3 0.2 - 1.72 -

Page 14: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Production in Middle Africa

Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 IndexProd./cap.

Index Population

Index Production

ANGOLA 146.8 310.4 558.1 3.80 1.93 7.34

CAMEROON 142.6 120.9 131.0 0.92 1.82 1.67

CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 221.3 149.6 143.3 0.65 1.66 1.07

CHAD 68.9 30.5 14.7 0.21 2.09 0.44

CONGO DRC 500.0 314.0 233.6 0.47 2.05 0.96

CONGO Rep 337.0 272.8 276.6 0.82 1.71 1.40

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 133.8 85.1 68.3 0.51 2.10 1.07

GABON 214.6 184.9 165.7 0.77 1.83 1.41

MIDDLE AFRICA 327.5 247.1 228.6 0.70 1.96 1.37

Page 15: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Progress of the availability of cassava in SSA• Very high progress and availability in Angola and in Ghana• Important progress and availability in Benin and in Nigeria• High progress and good availability in Malawi• Progress and modest availability in Cote d’Ivoire and Liberia• Stable moderate availability in Guinea, Togo, Cameroon, Uganda• Improving low availability: Sierra Leone, Comoros, Rwanda, Zambia• Declining still high availability in Congo DRC and Congo• Declining good availability in Madagascar, Mozambique, Tanzania• Declining modest availability in Gabon and Central African Rep.• Declining low availability in Burundi, Equatorial guinea, Chad• Very much declining low availability in Niger and Kenya

Page 16: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Productivity in West AfricaKg / Agricultural people 1985 2000 2008 Index

Prod./cap.Index Ag. Population

Index Production

Benin 261.0 654.1 656.5 2.52 1.49 3.76

Burkina Faso 1.9 0.2 0.3 - 1.97 0.34

Cote d’Ivoire 193.0 249.2 357.9 1.85 1.27 2.36

Gambia 9.8 7.3 6.1 0.62 2.08 1.30

Ghana 295.2 736.2 895.0 3.03 1.63 4.94

Guinea 98.5 100.8 141.5 1.44 1.69 2.43

Guinea Bissau 11.3 29.7 37.9 3.35 1.59 5.30

Liberia 170.9 230.7 233.4 1.37 1.45 1.98

Mali 0.1 1.7 10.3 - 1.42 100

Niger 32.2 17.4 9.0 0.28 2.02 0.56

Nigeria 293.5 770.7 1.115.3 3.80 0.97 3.69

Senegal 6.1 18.3 106.3 17.40 1.70 29.80

Sierra Leone 42.1 87.6 108.8 2.58 1.30 3.36

Togo 211.1 223.8 249.5 1.18 1.57 1.86

WEST AFRICA 184.7 396.4 487.8 2.64 1.35 3.57

Page 17: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Productivity in East AfricaKg / Agricultural people 1985 2000 2008 Index

Prod./cap.Index Ag. Population

Index Production

BURUNDI 111.5 111.7 77.2 0.69 1.60 1.11

COMOROS 74.8 103.5 100.5 1.34 1.65 2.22

KENYA 40.0 17.6 27.0 0.68 1.75 1.18

MADAGASCAR 272.0 215.5 176.5 0.65 1.73 1.12

MALAWI 34.8 302.7 317.7 9.13 1.82 16.68

MAURITIUS 1.5 1.1 2.7 1.80 0.50 -

MOZAMBIQUE 335.6 374.1 294.0 0.88 1.60 1.40

RWANDA 102.3 113.5 112.1 1.10 1.54 1.69

SOMALIA 8.3 13.5 13.8 1.66 1.24 2.05

TANZANIA 451.8 200.0 209.0 0.46 1.74 0.80

UGANDA 214.9 257.2 214.6 1.00 1.88 1.88

ZAMBIA 71.6 112.6 95.0 1.33 1.62 2.15

ZIMBABWE 13.1 22.3 26.6 2.03 1.15 2.34

EAST AFRICA 139.5 94.7 113.3 0.81 1.68 1.37

SUDAN 5.3 0.5 0.5 0.10 1.30 -

Page 18: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Productivity in Middle Africa

Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 IndexProd./cap.

Index Ag. Population

Index Production

ANGOLA 194.9 432.6 799.9 4.10 1.79 7.34

CAMEROON 213.8 227.4 302.0 1.41 1.18 1.67

CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 268.9 206.2 219.6 0.82 1.31 1.07

CHAD 81.9 40.5 21.6 0.26 1.68 0.44

CONGO DRC 719.1 505.1 401.2 0.56 1.71 0.96

CONGO Rep 638.0 681.0 824.4 1.29 1.08 1.40

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 175.7 121.6 103.9 0.59 1.81 1.07

GABON 367.1 490.3 591.1 1.61 0.88 1.41

MIDDLE AFRICA 461.3 394.3 396.4 0.86 1.59 1.37

Page 19: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Progress of the Productivity of cassava in SSA• The high progress of production in Angola, Ghana and Nigeria is related to a

sharp increase in farm productivity for cassava. In Nigeria, this improvement overwhelmed the effect of stagnating agricultural population.

• In Congo, the already high productivity improved significantly.• The high production progress in Malawi is related to a shift to full stand

cultivation and intensification , while total is still modest.• In Benin, the productivity progress has been a bit less than above.• In Cote d’Ivoire, Cameroon and Gabon, progress of production is directly

related to improved farm productivity and compensated for a slow development of agricultural population. In Togo and Uganda, productivity gains are modest.

• In Guinea, Comoros and Zambia, progress in productivity have been good, while productivity is still modest.

• In Sierra Leone and Senegal, progress has been high, from low productivity.• Productivity fell in Mozambique, Madagascar, Tanzania in relation to drought

and in Congo DRC and Central African Republic in relation to civil unrest.

Page 20: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava cropped area/ farm in West AfricaHa / 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index

Ha/farmIndex Ag. Population

Index Area

Benin 0.379 0.611 0.458 1.21 1.49 1.80

Burkina Faso 0.002 0.001 0.001 - 1.97 1.25

Cote d’Ivoire 0.213 0.312 0.473 2.22 1.27 1.75

Gambia 0.033 0.024 0.020 0.61 2.08 1.30

Ghana 0.372 0.599 0.662 1.78 1.63 2.90

Guinea 0.133 0.176 0.176 1.32 1.69 2.24

Guinea Bissau 0.013 0.019 0.038 2.92 1.59 4.80

Liberia 0.277 0.351 0.363 1.31 1.45 1.90

Mali 0.000 0.002 0.006 - 1.42 42.85

Niger 0.033 0.007 0.004 0.12 2.02 0.25

Nigeria 0.261 0.795 0.945 3.62 0.97 3.51

Senegal 0.015 0.037 0.131 8.73 1.70 14.46

Sierra Leone 0.092 0.169 0.218 2.37 1.30 3.08

Togo 0.275 0.396 0.361 1.31 1.57 2.06

WEST AFRICA 0.197 0.408 0.436 2.21 1.35 2.98

Page 21: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Cropped area/farm in East AfricaHa / 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index

Ha/farmIndex Ag. Population

Index Area

BURUNDI 0.124 0.124 0.088 0.71 1.60 1.14

COMOROS 0.182 0.192 0.184 1.01 1.65 1.67

KENYA 0.031 0.026 0.020 0.65 1.75 1.09

MADAGASCAR 0.445 0.308 0.235 0.53 1.73 0.91

MALAWI 0.133 0.196 0.167 1.25 1.82 2.28

MAURITIUS - - - - 0.50 -

MOZAMBIQUE 0.839 0.646 0.496 0.59 1.60 0.94

RWANDA 0.098 0.167 0.172 1.76 1.54 2.70

SOMALIA 0.008 0.013 0.014 1.75 1.24 2.32

TANZANIA 0.412 0.303 0.214 0.52 1.74 0.90

UGANDA 0.239 0.208 0.168 0.70 1.88 1.33

ZAMBIA 0.115 0.228 0.252 2.19 1.62 3.53

ZIMBABWE 0.032 0.051 0.062 1.94 1.15 2.25

EAST AFRICA 0.192 0.160 0.126 0.66 1.68 1.11

SUDAN 0.022 0.003 0.001 0.05 1.3 0.16

Page 22: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava cropped area/farm in Middle Africa

Ha/ 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 IndexHa/farm

Index Ag. Population

Index Production

ANGOLA 0.569 0.521 0.540 0.95 1.79 1.70

CAMEROON 0.134 0.171 0.441 3.29 1.18 3.88

CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 0.707 0.699 0.732 1.04 1.31 1.36

CHAD 0.182 0.038 0.027 0.15 1.68 0.25

CONGO DRC 0.893 0.623 0.495 0.55 1.71 0.95

CONGO Rep 0.892 0.757 0.907 1.02 1.08 1.10

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 0.628 0.486 0.416 0.66 1.81 1.20

GABON 0.734 0.968 1.158 1.58 0.88 1.38

MIDDLE AFRICA 0.638 0.490 0.475 0.74 1.59 1.19

Page 23: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Progress of cropped area of cassava/farm in SSA• The land cropped with cassava per farm increased tremendously in Senegal,

explaining half of production increase.• The acreage under cassava per farm tripled in Nigeria, Guinea Bissau and

Cameroon and this increase composes most of the progress in productivity.• The acreage doubled in Cote d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone, Zambia, Zimbabwe and

this increase composes most of the progress in productivity.• The acreage increased by 50 to 70% in Ghana, Rwanda and Gabon and this

increase composes a large part of the progress in productivity.• The acreage increased by 20 to 30% in Guinea, Liberia and Togo and this

increase composes most of the progress in productivity.• The cropped are sharply declined in Burundi, Kenya, Madagascar, Tanzania

and Uganda, which is related to drought.• This cropped area sharply decreased in Equatorial Guinea possibly in relation

with more shift to perennial food crops.• Civil unrest in Congo DRC caused the abandonment of half of cassava fields.

Page 24: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava yields in West AfricaKg/ Ha 1985 2000 2008 Index

yieldIndex Production

Index Area

Benin 6,885 10,712 14,348 2.08 3.76 1.80

Burkina Faso 8,289 2,000 2,250 0.27 0.34 1.25

Cote d’Ivoire 5,614 7,743 7,567 1.35 2.36 1.75

Gambia 3,000 3,000 3,000 1.00 1.30 1.30

Ghana 7,932 12,281 13,515 1.70 4.94 2.90

Guinea 7,394 6,830 8,025 1.09 2.43 2.24

Guinea Bissau 9,000 15,238 9,945 1.11 5.30 4.80

Liberia 6,164 6,575 6,437 1.04 1.98 1.90

Mali 7,221 11,589 16,667 2.31 100 42.85

Niger 9,800 23,217 22,060 2.25 0.56 0.25

Nigeria 11,247 9,700 11,800 1.05 3.69 3.51

Senegal 3,953 4,888 8,134 2.06 29.75 14.46

Sierra Leone 4,583 5,182 5,000 1.09 3.36 3.08

Togo 7,663 5,653 6,903 0.90 1.86 2.06

WEST AFRICA 9,355 9,715 11,177 1.19 3.57 2.98

Page 25: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Yields in East AfricaHa / 10 Agric. people 1985 2000 2008 Index

YieldIndex Production

Index Area

BURUNDI 9,000 8,995 8,727 0.97 1.11 1.14

COMOROS 4,103 5,392 5,455 1.33 2.22 1.67

KENYA 12,705 6,945 13,736 1.08 1.18 1.09

MADAGASCAR 6,110 7,004 7,500 1.23 1.12 0.91

MALAWI 2,608 15,461 19,076 7.31 16.68 2.28

MAURITIUS 13,913 15,100 13,636 0.98 - -

MOZAMBIQUE 4,000 5,791 5,928 1.48 1.40 0.94

RWANDA 10,399 6,815 6,524 0.63 1.69 2.70

SOMALIA 10,811 10,000 9,535 0.88 2.05 2.32

TANZANIA 10,959 6,598 9,778 0.89 0.80 0.90

UGANDA 9,005 12,384 12,744 1.41 1.88 1.33

ZAMBIA 6,207 4,941 3,371 0.61 2.15 3.53

ZIMBABWE 4,141 4,375 4,315 1.04 2.34 2.25

EAST AFRICA 7,259 7,612 8,974 1.24 1.37 1.11

SUDAN 2,368 1,739 1,667 0.70 0.11 0.16

Page 26: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Cassava Yields in Middle Africa

Kg / Inhabitant 1985 2000 2008 IndexYield

Index Production

Index Area

ANGOLA 3,425 8,299 14,808 4.32 7.34 1.70

CAMEROON 15,953 13,299 6,849 0.43 1.67 3.88

CENTRAL AFRICAN Rep. 3,805 2,949 3,000 0.79 1.07 1.36

CHAD 4,500 10,691 8,059 1.79 0.44 0.25

CONGO DRC 8,050 8,114 8,111 1.00 0.96 0.95

CONGO Rep 7,156 9,000 9,091 1.27 1.40 1.10

EQUATORIAL GUINEA 2,800 2,500 2,500 0.89 1.07 1.20

GABON 5,000 5,067 5,106 1.02 1.41 1.38

MIDDLE AFRICA 7,233 8,038 8,349 1.15 1.37 1.19

Page 27: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

Progress of cassava yields in SSA• Rather good yields have been obtained in Benin, Ghana, Mali, Niger,

Kenya, Malawi and Angola through moderate intensification.• A modest intensification has taken place in Nigeria and Uganda.• With pure stand, yields by 9t/ha are reached with traditional

cropping methods (Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Senegal, Burundi, Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda, Cameroon, Chad, Congo, Congo DRC).

• Drought and poor soil fertility maintenance cause lower yields (Madagascar, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe).

• Many farmers crop cassava in mixed cropping ; yields are much lower than with pure stands (Burkina, Gambia, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Comoros, Central Afr. Rep., Equatorial Guinea, Gabon.

CASSAVA is mostly an extensive traditional food crop in SSA.

Page 28: Session 1.1 Crop development and Cassava development in Sub-Saharan Africa by Ange

CONCLUSIONS• In the context of rapidly burgeoning population, and as far as the

expansion of agricultural population generates the duplication of very small extensive farms, the role of cassava in food security is expanding in SSA.

• Cassava slow development compensates for the lack of progress of cereals production.

• Cassava processing for supplying quickly expanding cities is in progress, which explains recent production progress in the most urbanized countries.

• Declining cassava production in Eastern Africa and Sahel is possibly related to the already initiated Climate Change.