Determination of Contents of Cold Drinks

CertificateCertificate

This This is is hereby hereby to to certify certify that that the the original original andand

genuine investigation work has been carried out togenuine investigation work has been carried out to

investigate investigate about about the the subject subject matter matter and and thethe

related data collection and related data collection and investigation investigation has has beenbeen

completed completed solely, solely, sincerely sincerely and and satisfactorily satisfactorily byby

Vikas BisoiVikas Bisoi of of CLASS CLASS XII – Science,XII – Science, Welspun VidyaWelspun Vidya

Mandir,Mandir, SalavSalav,, regarding regarding his his project project titledtitled

“DETERMINARION “DETERMINARION OF OF THETHE CONTENTS CONTENTS OF COLDOF COLD

DRINKS”. DRINKS”.

Teacher’s SignatureTeacher’s Signature

AcknowledgemeAcknowledgeme

ntnt

It would beIt would be my my utmost utmost pleasure pleasure to to express express my my

sincere thankssincere thanks to to my my chemistry chemistry teacher teacher MD Shakir Ali MD Shakir Ali

in in providing providing a a helping helping hand hand in in thisthis project. project.

His valuable guidance, support and supervision allHis valuable guidance, support and supervision all

through this project are responsible for through this project are responsible for attaining itsattaining its

present present form. I form. I would would also also like like to to thank thank my parentsmy parents

as they encouraged me to put forward my project.as they encouraged me to put forward my project.

ContentsContents1.1. IntroductionIntroduction

2.2. TheoryTheory

3.3. AimAim

4.4. ApparatusApparatus

5.5. Chemicals RequiredChemicals Required

6.6. Detection of pHDetection of pH

7.7. Test for Carbon DioxideTest for Carbon Dioxide

VIII. Test for GlucoseVIII. Test for Glucose

1.1. Test for PhosphateTest for Phosphate

2.2. Test for AlcoholTest for Alcohol

3.3. Test for SucroseTest for Sucrose

4.4. ResultResult

XIII. PrecautionsXIII. Precautions

XIV.XIV. ConclusionConclusion

1.1. BibliographyBibliography

IntroductionIntroduction

The era of cold drinks began in 1952 but theThe era of cold drinks began in 1952 but the

Industrialization in India marked its beginning withIndustrialization in India marked its beginning with

Launching of Limca and Gold spot by parley group ofLaunching of Limca and Gold spot by parley group of

companies. Since, the beginning of cold drinkscompanies. Since, the beginning of cold drinks

waswas highly highly profitableprofitable and and luring, luring, many many

multinational companies launched their brands inmultinational companies launched their brands in

India like Pepsi and Coke.India like Pepsi and Coke.

Now days, it is observed in general that majority ofNow days, it is observed in general that majority of

People viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to givePeople viewed Sprite, Fanta and Limca to give

feeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up tofeeling of lightness, while Pepsi and Thumps Up to

activate pulse and brain.activate pulse and brain.

TheoryTheory

Cold Cold drinks of differentdrinks of different brandsbrands are are composed composed ofof

alcohol,alcohol,

Carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc.Carbohydrates, carbon dioxide, phosphate ions etc.

These softThese soft

Drinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have aDrinks give feeling of warmth, lightness and have a

tangy tastetangy taste

This is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsibleThis is liked by everyone. Carbon dioxide is responsible

for thefor the

formation of froth on shaking the bottle.formation of froth on shaking the bottle.

The carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to formThe carbon dioxide gas is dissolved in water to form

carbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangycarbonic acid which is also responsible for the tangy

taste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organictaste. Carbohydrates are the naturally occurring organic

compounds and are major source of energy to our body.compounds and are major source of energy to our body.

General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O) Y.General formula of carbohydrates is CX (H2O) Y.

On the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates areOn the basis of their molecule size carbohydrates are

classified as:-classified as:-

Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.Monosaccharide, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides.

Glucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .ItGlucose is a monosaccharide with formula C6H12O6 .It

occurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones andoccurs in Free State in the ripen grapes in bones and

also in many sweet fruits. It is also present in humanalso in many sweet fruits. It is also present in human

blood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of theblood to the extent of about 0.1%. Sucrose is one of the

most useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widelymost useful disaccharides in our daily life. It is widely

distributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowersdistributed in nature in juices, seeds and also in flowers

of many plants. The of many plants. The main main source source of of sucrose sucrose is is sugarsugar

cane cane juice juice which contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugarwhich contain 15-20 % sucrose and sugar

beet beet which which has has about about 10-17 % sucrose. 10-17 % sucrose. TheThe

molecularmolecular formula formula of of sucrose is C12H22O11. sucrose is C12H22O11. It isIt is

produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-produced by a mixture of glucose and fructose. It is non-

reducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Coldreducing in nature whereas glucose is reducing. Cold

drinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can bedrinks are a bit acidic in nature and their acidity can be

measured by finding their pH value. The pH values alsomeasured by finding their pH value. The pH values also

depend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid anddepend upon the acidic contents such as citric acid and

phosphoric acid.phosphoric acid.

AimAimComparative Study and Qualitative AnalysisComparative Study and Qualitative Analysis

of different brands of Cold Drinksof different brands of Cold Drinks

available in market.available in market.

ApparatusApparatus Test TubesTest Tubes

Test Tube HolderTest Tube Holder

Test Tube StandTest Tube Stand

Stop WatchStop Watch

BeakerBeaker

Bunsen BurnerBunsen Burner

pH PaperpH Paper

Tripod StandTripod Stand

China DishChina Dish

Wire GaugeWire Gauge

Water BathWater Bath

ChemicalsChemicals

RequiredRequired

Iodine SolutionIodine Solution

Potassium IodidePotassium Iodide

Sodium HydroxideSodium Hydroxide

Lime WaterLime Water

Fehling’s A & B SolutionFehling’s A & B Solution

Concentrated Nitric AcidConcentrated Nitric Acid

Benedict SolutionBenedict Solution

Ammonium MolybdateAmmonium Molybdate

Detection Of pHDetection Of pHExperimentExperiment

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands wereSmall samples of cold drinks of different brands were

taken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. Thetaken in a test tube and put on the pH paper. The

change in colour of pH paper was noticed and waschange in colour of pH paper was noticed and was

compared with standard pH scale.compared with standard pH scale.

ObservationObservation

Sr. No.Sr. No. Name Of Name Of The DrinkThe Drink

Colour Colour ChangeChange

pH ValuepH Value

11 Coca ColaCoca Cola PinkishPinkish 2 – 32 – 3

22 SpriteSprite Dark OrangeDark Orange 33

33 LimcaLimca Light OrangeLight Orange 44

55 FantaFanta OrangeOrange 3 – 43 – 4

InferenceInference

Soft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presenceSoft Drinks are generally acidic because of the presence

of citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values ofof citric acid and phosphoric acid. pH values of cold cold

drinksdrinks of of different brand different brand areare different different due due to to the the

variationvariation in in amount amount of of acidic content acidic content

** Test ForTest For

Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide ** ExperimentExperiment

As soon as the bottles were opened, one by one theAs soon as the bottles were opened, one by one the

samples were passed through lime water. The limesamples were passed through lime water. The lime

water turned milky.water turned milky.


Sr. No.Sr. No. Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink

Time TakenTime Taken

(sec)(sec)

ConclusionConclusion

11 Coca ColaCoca Cola 2828 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT

22 SpriteSprite 2020 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT

33 LimcaLimca 3838 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT

44 FantaFanta 3636 CO2 ISCO2 IS PRESENTPRESENT

InferenceInference

All the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide inAll the soft drinks contain dissolved carbon dioxide in

water. The carbonwater. The carbon

dioxide dioxide (CO2) (CO2) dissolves dissolves in in water water to to form form carboniccarbonic

acid, acid, which which is responsible for its tangy taste.is responsible for its tangy taste.

Chemical ReactionChemical Reaction

Ca (OH) 2 (s) + CO2 (g) Ca (OH) 2 (s) + CO2 (g) →→ CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l) CaCO3 (s) + H2O (l)

* Test For* Test For

Glucose*Glucose*

ExperimentExperiment

Glucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence isGlucose is a reducing sugar acid. Its presence is

detected by the following test:-detected by the following test:-

1.Benedict’s Reagent Test1.Benedict’s Reagent Test

Small samples of cold drinks of different brandsSmall samples of cold drinks of different brands

were taken in a test tube and a few drops ofwere taken in a test tube and a few drops of

benedict’s reagent were added. The test tube wasbenedict’s reagent were added. The test tube was

heated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colourheated for few seconds. Formation of reddish colour

confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.confirmed the presence of glucose in cold drinks.


Sr.Sr. No.No.

Name OfName Of The DrinkThe Drink

ObservationObservation ConclusionConclusion

11 Coca ColaCoca Cola Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate

Glucose isGlucose is PresentPresent

22 SpriteSprite Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate


33 LimcaLimca Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate


44 FantaFanta Reddish ColourReddish Colour PrecipitatePrecipitate


InferenceInference

All the samples gave positive test for glucose withAll the samples gave positive test for glucose with

Benedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks containBenedict’s reagent. Hence all the drinks contain

glucose.glucose.

2. Fehling’s Solution Test2. Fehling’s Solution Test

Small samples of cold drinks of different brands wereSmall samples of cold drinks of different brands were

taken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s Ataken in a test tube and a few drops of Fehling’s A

solution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equalsolution and Fehling’s B solution was added in equal

amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10amount. The test tube was heated in water bath for 10

minutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmedminutes. Appearance of brown precipitate confirmed

the presence of glucose in cold drinks.the presence of glucose in cold drinks.


Sr.Sr. No.No.



11 Coca ColaCoca Cola ReddishReddish BrownBrown

PrecipitatePrecipitate


22 SpriteSprite ReddishReddish BrownBrown



33 LimcaLimca ReddishReddish BrownBrown



44 FantaFanta ReddishReddish BrownBrown



Inference :-Inference :-All samples gave positive test for glucoseAll samples gave positive test for glucose

with Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the coldwith Fehling’s (A & B) solutions. Hence all the cold

drinks contain glucose.drinks contain glucose.

*Test For*Test For

Phosphate*Phosphate*ExperimentExperiment

Small Small samples samples of of each each brand brand of cold of cold drinks drinks werewere

taken taken in separate in separate test test tubes tubes and and AmmoniumAmmonium

Molybdate Molybdate followed followed by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3)by concentrated Nitric Acid (HNO3)

was added was added to to it. The solution was heated. Appearanceit. The solution was heated. Appearance

of canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presenceof canary-yellow precipitate confirmed the presence

of phosphate ions in cold drinks.of phosphate ions in cold drinks.


Sr.Sr. No.No.



11 Coca ColaCoca Cola CanaryCanary YellowYellow


Phosphate isPhosphate is PresentPresent

22 SpriteSprite CanaryCanary YellowYellow



33 LimcaLimca CanaryCanary YellowYellow



44 FantaFanta CanaryCanary YellowYellow



InferenceInference

All the soft drinks samples gave positive test forAll the soft drinks samples gave positive test for

phosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks containphosphate ions. Hence all the cold drinks contain

phosphate.phosphate.

*Test For*Test For

Alcohol*Alcohol*ExperimentExperiment

Small Small samples samples of of each each brand brand of of cold cold drinks drinks werewere

taken taken in separate test tubesin separate test tubes and and Iodine Iodine followed byfollowed by

Potassium Potassium Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)Iodide and Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)

solution was added to each test tube. Then the testsolution was added to each test tube. Then the test

tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes.tubes were heated in hot water bath for 30 minutes.

Appearance of yellow coloured precipitateAppearance of yellow coloured precipitate confirmed theconfirmed the

presence of alcohol in cold drinks.presence of alcohol in cold drinks.


Sr.Sr. No.No.



11 Coca ColaCoca Cola YellowYellow Alcohol isAlcohol is

PrecipitatePrecipitate PresentPresent

22 SpriteSprite YellowYellow PrecipitatePrecipitate

Alcohol isAlcohol is PresentPresent

33 LimcaLimca YellowYellow PrecipitatePrecipitate


44 FantaFanta YellowYellow PrecipitatePrecipitate


InferenceInference

All the cold drinks samples gave positive test forAll the cold drinks samples gave positive test for

alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol.alcohol. Hence all the cold drinks contain alcohol.

Chemical ReactionChemical Reaction

CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH CH3CH2OH + 4I2 + 6NaOH →→ CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI + CHI3 + HCOONa + 5NaI +

5H2O5H2O

*Test for*Test for

Sucrose*Sucrose*ExperimentExperiment

5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks5 ml samples of each brand of cold drinks werewere takentaken inin

separate china dishes and were heated very stronglyseparate china dishes and were heated very strongly

until changes occur. Black coloured residue leftuntil changes occur. Black coloured residue left

confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.confirmed the presence of sucrose in cold drinks.


Sr.Sr. No.No.



11 Coca ColaCoca Cola BlackBlack ResidueResidue

Sucrose isSucrose is PresentPresent

22 SpriteSprite BlackBlack ResidueResidue


33 LimcaLimca BlackBlack ResidueResidue


44 FantaFanta BlackBlack ResidueResidue


InferenceInference

All the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. ButAll the brands of cold drinks contain sucrose. But

amount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fantaamount of sucrose varies in each brand of drink. Fanta

contains highest amount of sucrose.contains highest amount of sucrose.

*Result**Result*

After conducting several tests, it was concluded that theAfter conducting several tests, it was concluded that the

different brands of cold drinks namely:different brands of cold drinks namely:

1. Coca Cola1. Coca Cola

2. Sprite2. Sprite

3. Limca3. Limca

4. Fanta4. Fanta

All contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate andAll contains glucose, alcohol, sucrose, phosphate and

carbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. Oncarbon dioxide. All cold drinks are acidic in nature. On

comparing the pH value of different brands Coca Colacomparing the pH value of different brands Coca Cola

is the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all theis the most acidic and Limca is least acidic of all the

four brands taken.four brands taken.

Among the four samples of cold drinks taken,Among the four samples of cold drinks taken,

Sprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbonSprite has the maximum amount of dissolved carbon

dioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolveddioxide and Fanta has the minimum amount of dissolved

carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.

*Precautions**Precautions*

Some of the precautions which need to be taken care ofSome of the precautions which need to be taken care of

are –are –

1.1. Concentrated solutions should be handled withConcentrated solutions should be handled with

immense care.immense care.

2.2. Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing Hands should be washed thoroughly after performing

each experiment.each experiment.

3.3. If possible, one should wear hand gloves to If possible, one should wear hand gloves to

prevent from any possible damage.prevent from any possible damage.

4.4. If chemicals come into contact with your skin or If chemicals come into contact with your skin or

eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water.eyes, flush immediately with copious amounts of water.

5.5. Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off Never leave burners unattended. Turn them off

whenever you leave your workstation.whenever you leave your workstation.

6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are6. Never point a test tube or any vessel that you are

heating at yourself or your neighbour.heating at yourself or your neighbour.

*Conclusion**Conclusion*DIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLDDIS-ADVANTAGES OF COLD

DRINKSDRINKS1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar1. Soft drinks are little more harmful than sugar

solution. Assolution. As

they contain sugar in large amount which causethey contain sugar in large amount which cause

problems inproblems in

diabetes patients.diabetes patients.

2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere2. Soft drinks can cause weight gain as they interfere

with thewith the

body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.body’s natural ability to suppress hunger feeling.

3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so3. Soft drinks have ability to dissolve the calcium so

they arethey are

also harmful for our bones.also harmful for our bones.

4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH4. Soft drinks contain “phosphoric acid” which has a pH

of 2.8.of 2.8.

So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.So they can dissolve a nail in about 4 days.

5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the5. For transportation of soft drinks syrup the

commercial truckcommercial truck

must use the hazardous matter place cards reserved formust use the hazardous matter place cards reserved for

highly consive material.highly consive material.

6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they 6. Soft drinks have also ability to remove blood so they

are veryare very

harmful to our body.harmful to our body.

USES OF COLD DRINKSUSES OF COLD DRINKS

1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.1. Cold drinks can be used as toilet cleaners.

2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car 2. They can remove rust spots from chrome car

humpers.humpers.

3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.3. They clean corrosion from car battery terminals.

4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to 4. Soft drinks are used as an excellent ‘detergent’ to

removeremove

grease from clothes.grease from clothes.

5. They can loose a rusted bolt.5. They can loose a rusted bolt.

*Bibliography**Bibliography*

Following books and websites were a source for my Following books and websites were a source for my

project .project .

Comprehensive Chemistry Lab ManualComprehensive Chemistry Lab Manual

- Dr. N. K.- Dr. N. K. Verma Verma

www. Google.comwww. Google.com

www.Wikipedia.comwww.Wikipedia.com

www. Icbse.comwww. Icbse.com

www. Unoregon.eduwww. Unoregon.edu

Documents

Determination of Contents of Cold Drinks