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Design & Development Process
We facilitate the complete design and rendering of the project beforehandthrough digital software, allowing a visual representation of the steel structure
project prior to commencing development. Once the design is approved, we can
begin site preperation.
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How to Build a Stone FoundationEdited by Robatsunbright, Maluniu, Emma, SuprStar
A foundation can be built for free out of stone on your land. This perimeter base of packed
stone is referred to as 'the rubble trench'. It is a foundation that has been used successfully for
thousands of years. Nothing is as durable as stone. And if you happen to have no stone on
your property, simply order a truckload of gravel (about $200) - it works just as well.
Steps
1.
1. Dig a perimeter trench along the boundaries of your proposed building.The trench shouldbe about 1.5' wide, and deep enough so that it's below the frostline. Use a pick/mattock to break up the
soil, and a transfer shovel to shovel it out. The soil can be used as fill to build up the grade within the
foundation, or outside it to slope the land down and away from the dwelling. When the trench depth is
roughed out, use a square-ended shovel to scrape the bottom, so that the floor of the trench remains
packed and undisturbed.
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2.
2Set in the largest stones first.If you have boulders, or something like these hardened quickcrete
bags to use, lay them in the bottom of the trench like this:
Continue to set in the largest stones you can lift and fit in the trench. The stone should getprogressively smaller as you fill towards the top.
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3.
3Pack it tight.Everything should fit like a puzzle - pound rocks in with a hammer where you need to.
Urbanite can also be used, and torn up asphalt sections from roads. If you're using old concrete block,
break it up into flat pieces with a hammer.
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4.
4Cover with gravel, and tamp.Make sure to swish the gravel around with your hands into all the
crevices in your rubble.
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5.
5
Lay any pipe or conduit down and pack around it with stone.For good measure, lay an extra water
line, and both 2" to 3" graywater and 4" blackwater pipe, just in case you want to tie into them at some
point.
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6.
6Put in the stem wallof your choice, to keep your building high off the ground. If you want to continue
in the same low-cost, green, site-harvested, ultra-durable tradition, do an earthbag stem wall. This is
rows of polypro seed bags filled with either dirt or rock, with strips of barbed wire run between each row
for tensile strength. In the standard earthbag stem wall the bottommost rows are composed of bags of
tamped aggregate (sand, gravel, rock, etc.), and the rows above are filled with a stabilized earth mix -
your dirt mixed with either cement or lime, and allowed to cure until it hardens into rock. The stem wall
when finished is covered in chicken wire and plastered for lateral strength and to protect the polypro
bags. Earthbags are wide and make excellent stem walls for alternative building systems such as
cordwood masonry and straw bale - as well as walls of earthbags themselves!
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Steel Building Foundations
Pre-Construction Work
Construction of a steel building or metal structure is similar to construction of most other buildings and starts with astrong foundation.
Before the steel building foundation is poured, the land must be professionally surveyed to ensure the building site is
level and that the builders know the exact boundaries of the plot.
Once the building site is surveyed and marked, the grading or physical leveling of the building site can begin. Grading
involves making the height and shape of the land conform to the surveyors stakes.
When the building site has been made level, excavation for the foundation can begin. You will need to consult with
your steel buildings manufacturer or salesperson regarding the type of foundation excavation your will require. Most
simple steel buildings only require minor excavation while more complex metal buildings will require deeper general
excavation.
Minor excavation can be done with hand tools such as a pickaxe, shovel and steel rake. A 2 3 deep base for a
poured concrete foundation should suffice.
Major excavation is likely to involve the use of construction equipment such as a backhoe or bobcat shovel.
Remember to retain some of the removed earth for final grading and leveling after the steel building is completed. You
will also likely need some earth for backfilling, or the in filling of small holes or voids left after construction.
Steel Building Foundation
The foundation is the most important part of a prefab steel building and the part that can cause the most problems in the
building over time. Leaky basements, unsettled or shifting walls and eventual structural damage can come from a
poorly laid foundation.
Foundation Types
Floating Slabs (or floating foundations) are concrete slabs with a continuous grade beam. Spread directly under a
column or reinforced along the bottom, continuous grade beams carry the vertical load of the columns.
Pier, Footing and Grade Beam consist of a square or rectangular footing and a grade beam wall. A driller pier can be
used in place of the square or rectangular footing. Piers and footings carry most of the vertical loads.
Selecting the right mixture for concrete is important for the long-term maintenance of your steel building. Concrete
should be strong and durable. Making concrete is relatively simple.
The basic ingredients of concrete are:
Water
Aggregates (sand and gravel)
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Portland cement (Type 1 portland cement is most commonly used)
Admixtures (fly-ash or a water retardant mixture). Admixture is used to strengthen or cure concrete as it is poured.
There are two ways to measure the strength of concrete.
The Compression Strength is defined in terms of X# of pounds per square inch (psi) in 28-days. (28-days is the normalamount of time it takes for concrete to fully set.)
The Tensile Strength notes resistance to stretching or expansion of the concrete. Use steel reinforcing rods or bars to
increase the tensile strength of the foundation if necessary.
The typical strength of concrete is 3000psi after 28 days. To achieve this strength, a mixture using these approximate
proportions would be desired:
Cement: 94 pounds (43 kilograms)
Sand: 185 pounds (84 kilograms)
Coarse Aggregate: 360 pounds (163 kilograms)
Water: 5.5 gallons (21 liters)
Mix these ingredients in a rotating drum-cylinder or a ready-mix truck to insure the concrete is thoroughly blended.
Pouring the Foundation
Before the concrete can be poured, the Forms must be placed. Forms are used to hold the concrete together while it
dries and to dictate its shape. Usually made from wood or metal, forms must be strong enough to bear the weight of the
concrete as it hardens. They must also be rigid enough to withstand the pressure of the concrete without deformation,
bending or deflection. They should also be tight enough to keep liquid concrete in and rain water out.
As the forms are being laid for the steel building foundation, be certain that there are sufficient drainage troughs for
water runoff.
Pour the concrete evenly making sure the aggregates have not settled towards the bottom of the mix and that all
reinforcing steel bars have been fully covered and that there are no voids or air-bubbles. Liquid concrete is rarely
allowed to sit still. While waiting to be poured, concrete should be kept churning in the rotating drum. On professional
construction sites, concrete is often vibrated by an electric or pneumonic vibrator, while being transported from drum to
foundation.
When pouring deep foundations, water often seeps up to the top due to the immense pressure of the sand and aggregate.
This water is called Latinate and should be removed as it comes to the surface.
Screeding:When pouring floor surfaces, the concrete must be screeded before it is finished. Screeding is the method of
leveling a floor by pushing away excess concrete and using a template to push concrete into lower or under filled areas.
When the floor surface is leveled, it must be finished.
The first step to finishing the concrete floor is to use wood or metal floats to compact the concrete and push larger
aggregates back down into the mixture. The cement is still quite wet at this point. After the concrete has been
compacted, steel towels are used to smooth out the surface and to compact it for a harder finish.
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If the concrete floor surface is going to be wet or is outdoors, a metal rake is generally used to contour the surface in
order to prevent slippage.
Curing the Concrete
Concrete hardens due to a chemical reaction between Portland cement and water. Temperature and moisture have a
direct bearing on the strength and durability of the concrete.
The best conditions for strong concrete are dry and between 50 degrees Fahrenheit and 90 degrees Fahrenheit. The
concrete must be exposed to these conditions during the first 72-hours of drying for maximum strength. After the first
72-hours, the concrete should be strong enough to permit further construction on the building.
If you are building in a cold weather region, take proper precautions to ensure your concrete can set at a proper
temperature. Concrete that does not set properly can lose up to 50% of its cohesiveness and strength over time.
There are two components to a foundation: the walls and the footings.
Foundation Wall is a wall with a portion of it below ground level. These are load-bearing walls that serve as supports
for other walls and columns.
Foundation Footing is a structural unit used to distribute the weight of the building to load-bearing materials.
Steel and metal buildings do not present a great deal of vertical load but they do need to withstand very high horizontal
loads which tend to push outwards. If not properly accounted for, horizontal load weights can cause structural failure of
the foundation and framing members.
The two common ways to distribute or resist horizontal load are:
Steel Tie Bars.
Reinforcing bars are connected to anchor bolts in order to tie the building columns together and evenly distribute the
load. In cases where the horizontal load is not as high, spread ties (or hairpin ties) can be used to transfer the load
directly to the rebar used in making the cement floor.
Increasing the size of the Footing.
This is the most expensive option. By increasing the size of the footing the design counteracts the horizontal load force
thus preventing shifting of the foundation.
Laying the Floor
In steel or metal buildings, floating slabs or slabs on grade are most often used making the base floor. The floor can be
poured while the foundation walls are being poured or after the foundation walls are in place. When built, use steel
rebar to give the floor added strength and prevent cracking over time. If the building is going to be used for heavy
machinery or for vehicles standard reinforcing bars are almost always necessary.
Before pouring the floor, lay a sheet of polyethylene sheet material on the surface you are pouring the floor onto. This
will prevent water vapour from seeping up into or through the concrete floor.
The thickness of the floor determines its ability to hold heavy loads. Many jurisdictions have specific requirements
regarding floor thickness and load-bearing ability. Before building, we recommend you check your local building
codes.
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Floor Joints
Joints are required between separate construction components or between different concrete pours. For floors, an
expansion joint is used to control the point where normal expansion or contraction of the concrete will take place.
Placed where a floor slab abuts a wall or is pierced by a steel column or pier. During the curing process, the concrete
used in the floor will contract or shrink. Expansion joints prevent floor cracking during the curing process and also
protect the floor against temperature related contraction and expansion.
Waterproofing the Floor
Apply waterproofing chemicals towards the end of or just after the curing process.
Pre-Assembly of the Steel Building
There are a number of things one needs to consider in the pre-assembly phase. Fortunately, most of these things are
basic common sense.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Site Access
Your steel or metal building will be very heavy when shipped and packaged. It will be transported on a large, flatbed
truck. It might be packed as high as a typical eighteen-wheel truck loaded with a shipping container. On the day the
building is delivered, you will want to ensure the truck carrying it has unobstructed access to the site. Check for
overhead wires as well. If the access road is not finished, be sure the truck will not be mired in mud, as it will be
carrying an extremely heavy load.
Make sure there is an adequate amount of room to work in. The truck needs to be off-loaded so be sure there is a place
to put the materials while building. Since steel structures are modular in design, you will want to have a large area to
put individual pieces of the building.
When planning and designing the building, access to utilities was considered. What was theoretical a few weeks ago is
now very real. You should consult with your local utility providers and have an inspector on-site before construction
begins.
Make sure your crew is familiar with the site they are going to work on. A good contractor makes a work-safe plan for
every phase of construction. Steel and metal buildings are unique. You should be certain your building crew is familiar
with and comfortable working with the materials. Before assembly, the crew and contractor must be fully familiar with
the design drawings.
Please note, each steel and metal building is unique. Design plans and building materials are created for specificprojects only. The design plan should be strictly adhered to.
- See more at: http://www.buildingsguide.com/buyers-guide/steel-building-foundation#sthash.MAeck2hs.dpuf
http://www.buildingsguide.com/buyers-guide/steel-building-foundation#sthash.MAeck2hs.dpufhttp://www.buildingsguide.com/buyers-guide/steel-building-foundation#sthash.MAeck2hs.dpuf