Bombs… More Bombs and Bombs… More Bombs and Nuclear Bombs!Nuclear Bombs!

By: Jessica Eileen QuinonesBy: Jessica Eileen Quinones

Nuclear WarfareNuclear Warfare You have probably read about You have probably read about

the atomic bombs used in the atomic bombs used in World War II in your history World War II in your history books (Fat Man, Little Boy, books (Fat Man, Little Boy, etc) and you’ve probably heard etc) and you’ve probably heard of all the chaos and of all the chaos and destruction they’ve caused. destruction they’ve caused. Anybody ever wonder why?Anybody ever wonder why?

What's the Difference between What's the Difference between an A-bomb and the Car an A-bomb and the Car bombs, or other bombs utilized bombs, or other bombs utilized in the war against terror today?in the war against terror today?

Lets find out… Lets find out…

Nuclear Fission BasicsNuclear Fission Basics When fission occurs a nucleus is split into smaller pieces. These fragments are When fission occurs a nucleus is split into smaller pieces. These fragments are

almost equal to half the original mass. Two or three neutrons are separated from almost equal to half the original mass. Two or three neutrons are separated from the original mass.the original mass.

Fission can occur two different ways...Fission can occur two different ways... It can happen when a heavy atom absorbs a neutron…It can happen when a heavy atom absorbs a neutron… Or it can happen at random.Or it can happen at random.

More on FissionMore on Fission

Normally the uranium absorbs a thermal neutron. This is what turns U-235 into its excited state which is U-236. Then it divides.

That’s Fission. The general equation for fission is…

235U + n => 236U => 140Xe + 94Sr + 2n

For those of us who like English Xe is the element Xenon and Sr is the element Strontium.

Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion Nuclear FusionNuclear Fusion is the process by which multiple atomic nuclei join together is the process by which multiple atomic nuclei join together

to form a heavier nucleus.to form a heavier nucleus. Under intense heat the nuclei of certain elements fuse together. The new Under intense heat the nuclei of certain elements fuse together. The new

form is more stable than the original elements form and releases form is more stable than the original elements form and releases significantly more energy than was originally evident (depending on which significantly more energy than was originally evident (depending on which elements are being fused ).elements are being fused ).

Nuclear Fusion doesn’t produce radioactive waste (the byproduct of Nuclear Fusion doesn’t produce radioactive waste (the byproduct of the process being helium, a harmless gas). Also Nuclear Fusion will the process being helium, a harmless gas). Also Nuclear Fusion will not contribute greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.not contribute greenhouse gases to the atmosphere.

or so I’m told…or so I’m told… then what does this have to do then what does this have to do with nuclear bombs?with nuclear bombs?

I don’t know I was told to look it up….I don’t know I was told to look it up….

The Real Skinny on Why All this The Real Skinny on Why All this Matters...Matters...

Nuclear fissionNuclear fission - You can split the nucleus of an atom into two smaller - You can split the nucleus of an atom into two smaller fragments with a neutron. This method usually involves isotopes of uranium fragments with a neutron. This method usually involves isotopes of uranium (uranium-235, uranium-233) or plutonium-239. (uranium-235, uranium-233) or plutonium-239.

Nuclear fusion -You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or Nuclear fusion -You can bring two smaller atoms, usually hydrogen or hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), together to form a larger one hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium), together to form a larger one (helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy.(helium or helium isotopes); this is how the sun produces energy.

In either process, fission or fusion, large amounts of heat energy and In either process, fission or fusion, large amounts of heat energy and RadiationRadiation are given off. are given off.

RadiationRadiation-Electromagnetic waves that carry energy.-Electromagnetic waves that carry energy. A A fission bombfission bomb uses an element like uranium-235 to create a nuclear explosion. uses an element like uranium-235 to create a nuclear explosion.

Uranium-235 has an extra property that makes it useful for both Uranium-235 has an extra property that makes it useful for both nuclear-power production and nuclear-bomb production. U-235 is nuclear-power production and nuclear-bomb production. U-235 is one of the few materials that can undergo Induced Fission. If a free one of the few materials that can undergo Induced Fission. If a free neutron runs into a U-235 nucleus, the nucleus will absorb the neutron runs into a U-235 nucleus, the nucleus will absorb the

neutron without hesitation, become unstable and split immediately.neutron without hesitation, become unstable and split immediately.

How To On The A-bomb.How To On The A-bomb.

To Make A Nuclear Bomb Is Simple….

1- Get two pieces of pure (weapons grade) Uranium. Should weigh up to 5 kilos. This is needed to get critical mass.

2- Get some dynamite and put together a timer for the explosives.

3-Next is to get a container for the uranium. You need to attach the two pieces of Uranium to the ends of the box.

4-Rig the dynamite so the two pieces will bang together hard enough to create critical mass.

PS- Stay FAR AWAY from the detonation destination

Want To See Fat Man?Want To See Fat Man?

This is the bomb called Fat Man. It was dropped over Nagasaki,Japan.

So Your Probably Wondering…So Your Probably Wondering…

What are Isotopes?What are Isotopes? Doesn’t Radioactive Doesn’t Radioactive

Decay have Decay have something to do with something to do with the Nuclear Bomb?the Nuclear Bomb?

What about the other What about the other bombs we are bombs we are supposed to discuss?supposed to discuss?

I’m getting there be I’m getting there be patient…patient…

So You Want To Know About So You Want To Know About Isotopes?Isotopes?

Isotope-Isotope- Atomic Nuclei having Atomic Nuclei having the same number of protons the same number of protons but don’t have the same but don’t have the same number of neutrons.number of neutrons.

The puzzle of atomic masses The puzzle of atomic masses that were not integral numbers that were not integral numbers of atomic mass units was of atomic mass units was solved with the mass solved with the mass spectrometer.spectrometer.

For example… One type of For example… One type of neon atom has 10 neutrons in neon atom has 10 neutrons in its nucleus while the other has its nucleus while the other has 12 neutrons.12 neutrons.

The two kinds of atoms are The two kinds of atoms are called isotopes of neon.called isotopes of neon.

A A nuclidenuclide is any particular atomic is any particular atomic nucleus with a specific atomic nucleus with a specific atomic number number ZZ and mass number and mass number AA; it ; it is equivalently an atomic nucleus is equivalently an atomic nucleus with a specific number of protons with a specific number of protons and neutronsand neutrons

In 1913, as part of his exploration In 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of canal rays, into the composition of canal rays, JJ Thomson channeled a stream JJ Thomson channeled a stream of ionized neon through a of ionized neon through a magnetic and an electric field and magnetic and an electric field and measured its deflection by placing measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path. a photographic plate in its path. Thomson observed two patches of Thomson observed two patches of light on the photographic plate light on the photographic plate (see image on right), which (see image on right), which suggested two different parabolas suggested two different parabolas of deflection. Thomson concluded of deflection. Thomson concluded that some of the atoms in the gas that some of the atoms in the gas were of higher mass than the rest. were of higher mass than the rest.

What about Radioactive Decay?What about Radioactive Decay? Radioactive decay-Radioactive decay- Spontaneous change of unstable nuclei into other Spontaneous change of unstable nuclei into other

nuclei.nuclei. In 1896 Rutherford discovered that uranium compounds produce three In 1896 Rutherford discovered that uranium compounds produce three

different kinds radiation. He separated the radiation according to their different kinds radiation. He separated the radiation according to their penetrating ability and named them alpha, beta, and gamma radiation.penetrating ability and named them alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. Alpha Decay- Emission of an alpha particle.Alpha Decay- Emission of an alpha particle. Beta Decay- Is a little harder to explain…(Beta particles are negative Beta Decay- Is a little harder to explain…(Beta particles are negative

electrons emitted by the nucleus) Since the mass of an electrons a tiny electrons emitted by the nucleus) Since the mass of an electrons a tiny fraction of anatomic mass unit ,the atomic mass of a nucleus is changed fraction of anatomic mass unit ,the atomic mass of a nucleus is changed only a tiny amount when it undergoes beta decay.only a tiny amount when it undergoes beta decay.

Gamma Decay-starts with redistribution of the charge within the Gamma Decay-starts with redistribution of the charge within the nucleus.nucleus.

Note: Note: The y ray is a high energy photon, therefore, the mass # nor the The y ray is a high energy photon, therefore, the mass # nor the Atomic # is changed.Atomic # is changed.

The Health Issues Of A-bomb The Health Issues Of A-bomb Warfare!Warfare!

The detonation of a nuclear bomb over a target such as a populated city causes The detonation of a nuclear bomb over a target such as a populated city causes immense damage. The degree of damage depends upon the distance from the immense damage. The degree of damage depends upon the distance from the center of the bomb blast, which is called the center of the bomb blast, which is called the hypocenterhypocenter or or ground zeroground zero. The . The closer one is to the hypocenter, the more severe the damage. The damage is closer one is to the hypocenter, the more severe the damage. The damage is caused by several things: caused by several things:

A wave of intense heat from the explosion A wave of intense heat from the explosion Pressure from the shock wave created by the blast Pressure from the shock wave created by the blast Radiation Radiation Radioactive fallout (clouds of fine radioactive particles of Radioactive fallout (clouds of fine radioactive particles of

dust and bomb debris that fall back to the ground) dust and bomb debris that fall back to the ground) At the hypocenter, everything is immediately At the hypocenter, everything is immediately vaporizedvaporized by the high temperature by the high temperature

(up to 500 million degrees Fahrenheit or 300 million degrees Celsius). (up to 500 million degrees Fahrenheit or 300 million degrees Celsius). Outward from the hypocenter, most casualties are caused by burns from the Outward from the hypocenter, most casualties are caused by burns from the

heat, injuries from the flying debris of buildings collapsed by the shock wave, and heat, injuries from the flying debris of buildings collapsed by the shock wave, and acute exposure to the high radiation.acute exposure to the high radiation.

Beyond the immediate blast area, casualties are caused from the heat, radiation, Beyond the immediate blast area, casualties are caused from the heat, radiation, and fires spawned from the heat wave. and fires spawned from the heat wave.

In the long-term, radioactive fallout occurs over a wider area because of In the long-term, radioactive fallout occurs over a wider area because of prevailing winds. The radioactive fallout particles enter the water supply and are prevailing winds. The radioactive fallout particles enter the water supply and are inhaled and ingested by people at a distance from the blast. inhaled and ingested by people at a distance from the blast.

More Atomic Damage!More Atomic Damage!

A fireball of 15-meters radius formed in 0.1 millisecond, with a temperature of 300,000 degrees centigrade, and expanded to its huge maximum size in one second. The top of the atomic cloud reached an altitude of 17,000 meters.

The first A-bomb called “little boy” had damage potential equivalent to 12.5 kilotons of TNT

Radioactive debris was left on land by "black rain" that came down for over an hour over a wide area.

Car Bombs…. How Do They Car Bombs…. How Do They Compare?Compare?

Well next to an a-Well next to an a-bomb this is light bomb this is light weight stuff. No weight stuff. No where near the same where near the same capacity for that kind capacity for that kind of devastation. But of devastation. But Lets try to check it Lets try to check it out. out.

Car BombsCar Bombs A A car bombcar bomb is an improvised explosive device that is placed in a is an improvised explosive device that is placed in a

car or other vehicle and then exploded. car or other vehicle and then exploded. It is commonly used as a weapon of assassination, terrorism, or It is commonly used as a weapon of assassination, terrorism, or

guerrilla warfare, to kill the occupant(s) of the vehicle and people guerrilla warfare, to kill the occupant(s) of the vehicle and people near the blast site and/or to cause damage to buildings or other near the blast site and/or to cause damage to buildings or other property. property.

Car bombs act as their own delivery mechanisms and can carry a Car bombs act as their own delivery mechanisms and can carry a relatively large amount of explosives without attracting suspicion. relatively large amount of explosives without attracting suspicion.

Truck bombs are also popular, since trucks can crash through Truck bombs are also popular, since trucks can crash through barriers more easily and can hold a great deal more explosives. barriers more easily and can hold a great deal more explosives.

Many types of vehicles have been used, including motorcycles, Many types of vehicles have been used, including motorcycles, bicycles, tractors ambulances, cement mixers and fire trucks.bicycles, tractors ambulances, cement mixers and fire trucks.

These are the kind of Weapons used in Iraq. These cause many These are the kind of Weapons used in Iraq. These cause many deaths but not half as many as an A-bomb.deaths but not half as many as an A-bomb.

Damage Distance Of The Car Damage Distance Of The Car Bomb.Bomb.

The Stuff That Makes Iraqi The Stuff That Makes Iraqi Bombs.Bombs.

Black powder consists of the granular ingredients sulphur (S), Black powder consists of the granular ingredients sulphur (S), charcoal (provides carbon to the reaction) and saltpetre (saltpetre, charcoal (provides carbon to the reaction) and saltpetre (saltpetre, potassium nitrate, KNOpotassium nitrate, KNO33; provides oxygen to the reaction).; provides oxygen to the reaction).

A simple, commonly cited, chemical equation for the combustion of A simple, commonly cited, chemical equation for the combustion of black powder is:black powder is: 2 KNO2 KNO33 + S + 3C → K + S + 3C → K22S+ NS+ N22 + 3CO + 3CO22

A more accurate, but still simplified equation is :10 KNOA more accurate, but still simplified equation is :10 KNO33 + 3S + 8C + 3S + 8C → 2K→ 2K22COCO33 + 3K + 3K22SOSO44 + 6 CO + 6 CO22 + 5N + 5N22..

Black powder is classified as a low explosive, that is, it deflagrates Black powder is classified as a low explosive, that is, it deflagrates (burns) rapidly. High explosives detonate at a rate approximately 10 (burns) rapidly. High explosives detonate at a rate approximately 10 times faster than the burning of black powder.times faster than the burning of black powder.

Although black powder is not a high explosive, the United States Although black powder is not a high explosive, the United States Department of Transportation classifies it as a "Class A High Department of Transportation classifies it as a "Class A High Explosive" for shipment because it is so easily ignited.Explosive" for shipment because it is so easily ignited.

Black Powder WarfareBlack Powder Warfare

Well anyone can guess the injuries one Well anyone can guess the injuries one can get from a Black Powder Bomb…can get from a Black Powder Bomb…Right?Right?

Loss of LimbLoss of LimbMinor cuts and bruisesMinor cuts and bruisesInternal BleedingInternal BleedingImpalement by Foreign ObjectImpalement by Foreign ObjectSerious infectionsSerious infectionsEtc…….Etc…….

Well That’s all Folks!Well That’s all Folks!

I’ve told you all you need to know hope I’ve told you all you need to know hope you liked what was presented. Hope I’ve you liked what was presented. Hope I’ve answered all questions.answered all questions.

Lets trash the nuclear bombs… Its not Lets trash the nuclear bombs… Its not safe.safe.

You have heard all the horrible things that You have heard all the horrible things that can happen with Nuclear Bombs. So what can happen with Nuclear Bombs. So what the Heck are we waiting for?the Heck are we waiting for?

My ResourcesMy Resources

Wikipedia – Fission + Fusion + Isotopes + Wikipedia – Fission + Fusion + Isotopes + Car Bombs + Black PowderCar Bombs + Black Powder

http://www.celsias.com/blog/2006/11/19/nhttp://www.celsias.com/blog/2006/11/19/nuclear-fusion-a-long-shot/uclear-fusion-a-long-shot/

http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb.htmbomb.htm

http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-http://science.howstuffworks.com/nuclear-bomb1.htmbomb1.htm