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DESIGN OF MICRO-HYDROPOWER SYSTEM FOR A STAND-
ALONE RURAL VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION
ALPHONSUS SONG HUA BING
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering)
2010
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UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS THESIS
Judul: DESIGN OF MICRO-HYDROPOWER SYSTEM FOR A STAND-ALONE RURAL VILLAGE
ELECTRIFICATION
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya ALPHONSUS SONG HUA BING
(HURUF BESAR)
Mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti
Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan
untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data kandungan Tempatan.4. Pusat khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan
tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( √ ) di kota yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat uang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti uang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
Badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK
TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap:
No.1C LANE 10 LADA ROAD Dr. ANDREW R.H RIGIT
Nama Penyelia
96000 SIBU SARAWAK
Tarikh: Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan
menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT dan TERHAD.
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APPROVAL SHEET
This project report which entitled “DESIGN OF MICRO-HYDROPOWER SYSTEM FOR A
STAND-ALONE RURAL VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION” was prepared by Alphonsus Song
Hua Bing (15935) is hereby read and approved by:
Dr.Andrew R.H Rigit Date
Project Supervisor
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DESIGN OF MICRO-HYDROPOWER SYSTEM
FOR A STAND-ALONE RURAL VILLAGE
ELECTRIFICATION
ALPHONSUS SONG HUA BING
Thesis is submitted to
Faculty of Engineering, University Malaysia Sarawak
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Bachelor of Engineering
With Honours (Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering) 2010
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To my beloved family and friends
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my appreciation to those who had given assistance and
help throughout this entire project. First of all, I would like to thanks my
supervisor, Dr. Andrew R.H Rigit for all the guidance and advices that had been
given in order to ensure the project can be complete in time. Secondly, thanks are
also given to author ’s friends and other members of Mechanical Engineering
Department, Unimas. Last but not least, special thanks to author’s parents for
financial support during studies in Unimas.
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ABSTRACT
Micro-hydropower system is a system that used to produce electricity. Its main
concept is transfer the kinetic energy of water flowing to electric energy by a
generator. When water flows from a head, the water flowing contains kinetic and
potential energy. Thus, when water flows knocked the turbine bucket, the turbine
will rotate and turning the generator. Generator can produce electric energy
through rotation of dynamo that will cut through electromagnetic field. These all
mechanisms are the main features of a complete micro hydropower system. The
main objective of this study is to identify the equations used to do calculation
regarding the system and main output is the parameter such as size of nozzle and
turbine that need to use to produce desired power output. A program is created
using Matlab7 software that includes the combination of equations to do
calculation on deciding size and parameter of components that will be used
during installation of the system. There are also a few limitations in this study
such as the flexibility of the equation used in program created, system efficiency
and limitation of materials selection for designing penstock system which the
thickness can be calculated in the program. Recommendations are given to make
the entire process more accurate and some problem can be solved.
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ABSTRAK
Sistem mini tenaga hydro merupakan satu sistem yang digunakan untuk menjana
tenaga elektrik. Konsep utama sistem ini adalah menukar tenaga kinetic aliran air
kepada tenaga elektrik dengan menggunakan generator. Apabila air mengalir dari
satu ketinggian, pengaliran air mengandungi tenaga kinetic dan tenaga yang
berpotensi. Oleh itu, semasa air mengalir memukul baldi turbine, turbine akan
berpusing dan memutar generator. Generator dapat menghasilkan tenaga elektrik
melalui putaran dynamo yang memotong medan electromagnet. Semua
mekanisme ini merupakan sifat-sifat utama sistem mini tenaga hydro yang
lengkap. Tujuan utama penyelidikan ini adalah mengenal pasti persamaan-
persamaan yang digunakan untuk membuat pengiraan tentang output utama
seperti saiz nozzle dan turbine yang digunakan untuk menjana tenaga elektrik
yang diperlukan. Dalam penyelidikan ini, beberapa had yang tidak dapat
diselesaikan juga akan dibincangkan. Satu program juga direka dengan
menggunakan perisian Matlab7.
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ii
ABSTRACT iii
ABSTRAK iv
LIST OF TABLE viii
LIST OF FIGURE ix
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Energy Market Tendencies 1
1.1.1 What is Mini-Hydro? 5
1.2 Background of Micro-Hydropower System 6
1.3 Problem statements 7
1.3.1 Is Micro-Hydropower for you? 8
1.4 Objective of the study 9
1.5 Summary 9
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 10
2.2 Micro-Hydropower definition and components 11
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2.3 How to Identify a Potential Site 13
2.4 Planning for a System 18
2.4.1 How to Measure Potential Power and Energy 18
2.5 Basic Components of a Micro-Hydropower System 25
2.5.1 Civil Works Components 25
2.5.2 Powerhouse Components 31
2.5.3 Transmission/Distribution Network 38
2.6 How to Choose a System 39
2.6.1 Case Study 1 39
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 42
3.2 Method of identification problem 42
3.2.1 Methods of identification to measure water flow rate 43
3.2.1.1 Container Method 44
3.2.1.2 Float Method 45
3.2.1.3 Weir Method 45
3.2.1.4 Salt and Conductivity Meter Method 47
3.2.1.5 Current Meter Method 48
3.2.1.6 Summary 49
3.2.2 Method of identification to determine and measure head 49
3.2.2.1 Sighting Meters 49
3.2.2.2 Dumpy Levels and Theodolites 50
3.2.2.3 Water-Filled Tube and Rod Method 51
3.2.2.4 Altimeters 52
3.2.3 Method of identification of penstock system 52
3.2.3.1 Method of identification constraints in deciding 53
diameter of penstock
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3.2.3.2 Method of identification constraints in deciding 54
wall thickness
3.2.4 Method of identification of turbine system 55
3.3 Conclusion 58
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Equation analysis 60
4.2.1 Penstock analysis 60
4.2.2 Turbine analysis 65
4.2.2.1 Operation of Pelton turbine 66
4.2.3 Nozzle analysis 69
4.3 Operation of Program created using Matlab7 69
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Colclusion 78
5.1.1 Colebrook-white equation (Haaland equation) 78
5.1.2 System efficiency 79
5.1.3 Thickness of penstock 80
5.2 Recommendation 80
REFERENCES 81
APPENDIX 83
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
