Designing for ZNE and Passive Survivability

Gail BragerAssociate Director, Center for the Built Environment (CBE)

Dave RamsliePrincipal, Head of Planning Research and Sustainability, Integral Group

John AndaryPrincipal, Bioclimatic Design Leader, Integral Group

Moderator: David LehrerDirector of Communications/Researcher, CBE

Adaptive Comfort and Thermal AutonomyGail Brager, Ph.D.Associate Director, Center for the Built Environment (CBE)

Passive Survivability

A building's ability to maintain critical life-support conditions in the event of extended loss of power or water; or in the event of extraordinary heat spells, storms, or other extreme events.

Resilient buildings start with resilient people

Source: www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/celebration-resilience-boston-marathon-runners-race/

The spectrum of thermal experience

Comfort for AC buildings (range ~ 4-6 ○F)

Adaptive Comfort for NV buildings (range ~ 10-20 ○F)

Habitability* during power outages (range ~ 25-32 ○F)

Cold stress Heat stress

* LEED Resilience credit defines “livable conditions” as SET = 54-86 ○F

Adaptive Comfort Standard in ASHRAE Std. 55

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5 10 15 20 25 30 35

mean monthly outdoor air temperature (oC)

indo

or o

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tem

pera

ture

(o C)

80% acceptability limits

50 F 59 F 68 F 77 F 86 F 95 F

86.0 F

82.4 F

78.8 F

75.2 F

71.6 F

68.0 F

64.4 F

60.8 F

90% acceptability limits

deDear & Brager

• Applicable to naturally ventilated buildings

• Based on field data instead of laboratory

• Global database from 4 continents

• Context matters -acceptable indoor conditions depend on outdoor climate

Note: original research used outdoor climate metric of ET*, which includes humidity

Wider temperatures health and resilience

New physiological research shows that daily fluctuations in indoor temperature can have positive health effects- Obesity- Type 2 diabetes

Hot off the press!

Healthy excursions outside the thermal comfort zoneby W van Marken Lichtenbelt, M Hanssen, H Pallubinsky, B Kingma & Lisje SchellenBuilding Research & Information, 2017

LEED pilot credits on resilient design

Source: Alex Wilson, Resilient Design Institute, 11/13/15 blogGraphic: Jessie Woodcock, ZGF

Spearheaded by the Resilient Design Institute

Autonomy metrics

% of floor area, and % of time, that a building meets specified environmental targets through passive means

Daylighting Autonomy – LEEDv4:Spatial daylight autonomy (sDA)Annual sunlight exposure (ASE)

Thermal Autonomy - ??

Modeling for thermal autonomy – a new visualization method

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Single node analysisTypical outputs include annual

average and peak values

Grid analysis Typical outputs reflect spatial and

temporal characteristics

Typical thermal assessment Typical daylight assessment

Ko and Schiavon. 2017. Balancing Thermal and Luminous Autonomy in the Assessment of Building Performance. Building Simulation Conference

Thermal autonomy calculation methods

(Mackey, 2015) (Arens, 2015)

Thermal and luminous autonomy analysis

Spatial visualization - luminous and thermal autonomy

TA

Example - Phoenix, AZ

DOE Commercial Reference Building (medium office)Windows on north and south walls, remaining surfaces adiabatic

perimeter

perimeter

core

Nine combinations of thermal and luminous characteristics

Ther

mal

Luminous

Legend used to integrate hourly data visualizations for both thermal and luminous autonomy

Temporal visualization - thermal and luminous autonomy

Representative hourly autonomy data – annual heat map graph

Annual summary – autonomy hours (%)

Example – Phoenix, AZ, perimeter

Example: Comparing hot and cold

Building Resilience Policy ApproachesDave Ramslie MSc MCIP RPP LEED AP Principal, Integral Group

2003 Black-Out 2012 Hurricane Sandy

2013 Rain Storm 2016 Ice Storm

Our new disasters are not our old disasters.

Regulatory and Incentive Framework for Green Buildings

• Update to become a world class standard

• Update to provide a road map to Zero Carbon Buildings. Directly address carbon.

• Add resilience as a new lens by which to view the building design

Toronto Green Standard Update

SELECTING PERFORMANCE METRICS

HIGH RISE MULTI-FAMILY

Floor Area: 308,000 ft2 (28,600 m2) Parking Floor Area: 35,500 ft2 (3,300 m2), ~80 spaces Floors: 30 x 9ft (2.74m)

Schedules: • NECB G Schedules for occupancy, lighting and plug loads • Parking Ventilation 4h/day, heated to 5°C, 0.5W/cfm fans

Occupants: 755 people, 275 suites DHW Load: 0.0013 L/s/person peak flow (300 W/person)

Baseline: • ASHRAE 90.1-2010 ECB Baseline Envelope, Lighting, and Fan and

Pump performance per ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Appendix G

HIGH RISE MURB - TARGETS

MEETING THE TARGETS

TIER 2

• > R-10 walls• Triple glazing• In-suite HRV/ERV• 40% WWR

TIER 3

• Triple glazing• 40% WWR• Improved air tightness• Shift to heat pumps for

portion of loads

TIER 4

• Significant reductions in electrical loads

• Passive House level windows

• 40% WWR• > R-20 walls• Removal or thermal

breaking of balconies

BUILDING RESILIENCE

Toronto’s Future Weather and Climate

Driver Study (2011)

Flooding events

Extreme heat events

Power outages

IMPROVING RESILIENCE

• 72 hour temperature low w/o power• Tier 1 – 13.5° C• Tier 2 – 14.6° C• Tier 3 – 17° C• Tier 4 – 20° C

• 2 week temperature low w/o power• Tier 1 – 5.8° C• Tier 2 – 7.6° C• Tier 3 – 14° C• Tier 4 – 18.3° C

• Emergency Fuel longevity (over baseline)

• Tier 1 – 1.6x• Tier 2 – 1.8x• Tier 3 – 1.9x• Tier 4 – 2.3x

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SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2 SHGC 0.4 SHGC 0.2

40% WWR 80% WWR 40% WWR 80% WWR

One Sided Cross Ventilated

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>26 C >28 C >30 C

SUMMER BLACKOUT COMFORT

Improved Back Up Power Requirements

Resilience Check list

HIGH RISE MURB - % CONSTRUCTION COSTS

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1%

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10%

SB-10TGS

V2 T1

TGS V2 T2

TGS

V3 T1

TGS V3 T2

TGS V3 T3

TGS V3 T4

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% C

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TGS Proposed V3 Tiers

The Future?

“Resilience without community development is just survivalism”

• Building “happier developments”

• Using social media to connect residents

• Setting buildings up for success

The Happy City.

Case Studies in Design for Passive SurvivabilityJohn Andary, PE, LEED AP Principal, Integral Group

NREL RESEARCH SUPPORT FACILITY

INDIO BUILDING

••••

Indio Building – November 2015

Thermal Comfort

Outdoor Environment

Indoor Built Environment

Passive Design & Natural Ventilation

Daylighting & Visual Comfort

Building Energy Performance

District Scale Energy Systems

Rhino & Honeybee, Ladybug

IES Virtual Environment

IES VE / Honeybee

Radiance with Rhino

IES VE & OpenStudio

Trnsys

Simulation Tools

HAWAII SCHOOLS

Kona International Airport Weather Data

In Buildings without AC

No active air conditioning is required at 87 deg F air temperature if ceiling fans are used and controlled in each classroom.

Air Speeds

0.2 m/s 40 fpm

0.5 m/s 100 fpm

1.0 m/s 200 fpm

1.5 m/s 300 fpm

The literature on thermal comfort indicates that acceptable indoor air speed in warm climates should range from 0.2 to 1.50 m/s (40 to 300 fpm) in ASHRAE Standard 55 inside air-conditioned buildings where occupants have direct control over air movement.

ASHRAE 55 Adaptive Thermal Comfort Range – CBE Comfort Tool

N

Weather Kona Intl Airport

Building Dimensions 30' x 30' x 13'

Exposed Sides North, South, West, Ceiling

Adiabatic Sides East, Floor

External Wall 4" HW concrete, R-25 insulation, 4" HW concrete

External Roof R-60 insulation, 2" gyp board

Internal Wall 4" HW concrete

Internal Floor 4" HW concrete

WWR 50% South 40% North

Window Operability 50% Openable area, controlled to close when outdoor air >87°F

Window Alpen Triple-Element U-0.2 SHGC-0.19

Shading 2 3' overhangs on south

Infiltration 0.2 CFM/sf-exterior

Interior fans Up to 0.9 m/s airflow capable

Equipment Power 0.62 W/sf (28 2W iPad minis, 400 W projector, 150W computer)

Lighting Power 0 W/sf (daylit)

People Density 30 sf/person (30 people)

Hawaii Prototype School

Site

Envelope

Internal Gains

Thermal Comfort Simulation

With 0.9 m/s air movement, upper comfort limit for 90% of occupants reaches 87°F

Thermal Comfort Results – Annual Operative Temperature

ADAPTIVE UPPER COMFORT TEMPERATURE

ADAPTIVE LOWER COMFORT TEMPERATURE

OPERATIVE TEMPERATURE

Q&A