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tbit to`l (4>>;) om frhlr tbl omvlst`lmt tf dl lvlm `frl ittriktovl, cfvlrm`lmt

sudsohols, plrafrìmkl o`prfvl`lmt imh kfst rlhuktofm fa tbl tlkbmfjfcols irl

rlquorlh.


24/121

4>

Xf suùp, soùjitofmstuholshlijomclxkjusovljywotbbyhrfclmprfhuktofm systl`s

pfwlrlh dy ^Q irl vlry joòtlh imh mft rlklmt. Ijsf, sozomc `ltbfhs dislh fm

mu`lrokij fptoòzitofms fa tbl systl` wlrl mft mftoklh. Xf pfomt fut, tbit splkoij

kfmsohlritofms idfut tbl ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm bivl mft dllm tielm huromc tbl

`fhljshlvljfp`lmt.Aomijjy,kfmklrmsidfuttblrljoidojotyfatblsystl`wlrlafumh

omfmjyfmlstuhyU98P,duttbllaalkttbitbisfmtblsozomcimhplrafrìmklaliturls

fatblsystl`wismftomvlstocitlh.

;.4. HOTLKX KF\^JOMC FA ^Q IMH LJLKXTFJ_[LT

@FHLJOMC&LR^LTO@LMXIJTL[\JX[.

Xblkfmklptfahorlktkfupjomcfaimljlktrfjyslrimh^Qbisdllmhoskusslhdyìmy

iutbfrs rlklmtjy U


25/121

49

^iujimhImhrlws omvlstocitlhtblpfssodojotyfahorlktjykfupjomcdltwllmi^Qirriy

imhprftfmlxkbimcl`l`driml (^L@)ljlktrfjyslr U92P.[tuhyomc tblkbiriktlrostoks

fakf``lrkoijhlvoklsfatbltwftlkbmfjfcolsimhslvlrijkf`domitofms,tblylmhlh

uptfimfpto`ijkfmaocuritofmfaslrolspirijjljkfmmlktofmmftfmjyfa^Qpimljsdut

ijsf^[email protected],issbfwmomAocurl


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44

pfwlrlh dy tbl croh imh dittlrols. Im ivlricl hiojy sfjir tf byhrfclm lmlrcy

laaokolmkyfa2.


27/121

4;

Aurtblr`frl, om i `frl rlklmt wfre i `fhlj hlvljfplh afr tbl prlhoktofm fa tbl

laaokolmky fa dftb systl`s U9?P. @fhljomc rlsujts sbfwlh bocb jlvlj fa ikkuriky

kf`piromctflxplro`lmtij`lisurl`lmts.Otwispfomtlhfuttbitkfmmlktofmtbrfucb

HK/HKkfmvlrtlrìhltblsystl`kipidjltfprfhuklbyhrfclmhuromckjfuhyplrofhs

wblm horlkt kfupjlh systl` stfp tf fplritl. Blmkl, i ^Qljlktrfjysos systl` tbit

ijjfws dftb horlkt imh omhorlkt kfupjomc hlplmhomc fm tbl wlitblr kfmhotofms dy

omkjuhomc ihgustidjl HK/HK kfmvlrtlrs imh swotkbls os succlstlh is tbl dlst fptofm

U9?P.

Kjirelltij.ijsfstuholhtblipprfikbfahorlktkfupjomcfaljlktrfjyslrimh^Qirriy,

hl`fmstritomcto`llxtlmhlhlxplro`lmtsumhlrstrfmcjyviroidjlkfmhotofmsU1P.Xbl

ìomkfmkjusofmfatblpiplr,wbokbossoùjtimlfusjyimossultbitwismfttielmomtf

ikkfumtdy tblprlvofus stuhols,wis tbit tbl plrafrìmklfa tblljlktrfjyslr stike

hlcrihlhiatlrtblaorstaovlhiysfatblvlrylirjysticlsfatbllxplro`lmt(Aocurl2).

Xbl wohljy viroidjl pfwlr omputs is wljj is tbl omipprfproitl stike hlsocm wlrl

tbfucbttfdlfmlfatblpfssodjlkiuslsafrtbosripohhlcrihitofm.

Aocurl2 @lisurlhstikeQOimhlaaokolmkyomotoijjy(jlat)imhfvlr


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48

Omihhotofm,Irroiciltijipprfikblhtblhorlktkfupjomcfaikf``lrkoijljlktrfjyslr

wotbimipprfproitlkfmaocuritofmfa^QpimljsU4>P.Xblkf`pirosfmdltwllmkurrlmt

vfjticl kbiriktlrostoks sbfwlh tbit laaokolmt lmlrcy trimsalr kim dl kfmhuktlh

dltwllm1>>2>>S/`4

farihoitofm,[email protected]

om ftblr stuhy U1P, tbl splkoaok rlslirkb jikes fa quimtotitovl rlsujts idfut lmlrcy

trimsalrimhijsftlstomcplrofhosmft`lmtofmlh.

@frlfvlr, i `fhlj dislh fm lxplro`lmtij rlsujts bis dllm hlvljfplh afr tbl

prlhoktofmfatblplrafr`imklfahorlktkfupjlhsfjirbyhrfclmsystl`U49P.Bfwlvlr,

tblfvlrijjlaaokolmkyikbolvlhwisidfut


29/121

41>òmutlstfdlidjl

tfstirtupiciomU3P.Ljlktrfjyslrstirtupsbfujhdlafjjfwlhdyislrolsfa

rlquorl`lmtswbokblmsurlotsfplritofmtfdlìomtiomlhafrito`lplrofh

imhisuhhlmstfpmfttfdlkiuslh.Hultfviroidjlmiturlfasfjirlmlrcy,

crohissostimklfrisbfrttlr``limsfalmlrcystfriclwfujhdlrlquorlh

afr pfwlromc tbl ljlktrfjyslr om kisl fa omsuaaokolmt lmlrcy prfhuktofm dy

^QU2P. @omoòzitofm fa ljlktrfjyslr kykjls sbfujh dl im ossul afr sfjir

byhrfclmsystl`s.

OmikfupjomctbrfucbHK/HKkfmvlrtlr,ìxoù`laaokolmkyfatblkfmvlrtlr

kimdlikbolvlhomivlrymirrfwrimclfapfwlrmlirotshlsocmpfomtU2P.Is

i rlsujt, tblpfwlrslmt tf tblljlktrfjyslr sbfujhdl jlvljlhdy`limsfa

lmlrcy stfricl it tbl hlsocmlh rimcl fa HK/HK kfmvlrtlr afr tbl pfwlr

jfsslsljoòmitofm.


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41

Fvlrijj,otkimdlkfmkjuhlhtbitomhlplmhlmtjytftblljlktrfjyslrtyplimhtblmiturl

fa kfupjomc, pfwlr omput sbfujh viry om mirrfw joòts mlir tbl hlsocm pfomt fa tbl

ljlktrfjyslr,sfìxoù`vijulsfalaaokolmkytfdlikbolvidjlafrtbl jfmclstplrofh

pfssodjlimhìjaumktofms tfdlivfohlh.Arf` tbitpfomtfavolw, stimhijfml sfjir

byhrfclm systl`s kim dl rljoidjl fmjy om kisl tbit sbfrttlr` lmlrcy stfricl, joel

dittlrols, os omkjuhlh tf kfvlr tbl hlaokot fa pfwlr iviojidjl kf`piromc tf ij`fst

kfmstimt pfwlr hlìmh. Aomijjy, ljlktrfjyslr fmfaa swotkbomc kim dl ljoòmitlh is

pfwlr iviojidojoty wfujh mft dl rljolh fmjy fm im umprlhoktidjl imh omtlròttlmt

lmlrcysfurkl.

;.8. SI_[XFFQLTKF@LKF\^JOMCJO@OXIXOFM[

Isimijyzlh omtblprlvofusslktofm,imisstidjlispfssodjlimhmlirtftblmfòmij

fplritofm oshlsorlh afr tblljlktrfjyslr.[ukbikfmhotofmkimmftdlsitosaolhdy tbl

lxkjusovlpfwlromcdy^Qhultftblorviroidojotyfalmlrcyprfhuktofm.Isfjutofmostf

kf`doml ^Q wotb omput arf` tbl croh U2P. Ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm it hlsocm pfomt,

omkrlisl fa ljlktrfjyslr kipikoty aiktfr, imh lkfmfòks o`prfvl`lmt wfujh dl tbl

ihvimticlsfatbosipprfikb. Bfwlvlr,wblmcrohosmftiviojidjlimhtblfdglktovlfa

tbl ipprfikb os tf prfhukl tftijjy zlrf lòssofms byhrfclm, i sbfrt tlr` lmlrcy

stfriclsystl`,isdittlrolsirl,wfujhdlimijtlrmitovlfptofm.

Aocurl? LjlktrfjyslrkykjlsvsBystlrlsosimhstitlfakbirclfadittlryU?P


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43

XblomkfrpfritofmfaidittlrywisipprfikblhomBirOprfglktwblrltblplrafrìmkl

fa i systl` rlmlwidjlbyhrfclm systl` wis stuholh U?P. Xbl pfstpfml`lmt fa

ijeijomlljlktrfjyslr(;8eS)plrafrìmklhlcrihitofmhultfripohviroitofmfalmlrcy

prfhuktofm dy womh turdomls wis tbl rlisfm afr dittlrols omstijjitofm. Ihvimkl

dittlrols wlrl uslh tf kipturl plies imh trfucbs fa lmlrcy prfhuktofm. Om tbos

ippjokitofm, ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm os hltlròmlh dy tbl dittlry stitl fa kbircl.

Ljlktrfjyslrkimfplritlwblm tblkbirclfadittlry osdltwllmimupplrimh jfwlr

jlvlj (bystlrlsos). [ystl` soùjitofm rlsujtlh tbit tbl jirclst tbl bystlrlsos tbl jlss

ljlktrfjyslr kykjls mftoklh (Aocurl ?). Fptoòzitofm sbfwlh tbit ljlktrfjyslr kykjls

wlrlòmoòzlhusomcstitlfakbirclkfmtrfj.

Xbllaalkt tbitpfwlrìmicl`lmt stritlcybisfm tblplrafrìmklfastimhijfml

systl`swblrlrlmlwidjllmlrcysfurklsomkfrpfritlwotbljlktrfjyslr,auljkljjsimh

dittlrols tfkfvlr tblhlìmhfai jfih,bisdllm omvlstocitlh U9>,99P. Opsieosltij

hlvljfplh imh kf`pirlh tbllaalktfa tbrllhoaalrlmtpfwlrkfmtrfj stritlcols.Xbl

rlhuktofm omikkuùjitfrkykjlsimh tblivfohimklfa arlqulmtljlktrfjyslrstirtups

wlrl fdglktovlsfa tbl stuhy U99P. Xbllaalkt faòmoùìjjfwidjldittlry stitl fa

kbircl fm tbl systl` plrafrìmkl wis fml fa tbl piri`ltlrs. Afkusomc fm tbl

ljlktrfjyslr dittlry kffplritofm, ot wis lmhlh up tbit wblm tbl sfjir rihoitofm os

omsuaaokolmt, dittlry sbfujh issost tbl ljlktrfjyslr pfwlromc sf tf fplritl it ots

òmoùìmhhltlr otarf`suhhlmstfps.[tritlcolswblrlljlktrfjyslrwispfwlrlh

sfjljy dy rlmlwidjl lmlrcy sfurkls kfujh mft cuirimtll tbl s`fftb fplritofm fa

ljlktrfjyslr dlsohls tbl bocblst byhrfclm prfhuktofm rlsujtlh. Iutbfrs rlkf``lmh

tbldittlryissostimkltftblljlktrfjyslrpfwlromcafromstijjitofmsomirlisfamftbocb

sfjirpftlmtoijisivoidjlfptofm.

\jjldlrchlvljfplhi`fhlj afr tblsoùjitofmfaikf`pjltl^QB4systl`wbokb os

vlroaolhdytblfplritofmfa^BFLD\[pjimtomClrìmyU9>P.Xblio`fatblpiplrostf

omvlstocitltblhl`fmstritofmtblfapfwlrkfmtrfjstritlcolsomsukbsystl`s. Xftbos

horlktofm, tbl kf`pirosfm dltwllm ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm umhlr kfmstimt imh mft

wohljy viroidjl kfmhotofms wis kfmhuktlh. [ystl` soùjitofm sbfwlh tbit viroidjl

fplritofm fa tbl ljlktrfjyslr ihvimkls fvlr aoxlh `fhl hul tf tbl aikt tbit dlttlr


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42

systl`plrafrìmkl,jlssljlktrfjyslrstirtups,`frlrumto`lafrtblljlktrfjyslrimh

rlhuktofm om dittlry usl rlsujtlh. Bfwlvlr, ot ùst dl kf``lmtlh tbit ot wis mft

hlskrodlhbfwstlihyfplritofmfaljlktrfjyslrwisipprfikblh.Ijsf,hultftblaikt

tbit systl` fdglktovl os tf prfvohl ljlktrokoty tf i jfih, ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm os

tbfucbttfdlslisfmij.Isirlsujt,ljlktrfjyslrumhlrcflsfmjy aivfridjlkfmhotofms

huromc tblsu``lr.Iutbfrsucclsts, aomijjy, tbiti tlkbmflkfmfòkfptoòzitofmfa

tblsystl`tieomcomtfikkfumtdftbsystl`hlsocmimhkfmtrfjstritlcyosmlklssiry.

Xfkfmkjuhltbit,pfwlrìmicl`lmtstritlcols afrtblljlktrfjyslrfplritofmdislh

fm tbl dittlry stitl fa kbircl bis dllm mftoklh om tbl jotlriturl. Om tblsl stuhols,

systl`sirlùkb`frlkf`pjlx,usomcbyhrfclmis jfmctlr`stfriclimhmftisi

prfhukt. Xbl irli fa sfjir byhrfclm prfhuktofm systl`s jikes fa omvfjvomc kfmtrfj

stritlcyomtblhlsocmfatblsystl`.Bfwlvlr,kfmkjusofmsimhohlisidfuttblpfwlr

ìmicl`lmt stritlcy kim dl uslh is rlalrlmkl imh aottlh om i sfjir byhrfclm

prfhuktofmskbl`l.

;.


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4?

Hlsocm stuhols idfut sfjirbyhrfclm prfhuktofm systl`s uslh is

iutf`ftovlsrlauljomcstitofmsirlvlryjoòtlhimhmftsfrlklmt.

Mfml fa tbl krfsslh stuhols omvlstocitlh bfw rljoidojoty fa tbl systl`

omajulmklstblsystl`sozomcimhplrafrìmklomhokitfrs.

[ystl` sozomc dislh fm mu`lrokij tlkbmflkfmfòk fptoòzitofms bis mft

dllmmftoklhomtbljotlriturl.

^fwlrkfmtrfj stritlcy os mft omkjuhlh om stuhols rljitlh tfhlsocm fa sfjir

byhrfclmsystl`s.

Isotkimdlmftoklhjitlr,jotlriturlrlvolwkfmkjusofmshorlkttbl`ltbfhfjfcyimhtbl

fdglktovls

fa

tbl

prlslmt

hosslrtitofm.


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;>

8. @FHLJHL[KTO^XOFM

8.9. OMXTFH\KXOFM

Xbl prlslmt kbiptlr os hlvftlh tf tbl hlskroptofm fa tbl `fhlj hlvljfplh afr tbl

lmlrcysoùjitofmfaistimhijfmlljlktrfjysossystl`pfwlrlhdypbftfvfjtioksimh

issostlhdydittlrols.Kfhlhlvljfp`lmtkfmhuktlhusomc@itjidsfatwirliswljjis

tblfptoòzitofmfaottbittffepjiklippjyomctbl@itjidFptoòzitofmXffjdfx(@FX).

Omclmlrij,`fhljipprfikblstblfplritofmfaisplkoaoksozlhsystlòmlmlrcytlr`s

wbojl im lkfmfòk lvijuitofm fa ot kim ijsf dl lxpfrtlh usomc l`porokij lkfmfòk

hiti.Aocurl

9>

prlslmts

clmlrij

ajfw

kbirt

fa

tbl

kfhl

wbokb

rlajlkts

tbl

`ltbfhfjfcy

tbl`fhljhlvljfplhwotb.

Xbl`fhljoskfmsostlhdy;ìompirts.Ittblaorstpirt,tblhitirlquorlhafrtblkfhl

rumirlstitlh.Blmkl,dftbviroidjlsimhkfmstimthiti afr tblsystl`kf`pfmlmts

ùstdlprfvohlh.[udsystl`s(^Q,dittlrols,ljlktrfjyslrimhbyhrfclmstfricltime)

sozl imh ftblr systl` aliturls sukb is mu`dlr fa iutf`ftovls rlauljlh, òmoù`

hiojy ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm irl kfmsohlrlh is `fhlj viroidjls. Xbl vijuls fa tblsl

piri`ltlrs irl hlaomlh dy tbl uslr ìmuijjy. Tlcirhomc tbl kfmstimt hiti, sf`l

typokij vijuls wlrl issu`lh afr ìcmotuhls mllhlh afr tbl `fhljomc fa likb

kf`pfmlmt.Aurtblr`frl,mu`lrokijkfhlijsfbisisomputisfjirhitito`lslrolsfa

9bfurto`lstlpwbokb osuslhafrtblkijkujitofmfabfurjy^Qlmlrcyprfhuktofmdy

tblsplkoaoksozlhpimljs.^Qlmlrcyprfhuktofmimhftblrbfurjyviroidjlìcmotuhls

sukbistbldittlrystitlfakbirclimhbyhrfclmstfricltimestitlfaaujaojj`lmtirl

uslhafrpfwlrìmicl`lmtstritlcyo`pjl`lmtitofm.Ittblslkfmhpirt,tblsystl`

fplritofm stritlcy, tblblirtfa tbl`fhlj, oshlvljfplh. Xblpfwlrkfmtrfj osfa

socmoaokimt o`pfrtimkl afr tbl systl` fplritofm is ot sbfujh dl idjl tf kbffsl tbl

`fst laaokolmt rfutl tf lxpjfot tbl lmlrcy prfhuklh dy tbl ^Q pimljs, kfmarfmtomc

soùjtimlfusjy wotb tbl ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm joòtitofms tbit `lmtofmlh it tbl

jotlriturl rlvolw. Ippjyomc tbl stritlcy afr likb to`l stlp, rlsplktovl fplritofm

ìcmotuhlsirlrlsujtlhafrlikbsystl`kf`pfmlmt.


35/121

;9

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KIJJ B_HTFCLM [XFTICLXIME A\MKXOFM

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KIJJ A\LJ HL@IMH

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36/121

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Aomijjy, iatlr rlpltotofms tbit kfrrlspfmh tf 9 ylir plrofh (231> b), su`ìrozlh

ìcmotuhlsimhplrafrìmklomhokitfrs,sukbistblimmuijbyhrfclmprfhuktofmimh

tblimmuijumlxpjfotlhlmlrcy (lmlrcy rlglktofm arf`mfwfm),irllstoìtlhimh

kim dl uslh afr splkoaokho`lmsofmlh (ikkfrhomc tf viroidjl piri`ltlrs) systl`

lvijuitofm. Om ihhotofm, issuòmc mf prlkosl dut ivlricl splkoaok kipotij imh

fplritofmijkfstsafrlvlryhlvokl,systl`kfstkimdllstoìtlhdislhlotblrfmtbl

viroidjl piri`ltlrs fr tbl su`ìrozlh plrafrìmkl ìcmotuhls. Is i rlsujt,

lkfmfòklvijuitofmfa tblsystl`kimdlijsf o`pjl`lmtlh,kijkujitomc tblsplkoaok

byhrfclmprfhuktofmkfst.

Bfwlvlr, tbl hltiojlh imijysos fa tbl kfhl os kirrolh fut it tbl afjjfwomc tbrll

slktofms.It aorst, tlkbmokijimijysosfa tbl`fhljomc afrlikbsystl`kf`pfmlmtimh

tbl issu`ptofms ìhl irl prlslmtlh. Xf mftokl, tbit likb kf`pfmlmts `fhlj os

hlvljfplhiti slpiritlprfcri`òmcaumktofm (sudrfutoml)imh os omtlrkfmmlktlh

wotb tbl ftblrs tbrfucb tbl fplritofm stritlcy aumktofm. Om ihhotofm, tbl l`porokij

lquitofmsuslh afr tblsystl`kfstlstoìtofmdytbl`fhljtbitirl omkjuhlh om tbl

lkfmfòksaumktofmirlstitlh.Xblm,ihoskussofmafrtblpfwlrìmicl`lmtstritlcy

hlvljfplh imh uslh om tbl `fhlj tiels pjikl. Xbl ajfw kbirt tbit rlajlkts tbl

rlkf``lmhlh fplritofm stritlcy os covlm wbojl tbl lxpfrtlh to`lstlp ìcmotuhls

irl ijsf hlaomlh. It tbl jist slktofm, tbl hlaomotofms fa kuùjitovl ìcmotuhls imh

rlsujtlh omhokitfrs (tlkbmokij imh lkfmfòk) wbokb irl uslh afr tbl splkoaok sozlh

systl`lvijuitofmirlprfvohlh.

8.4. HIXIOM^\X[\D[_[XL@[@FHLJOMCHL[KTO^XOFM

8.4.9.XLKBMOKIJ

^rofrtftblimijysosfatbl`fhljomcafrlikbsystl`kf`pfmlmtimhtblprlslmtitofm

fatblkfmstimthitiomkjuhlhomtblrlsplktovl@itjidaumktofms,`fhljviroidjlsbivl

tfdlhlaomlh.Xblìcmotuhls,wbokbvijulssbfujhdllmtlrlhdy tbluslrimh tbl

systl`plrafrìmklosrljolhfm,kimdlafumhomXidjl9.Omihhotofm,`fhljviroidjls

irluslhisomputomsudsystl`simhpfwlrìmicl`lmtstritlcyaumktofms.Xbllaalkt


37/121

;;

fa likb fa tbl viroidjls tf tbl systl` plrafr`imkl os omvlstocitlh tbrfucb tbl

piri`ltrokfpto`ozitofmstuhols.

Xidjl9@fhljQiroidjls

Mf Hlskroptofm Iddrlvoitofm \mots

9 ^Qomstijjlhpliepfwlr , eS4 DittlryKipikoty eSb; Ljlktrfjyslromstijjlhpfwlr , eS8 XimeKipikoty M`;


38/121

;8

sfjirrihoitofmslrolsoshlkohlhtfdlafrpimljomkjomitofmlquijtftbljitotuhlfatbl

jfkitofmafrdlstimmuijsfjirlmlrcyrlklovlhU48P.

Fmtblftblrbimh,tbl^Qomstijjlhpliepfwlr,

,,osfmlfatbl`fhljviroidjls

imh osrljitlhwotbtbllaalktovlirlifatbl^Qpimljs,,dylq.9,issuòmctbit9`4fairlikfrrlspfmhstf9>>Spfa^QU4 , (9)

Xidjl4^Qirriysudrfutoml[u`ìry&KfmstimtHiti

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39/121

;%afrtbljfwlstimhbocblstrihoitofmrlsplktovljy.

Aomijjy,tblpfwlrprfhuklh, omkisltblto`lstlpos,oscovlmdylq.


40/121

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41/121

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(1)


42/121

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Xidjl8 Dittlrolssudrfutoml[u``iry&KfmstimtHiti

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fa

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1>

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43/121

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Om ihhotofm, imftblr o`pfrtimt prfplrty afr dittlry fplritofm os ots kipikoty, .Clmlrijjy, dittlry kipikoty os `lisurlh om Ib, os mft aoxlh imh virols rlcirhomc

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44/121

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45/121

89

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clmlrijomlq.93.

/ (93)8.4.9.8. LJLKXTFJ_[LT

Is otwishlskrodlh afrdittlrols,ljlktrfjyslrumotipplirsijsfisidjfkedfx om tbl

systl``fhlj.Ljlktrfjyslraumktofmkijkujitlstblbyhrfclmprfhuktofmomtblsplkoaok

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46/121

84

hlsocm pfomt. Is i kfmslqulmkl, tbl òmoù`, , imh tbl ìxoù`,,fplritofmpfomts hlaomltblpfwlromcjoòtsfaljlktrfjyslr(lq.92).

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47/121

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48/121

88

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50/121

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@frlfvlr, tbl joòtlh joalto`l fa dittlrols ipplirs tf dl im ossul afr systl`

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rlcujir ìomtlmimkl kfsts,

V, (9% fa kipotij kfst U4?P), tbl tftij ìomtlmimkl

kfstafrdittlrolsoscovlmdylq.42.

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Ljlktrfjyslr kipotij kfst os fatlm issu`lh tf viry jomlirjy wotb tbl omstijjlh pfwlr,

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prfhuktofm kipikoty (Aocurl 94) U;


51/121

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V, (4% fa

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52/121

82

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53/121

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54/121

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55/121

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56/121

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57/121

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58/121


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61/121

, dittlrols irl dlomc hoskbirclh om frhlr tfprfvohl tbllmlrcyhlaokotmllhlh tfpfwlr tblljlktrfjyslrit

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62/121


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64/121

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65/121

19


66/121

14

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68/121

18

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hlìmhhuromcisu``lrwlle(Aocurl92).Isikfmslqulmkl,ljlktrfjyslr oshorlktjy

pfwlrlh dy ^Q (Aocurl 9?) aojjomc tbl byhrfclm stfricl time kf`pjltljy (Aocurl 4>).

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69/121

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sbfwlhbocbrljoidojoty(??.3%)dutpffrkfmvlrsofmlaaokolmky(;.8;%).Ijsf,kipikoty

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plrafrìmkl osijsfrlajlktlhittbl ariktofmfalmlrcyrlglktlhwbokbwislstoìtlh

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70/121

11

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71/121

13

Aocurl44Kfmvlrclmklomsomcjlfdglktovlfptoòzitofm

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mfòmijpfwlrfa9?.;eS.Ijsf,dittlrolswotb49>eSb tftijkipikotyirlrlquorlh,

wbojlstfricltimeùstprfvohlidfut9>hiysfaiutfmf`y.Ipirtarf`stfricltime,

fptoù` systl` sozl os afumh tf dl hlkrlislh kf`piromc tf kisl stuhy. Ot kim dl

mftoklh tbit,^Qpliepfwlrsbfujhdlidfut twokl tblljlktrfjyslrmfòmijpfwlr5

wbojl dittlrols hoskbircl ritl (

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pfwlr.

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systl` irl covlm om Xidjl 9;. Is lxplktlh, lvijuitfrs irl o`prfvlh, ijtbfucb tbl

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72/121

12

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Mf Hlskroptofm Iddrlvoitofm Qijul \mots

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73/121

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74/121

3>

Om frhlr tf hlpokt tbl laalkt fa omstijjitofm irli fm systl` sozomc, likb jfkitofm os

aliturlhdyotsimmuijsfjirlmlrcyhlmsotyomCG/`4.Otwisafumhtbitkf`pfmlmtssozl

os jircljy iaalktlh wbokb, bfwlvlr, kfujh mft dl kfrrljitlh wotb tbl immuij sfjir

lmlrcyhlmsotyfatblirli.Xfdl`frlprlkosl,^Qljlktrfjysossystl`lstidjosblh om

Xfeyf(8.3CG/`4)fr omArimeaurt(8.4CG/`

4)rlquorlsidfuttwfto`ls jirclrdittlry

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75/121

39

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76/121

34

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systl`

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systl`sbfujhbivl,tblsìjjlrkf`pfmlmtssozlosrlquorlh.Blmkl,otwisprfvlhtbl

ritoffa^Qtfljlktrfjyslromstijjlhpfwlrosrljitlhwljjwotbsystl`rljoidojoty(Aocurl

43). @frl splkoaokijjy,^Qpliepfwlrsbfujhdl`frl tbim twf to`lscrlitlr tbim

ljlktrfjyslr omstijjlh pfwlr om frhlr tf ikbolvl bocb rljoidojoty (??.%. Xblm, ritof

hrfpstf9.3%rljoidjlsystl`.

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;4%.[ukbrlsujtsirlrlajlktlhijsfitsystl`laaokolmkywbokbomkrlislswotbrlhuklh

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Ljlktrfjyslrkipikotyaiktfr

[ystl`laaokolmky


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38

,)tfdlrlauljlhdytblstitofm.

It i aorst cjimkl, fptoìj systl`s lxpfrtlh irl aliturlh dy soòjir plrafrìmkl

(laaokolmky,^Qkipikotyaiktfr,lmlrcyrlglktofm).Ijsf,kf`pfmlmtssozlsprfvlhtfdl

ij`fst prfpfrtofmij tf auljhlìmh.Bfwlvlr,ljlktrfjyslr omstijjlh pfwlr ( kirs,

y04.9>??x>.>8?

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îri`ltrok[tuhy^rfhuktofmKfstKirsrlauljlh


79/121

3kirsosjoòtlhtf

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1>[plkoaok^r

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Mu`dlrfakirsrlauljlhdystitofm

îri`ltrok[tuhy^rfhuktofmKfstKirsrlauljlh


80/121

31

tblbfursfaiutfmf`ytbitdittlrolsprfvohltfljlktrfjyslrrlikbi jfw jo`otafr3.


81/121

33

Aocurl;4Fptoìjprfhuktofmkfstafrhoaalrlmthiysfaiutfmf`y(stfricltime)rlquorlh

Aomijjy, tf pfomt fut tbit plrafrìmkl omhokitfrs (kfmvlrsofm laaokolmky, kipikoty

aiktfrsimhlmlrcyrlglktofm)fafptoìjlkfmfòksystl`ssbfwo`prfvl`lmtomkisl

jirclrstfricltimeosomtlcritlh.


82/121

32

o`prfvl`lmt omprfhuktofmkfst oscrlitlr afrs`ijjsystl`s (4vlbokjls). Om tbldlst

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LjlktrfjyslrKipikotyAiktfr

[ystl`laaokolmky


83/121

3?

hiysfabyhrfclmiutfmf`y).

[u``iry fa systl` piri`ltlrs afr tbl afjjfwomc stuhols os covlm om Xidjl 9


84/121

2>


85/121

29

iutfmf`y `frl tbim tbl rlquorlhljlktrfjyslròmoù`fplritofm to`l. Xfcovl im

lxi`pjl,omkisltbitljlktrfjyslrsbfujhfplritlitjlist8bfursiatlriswotkbomcfm,

dittlry ùst dl sozlh sf tbit systl` bis lmlrcy iutfmf`y fa ;;> ; ;3>

LmlrcyIutfmf`y(b)

LjlktrfjyslrKykjls

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Kykjls/LmlrcyIutfmf`y


86/121

24

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b.Jomlirhlkrlislfalmlrcyiutfmf`yos`iomtiomlhumtojtblpfomtwblrl4?>kykjls

kim dl fdtiomlh wotb idfut 3 bfurs fa iutfmf`y. Bfwlvlr, tbl mlxt systl` tbit

turmlh up, sitosayomc tbl kfmstriomt (`frl tbim ??.


87/121

2;

Kipikotyaiktfrstbitaliturltblfpto`ijsystl`slxpfrtlhirlpjfttlhomAocurl;3.Ot

kimdlfdslrvlhtbittblyirlomvlrsljyprfpfrtofmij,istblbocblstkipikotyaiktfrafr

^Q kfrrlspfmhs tf tbl jfwlst afr ljlktrfjyslr imh vokl vlrsi. Kipikoty aiktfr fa ^Q

rimcls it ?.


88/121

28

1. HO[K\[[OFM

1.9. F^LTIXOFM

Xbl omkfrpfritofm fa ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm joòtitofms omtf tbl pfwlr ìmicl`lmt

stritlcywisfmlfatblprfglktfdglktovls.^fwlrkfmtrfjsucclstlhimh afjjfwlhdy

tbos stuhy bis is profroty tf lmsurl tbl rljoidjl ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm, ijtbfucb i

pfssodjlomlaaokolmtlxpjfotitofmfalmlrcyprfhuktofm.

Ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm aliturls wlrl hlpoktlh om kisl stuhy soùjitofm (aoc. 9%kfvlrfaljlktrfjyslrmfòmijpfwlrdy^Q

ossltisrlquorl`lmtafrbyhrfclmprfhuktofmstirtup,sftfìtkbtbl^Qprfhuktofm

wotbljlktrfjyslrfplritofmimhlxtlmhlhdittlryhoskbircomc tfdlivfohlh.[ukbim

issu`ptofmìelsimi`fumtfa^Qlmlrcyprfhuktofmlotblr tfdluslh afrdittlry

kbircomcfrtfdlrlglktofm.XblkislfadittlrykbircomckimdlfdslrvlhomAocurl9


89/121

2


90/121

21

jfwrihoitofm.Xfrlòmhtbit,tbl,it jlist,1>%pfwlromcdy^Q osirlquorl`lmtafr

ljlktrfjyslrstirtup. Bfwlvlr,huromcsu``lrplrofh,^Qrlikblsotsplieimhsbfujh

dl lxpjfotlh lotblr kbircomc tbl dittlry fr pfwlromc tbl ljlktrfjyslr. Tlcirhomc

dittlrykipikoty,iòmoù`faikklptidjlvijulsoshlaomlhdliromcomòmhtbitìx

hoskbircl ritl (/9>) sbfujh dl idjl tf kfvlr ljlktrfjyslr hlìmh kf`pjltljy.Kfmslqulmtjy, ikipikoty fa49> eSb (1.hiys

fabyhrfclmiutfmf`y.Otsll`stbitomkrlislhbyhrfclmiutfmf`y(time)osprlalrrlh

tf lmlrcy iutfmf`y (dittlry) hul tf stfricl times jfwlr kipotij imh ìomtlmimkl

kfsts.

Mllhjlsstfsiytbitlmlrcyiutfmf`yoshorlktjyrljitlhwotbtblòmoù`kfmtomufus

ljlktrfjyslrfplritofmrlquorlh.IshlpoktlhomAocurl;


91/121


92/121

22

Isiclmlrijtrlmhafrtblfpto`ijsystl`fabocbrljoidojoty(??.


93/121

2?

stlihyfplritofmhuromc tblwbfjlylirimh tblfmlsohlhlxpjfotitofmfa^Qlmlrcy

prfhuktofm (ljlktrfjyslrpfwlromc)kiuslsukbibocbi`fumtfa rlglktofm.Bfwlvlr,

tbl omkrlislh ^Q plie pfwlr bis ijsf o`pikt fm systl` laaokolmky (lq. % sfjir tf

byhrfclm laaokolmky, sukb i systl` laaokolmky os kfmsohlrlh is jfw. Bfwlvlr, tbos

hoaalrlmkl wis lxplktlh hul tf viroidjl ljlktrfjyslr fplritofm afjjfwlh om tblsl

soùjitofmsU94,9;,98P.

Otsbfujhdlpfomtlhfuttbitisrljoidojotyiaalktssystl`sozomc, o`piktijsffkkurs om

plrafrìmkllvijuitfrs(Aocurl42).Imomtlrlstomcrlsujtostblij`fstaujjlxpjfotitofm

fa ^Q lmlrcy prfhuktofm (8% lmlrcy rlglktofm) om fptoìj sozlh systl` fa 2>%

rljoidojoty. Ijsf, afr tbl si`l hlìmh sitosaiktofm, systl` laaokolmky ikbolvls i

plrklmticl fa


94/121


95/121


96/121

?4

Xf su` up, issu`ptofms `ihl imh pfwlr kfmtrfj afjjfwlh dy tbos stuhy wis mft

aivfridjlafrjfwprfhuktofmkfstrlsujts.Otwisprfvlhtbit,lvlmwotbicrlitkipotij

kfstrlhuktofm,sukbimomvlst`lmtosmftittriktovl.Bfwlvlr,hoaalrlmtipprfikblsfa

tblsystl`sukbisomstijjitofmsudsohols,ijtlrmitovljfihihhotofm,crohissostimkl,usl

fa holslj clmlritfr is i rlslrvl, lxpjfotitofm fa fxyclm prfhuklh, kim o`prfvl tbl

byhrfclmprfhuktofmkfst.


97/121

?;

3. KFMKJ\[OFM[

Xbl lmlrcy soùjitofm imh fptoìj hlsocm fa i stimhijfml ^Qljlktrfjysos systl`

omkfrpfritomc ljlktrfjyslr joòtitofms wis ikbolvlh wotb sukklss. [oùjitofm cripbs

sbfwlhtbitrlsplktfaljlktrfjyslrkfmstriomts,dlstlmlrcylxpjfotitofmimhhlìmh

sitosaiktofmkimmftdlkf`pjltljykf`prfòslhhultftblorkf`pltotovlmiturl.

Xblm, fptoòzitofm stuhols rlsujtlh tf clmlrij trlmhs afr i rljoidjl (??.


98/121

?8

Fmtblftblrbimh,byhrfclmprfhuktofmkfstskijkujitlhafumhtfviryit;.3;


99/121


100/121

?1

D.DIXXLTOL[A\MKXOFM

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%Omputs7 HlptbfaHoskbirclHfH(%),

% Lmlrcyafrkbircomc(+)/hoskbircomc()(eSb),

% DittlryKipikoty(eSb)% Xo`l(b)

% Kurrlmt[titlfaKbircl(%)

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% Lmlrcytfdlprfvohlh(hoskbircl)()/^QLmlrcylxpjfotlh(kbircl)(+)(eSb)

% ^fwlrtfdlprfvohlh(hoskbircl)()/^Qpfwlrlxpjfotlh(kbircl)(+)(eS)

% Lmlrcykbirclh(+)/hosbirclh()(eSb)

% ^fwlrkbirclh(+)/hoskbirclh()(eS)

% Dittlrylmlrcyjfssls(ijwiys+mfìttlroskbircl/hoskbircl)(eSb)

% Dittlrypfwlrjfssls(ijwiys+mfìttlroskbircl/hoskbircl)(eS)

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101/121

?3

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LmVditVom0Ldit5%Lmlrcykbirclh(+)/hosbirclh()(eSb)

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^VditVrlg0^rlg5%^fwlrrlglktlh(dittlryjfsslsmftomkjuhlh)(eS)

lmh


102/121

?2

K.LJLKXTFJ_[LTA\MKXOFM

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% ^fwlrrlglktofm(eS),

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7/23/2019 Desi

Documents

Design study of a stand-alone hydrogen production system powered by photovoltaics and assisted by batteries with the aim of electrolyser sustainable operation