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Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
RR = 7
In the News
Is the association
causal?
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Where are we and where are we going?
1. How is this disease distributed and what hypotheses might explain that distribution?
2. Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and the disease?
3. Is the association causal?
4. What should individuals and society do when preventable causes of disease are found?
5. Did the prevention strategy work?
1How is this disease
distributed?Hypotheses
2Is there
an association?
3Is the association
causal?
4What should be done
to prevent the disease?
5Did the prevention
strategy work?
Did the exposure and the disease turn up
together?
Why did the exposure and the disease turn up
together?
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Where are we and where are we going?
What’s my hypothesis?
Association Found Between Coffee and Diabetes
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
What does it mean? 1
What do we mean when we say that there is an association between two things?
Associated
Tied Related
Linked
Things that are associatedare linked in some way that makes them
turn up together.
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
What does it mean?
Happy Birthday
Why did Jennifer and Michael turn up together at the party?
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Association
Things that are associated are linked in some way that makes them turn up
together.
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Things that Turn Up Together
Things that are associated are linked in some way that makes them turn up
together.
Epi Talk
Things that are linked in some way that makes them turn up together.
Association
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Review
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
Suicide Higher in Areas with Guns
Smoking Linked to Youth Eating Disorders
Snacks Key to Kids’ TV- Linked Obesity: China Study
Family Meals Are Good for Mental Health
Lack of High School Diploma Tied to US Death
Rate
Study Links
Spanking to
Aggression
Breakfast Each Day May Keep Colds Away
Study Concludes: Movies Influence
Youth Smoking
Study Links Iron
Deficiency to Math
Scores
Kids Who Watch R-Rated Movies More Likely to Drink, Smoke
Pollution Linked with Birth Defects in US Study
Depressed Teens More Likely to Smoke
Epi Talk
The study of how and why diseases or other health-related conditions are distributed in a population the way they are, in other words, why some people get sick and others do not.
Epidemiology
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Review
Epi Talk
The study of how and why diseases or other health-related conditions are distributed in a population the way they are, in other words, why some people get sick and others do not.
Epidemiology
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Review
Time
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
Random Assignment
-
E
E
DZ
DZ
DZ
DZ
Study Design: Trial
Healthy People
Time
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
E
E
DZ
DZ
DZ
DZ
Study Design: Cohort Study
Healthy People
Time
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
DZ
DZ
E
E
E
E
Study Design: Case-Control Study
Time
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
-
DZ
DZ
E
E
Study Design: Cross-Sectional Study
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Review
Is there an association between
the hypothesized
cause and the disease?
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
AssociationThings that are associated are linked in some way that makes them turn up
together.
-
Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and the disease?
Is there an association between the hypothesized cause and the disease?
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
Suicide Higher in Areas with Guns
Smoking Linked to Youth Eating Disorders
Snacks Key to Kids’ TV- Linked Obesity: China Study
Family Meals Are Good for Mental Health
Lack of High School Diploma Tied to US Death
Rate
Study Links
Spanking to
Aggression
Breakfast Each Day May Keep Colds Away
Study Concludes: Movies Influence
Youth Smoking
Study Links Iron
Deficiency to Math
Scores
Kids Who Watch R-Rated Movies More Likely to Drink, Smoke
Pollution Linked with Birth Defects in US Study
Depressed Teens More Likely to Smoke
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News: The New York Times, 1 / 22 / 02
Mother of Teenage Suicide Pilot Sues Maker of Acne Drug She Says
He Used
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
Charles Bishop, age 15, killed himself in January 2002 by crashing a small plane into a Tampa high rise office building.
His mother believes his suicide was caused by the prescription drug, Accutane, manufactured by Hoffman-LaRoche (HLR).
The charge is that HLR has been aware of the medication causing depression, psychosis, and suicidal tendencies.
HLR claims that 13 million people have safely used Accutane since 1982.
The company has investigated “minor and rare” reports of adverse psychological effects but found “no scientific basis to link to either depression or suicide.”
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
The Accutane packaging warns against possible psychological effects.
Toxicologists found no traces of Accutane in the boy’s system.
The suicide note stated that he was acting alone but supported efforts of Al Qaeda.
Suicide is one of the leading causes of death in teenagers and young adults.
Since 1992, more than 500 adverse reactions to Accutane have been recorded by national and international agencies.
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
Epi Teams
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Always Remember
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Association is not necessarily causation.
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Do Not Ever Forget
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Cause
Epi Talk
Anything that produces an effect.
Cause
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Epi Talk
Epi Talk
An exposure that increases the likelihood of a specific outcome.
Risk Factor
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Epi Talk
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Essential Question 3
RR = 7
In the News
Is the association
causal?
Epi Talk
To give the meaning of, explain, or make clear.
Interpret
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Epi Talk
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
Possible Explanations for Finding an Association
Explanations
3-2 Cause
3-3 Chance
3-4 Confounding
3-5 Reverse Time Order
3-6 Bias
Investigations
Detectives in the Classroom – Investigation 3-1: In the News
In the News
CDC
Investigation 3-1 has ended.
