Destruction of Old Chemical Bombs

using DAVINCHTM

at Kanda, Japan

CWD 2007, Brussels, May 2007

Takashi WASHIDAand Ryusuke KITAMURA*

Kobe Steel, Ltd.

Introduction: Kanda Port Chemical Weapons Destruction Project

10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Construction

Destruction

2003 2004 2005 2006

Contract

Phase 1

57 bombs

Phase 2

538 bombs

Phase 3

659 bombs

Contract Contract

•Beginning of the project: Chemical bombs were found in dredging work in Kanda Port in 2000•Operation was started in 2004•Destruction results from 2004 and 2005 and the technologies were reported in CWD2005 and CWD2006•Operation and the findings in 2006 are to be reported in this presentation

Outline of the presentation

1. Overview of chemical weapons destruction in Kanda

2. Overview of DAVINCH system3. Record of destruction4. Improvements/findings

1. Overview of Chemical weapons destruction in Kanda

The operation includes;

Detection

Recovery

Transportation

Destruction

of sea-dumped OCW from

WW2 in Kanda Port

Kanda

JapanTokyo

Kobe

Kussharo

Samukawa

Schematic Flow of Kanda Chemical Weapons Destruction Facility

to ConventionalWaste TreatmentFacility

Identification

drain

TemporaryStorage

VP

Hold Tank

Combustion Furnace

Fragments

drain

charcoal

Off-gasTreatment

munitions

Kanda Port

recovery

DAVINCHTM

Transportation

uncovering

detectionVacuum pump

Destruction

50cm

10cm

Burster Booster FuseChemical agent

(368g, DA, DC)

15kg Red Bomb

Fuse

1m

Chemical agent

50kg yellow bomb

(18L, Mustard + Lewisite)

20cm

BoosterBurster(2.3kg of High explosives)

(1.3kg of High explosives)

Chemical Bombs Recovered in Kanda Port

Outline of the presentation

1. Overview of chemical weapons destruction in Kanda

2. Overview of DAVINCH system3. Record of destruction4. Improvements/findings

Overview of DAVINCHTM

systemDetonation of Ammunition in a Vacuum Integrated Chamber

Controlled detonation system developed for chemical weapons destruction

How does it work ?

DAVINCH detonation chamber

Munitions (CA,HE) Donor charge Vacuuming

Minimum oxygen supply

Detonation

Detonation off-gas(CO, H2, etc.)

Solid wastes

Munitions (CA and HE) Munitions (CA and HE) are destroyedare destroyed

All valves are closed to isolate the chamber

• High Pressure=10GPa• High temperature=3000K

By utilizing explosive energy for destruction of chemical agent

High Destruction Efficiency

for off gas for fragments and dust

Destruction Efficiency ＞ 99.9999% ＞ 99.99%

DAVINCHTM

in operation

VIDEO

Outline of the presentation

1. Overview of chemical weapons destruction in Kanda

2. Overview of DAVINCH system3. Record of destruction4. Improvements/findings

3. Record of destruction- Old Chemical Bombs Destroyed in Kanda

Red Bombs

Yellow Bombs

2004 57 bombs 17 40

2005 538 bombs 466

560

1,043

72

2006 659 bombs 99

total 1,254 bombs 211

•About 670 chemical bombs were destroyed in 2006

•Total of more than 1200 chemical bombs since 2004

Outline of the presentation

1. Overview of chemical weapons destruction in Kanda

2. Overview of DAVINCH system3. Record of destruction4. Improvements/findings

4. Improvements/findings

• High accuracy magnetometer detection-software improvement

• Two multi detonation modes - sequential and simultaneous multi detonation

• Behavior of arsenic on chamber material• Demonstration of Cold Plasma Oxidizer

for off-gas treatment

High Accuracy Magnetometer Detection

Data Recorder

Magnetometer Detection Probe

Detection Operation

FRP-composite Detection Boat

Tug Boat

Magnetic Anomaly Map

Destruction Destruction FacilityFacility

Location of Work AreaArea Surveyed by Area Surveyed by

High Accuracy High Accuracy Magnetic DetectionMagnetic Detection

(650 ha)(650 ha)

Kanda Port, Fukuoka Pref. Japan

Long

Big

Small

Chemical bomb or medium size waste

Medium

Short

Data acquired by magnetometer

North

Not North

Waste

Magneticanomaly pattern

Diameter offerrous sphere

Distance of dipole

Magnetization direction

PotentialChemical BombWasteWasteLarge

WasteNew

WasteSmall Waste

Identification Flow ChartData processing software was improved in many aspects including compensation of the disturbance of wave to improve the accuracy of locating anomalies

Result of Magnetic Detection and UncoveringSuspicious Chemical Bomb12,411 (8.2%)

Suspicious Scrap138,790 (91.8%)

Chemical Bomb399 (15%)

Other scrap2,262 (85%)

Total2,661

Uncovered points up to March 2007 2,661

Points where chemical bombs were found 399

Total magnetic anomaly points 151,201

Points of suspicious chemical bomb 12,411

Results of Uncovering by DiversResults of Magnetic Detection

Total151,201

Multi Detonation

3 detonations(3 x 10 kg)

2 detonations(2 x 15kg)

1 detonation(1 x 30kg)

• One of the basic feature of DAVINCH detonation chamber

• Enables larger throughput without enlarging the diameter– Longer chamber for

more charges, larger throughput

• Reduces the impact and damage to the chamber

• Two modes– sequential detonation:

Inpact reduction (example of detonation of 30kg-TNTeq.)

For higher throughput

Sequential and simultaneous multi detonation

0.18 msec

0.39 msec

1.05 msec

1.20 msec

1.41 msec

2.04 msec

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(a) Sequential Multi Detonation

0.18 msec

0.36 msec

0.48 msec

0.96 msec

1.14 msec

2.31 msec

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(b) Simultaneous Multi Detonation

Sequential Simultaneous

0 msec

0 msec

Outer chamberInner chamber

Sequential and simultaneous multi detonationsimulation result

Sequential Simultaneous

Video Video

Example of simulation result – pressure contour

Tested on actual detonation chamber (next slide)

No significant difference in strain of the chamber

Sequential and simultaneous multi detonation- no significant difference in fatigue damage

Fatigue damage by best-fit curve (bottom of nozzel on head)

1.00E-09

1.00E-08

1.00E-07

1.00E-06

1.00E-05

1.00E-04

1.00E-03

1.00E-02

1.00E-01

1.00E+00

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

NEQ (kg-TNTeq)

Fatig

ue d

amag

e by

one

sho

t

Single2-sequential3-sequential2-simultaneous

Behavior of arsenic in metallic composition of inner chamber

Outer View of Inner Chamber (test piece removed)

Inner Wall

• After 280 shots, no big damage was found.• Test pieces were cut from the inner chamber to be

investigated, no arsenic intrusion in the chamber material– No limitation for disposal– No embrittlement of the material

Analysis of arsenic in inner chamber material- no intrusion to the chamber material

Inner surface

SEM image O mapping

As mapping Fe mapping

Metallic Iron

Resin phaseOxide layerOuter surface

Demonstration of off-gas treatment by Cold Plasma Oxidizer

Detonation off- gas (CO, H2, etc.)

No chemical agent of detectable level

Clean off-gas (CO2, H2O, etc.)

DAVINCH detonation chamber

Off-gas treatment systemCold

Plasma Oxidizer

Cold Plasma Oxidizer• Compact

– 1/5 in size compared to conventional combustor

• Smaller exhaust gas volume than conventional combustor– No supplementary fuel necessary

• High efficiency– CO, H2 = ND

• Low power requirement – 600W

• Rapid start-up– 20 - 30 min

Cold Plasma GlidArc Operating Principle

ignition expansion & work

extinction

Electrode Elec

trode

Cold plasma arcVIDEO •Electron

temperature 10,000 deg.C

•Combustion temperature 1,700 deg.C (with oxygen)1,500 deg.C (with air)

CO concentration of output gas

0

50

100

150

200

250

500 550 600 650 700

Reactor Bottom Temperature (degree C）

CO

con

cent

ratio

n ( ｐｐｍ

）

Summary• About 670 chemical bombs were destroyed successfully

in 2006, more than 1,200 in total since 2004• Magnetometer detection system including data analysis

software was further improved • Simultaneous multi detonation was tested and there was

no significant difference in fatigue damage compared to sequential detonation– Detonation system can be further simplified

• Behavior of arsenic on inner chamber material was investigated, no arsenic intrusion into the inner chamber material– No limitation for disposal arise from arsenic– No effect to the strength

• The capability of Cold Plasma Oxidizer to treat detonation off-gas was demonstrated

Thank you for your attention

Any question ?