Depth Study Christianity HSC Significant Practices

Christianity: Significant practices in the life of adherents

The focus of this study is the contribution of significant practices to an understanding of Christianity as a living religious tradition.Syllabus page reference: 40-41

Significant practices: Christianity

Students learn about: ONE significant practice

o Baptism

Students learn to: describe one significant practice

Baptism

demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the

Christian community

Syllabus Requirements

Students learn about: ONE significant practice

o Baptism

Students learn to: describe one significant practice

o Baptism

Approaches to Learning

The approaches suggested below indicate a range of strategies that may be undertaken to allow students to engage with the requirements of this part of the syllabus. Teachers may wish to use one or more of these approaches in addressing this area of study. The suggestions are intended as a guide only and are not exhaustive.

Research the meaning of the term "Baptism" and its use prior to the life and ministry of Jesus

Use groups to investigate the particular elements of the rite of baptism from a range of Christian denominations

Research the issue of infant baptism. Outline the positions of various Christian denominations to this practice

Investigate the elements used in the preparation of adults for baptism such as those found in the Rite of Christian Initiation of Adults in the Catholic Church

Description of Baptism

Initiation riteBaptism is the ritual used in most Christian denominations to signify the person's initiation into the beliefs and practices of the Christian community. For most Christian denominations it also has significance as a statement of a person's beliefs in the Christian tradition and as a necessary element for salvation. Baptism also allows Christians to share in the death and resurrection of Christ and cleanses people from their sins. The Salvation Army and the Society of Friends (Quakers) are examples of Christian groups which do not practice baptism.Infant baptism

For the majority of Christians today Baptism would have been carried out when they were infants. This is the common practice in the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox branches of Christianity. In this context the parents and God parents make commitments on behalf of the child and agree to nurture the child in the Christian faith. In other Christian groups such as the Baptist and Pentecostal Churches the baptism of infants is not accepted and members would be expected to choose to be baptised as adults having made their own decision to repent and be born again.ImmersionThe idea of baptism stems from the sense of being immersed in water, which, among other things, symbolises the idea of being surrounded by and imbued with the beliefs and practices of the Christian community. Some theologians liken the symbolism of immersion to that of being completely saturated with something as with a sponge immersed in water.Sprinkling or pouring of waterThe ritual itself is usually carried out in the Church and is often contained within or celebrated adjacent to the main form of Sunday worship. The majority of baptisms celebrated in the Anglican and Catholic branches of Christianity involve the sprinkling or pouring of water on the head of the child. In Orthodox Churches the child is immersed briefly in water on three occasions while adults who are baptised in Churches such as Baptist and Pentecostal Churches are often fully immersed in water.

Various aspectsAcross the different denominations of Christianity there are a variety of aspects included in the ritual of baptism. The core elements, shared across the spectrum of Christian practice are the baptism with water and the profession of faith by or on behalf of the person being baptised.The following outlines of a number of rites of baptism from Christian denominations shows some of the other features which are often included in the rite.Anglican Sacrament of BaptismThe following elements are included in the most simple rite of baptism. Other rites of baptism in the Anglican Church incorporate the rite of Confirmation and/or the rite of Holy Communion.Rite outlinedThe rite begins with a gathering hymn, psalm or anthem. The Priest or Minister then greets and welcomes the congregation. The Collect of the Day is then prayed, followed by the lessons from the Scriptures. A sermon is preached which is then followed by the presentation and examination of the candidates. After this the Baptismal Covenant is prayed and prayers are offered for the candidates. Prayers of thanksgiving and blessing are then prayed over the water and prayers of consecration are prayed over the oils of Chrism. These prayers are followed by the Baptism, the Lord's prayer and a concluding prayer.

Catholic Sacrament of BaptismThe following outline is the most simple form of baptism used in the Catholic Church. Baptism is often incorporated into the celebration of the Eucharist and in particular the celebration of the Easter Vigil.Rite outlinedThe rite begins with a welcome and greeting from the Priest or Deacon. This is followed by a questioning of the parents and God parents to confirm their wish for baptism. After this the Priest or Deacon and the parents and God parents trace the sign of the cross on the child's forehead.The liturgy of the word follows. This includes readings from the bible and a homily from the Priest or Deacon. The homily is followed by the rite of exorcism and the anointing with oil. The waters of the baptismal font are then blessed and those present make a profession of faith, including a renunciation of sin. The Baptism follows, usually involving a pouring of water on the baby's head. The child is then clothed in a white baptismal garment and the parents and God parents receive a baptismal candle.The reception of the candle is followed by the ancient prayer of Ephphatha where the Priest or Deacon prays that the child's ears will be open to receive the word of God and that their mouth will be open to proclaim the Gospel. The Our Father is then prayed followed by a final blessing.

Orthodox Sacrament of BaptismOrthodox initiation rite

The Orthodox Churches celebrate the sacrament of Baptism within a wider rite of initiation which also includes Chrismation (anointing) and Eucharist. The baptism involves immersing the child three times in the baptismal font. Full immersion is used rather than sprinkling or pouring of water. The triple immersion parallels the belief in the Trinity and the prayers coinciding with the immersion invoke the Father, Son and Spirit.The baptism is followed immediately by the anointing of the body with oils and the proclamation of the seal of the Holy Spirit. This is known as Chrismation. The child then receives Eucharist immediately after through a small piece of the bread and a few drops of the wine.

Adult Baptism - Believer BaptismBaptism of adultsAll Christian denominations which practice baptism incorporate a rite for the baptism of adults. Among the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox Churches the majority of people are baptised as children, however, among some other Protestant Churches infant baptism is not practiced at all. These Churches believe that baptism should be conferred only after a person has made a conscious decision to believe in Jesus Christ. Thus these Churches, such as the Baptist Church, and most Pentecostal Churches such as Assemblies of God, practice adult baptism, also known as believer baptism.

Baptism in the SpiritChurches which exclusively practice adult or believer baptism generally do not accept the validity of an infant baptism in another Christian denomination and usually require a second baptism or a confirmation of baptism sometimes referred to as baptism in the Spirit.Baptism is regarded as an ordinance in Baptist Churches. This means that it is something that has been ordered or required of them by Jesus as indicated in the bible.

Baptist traditionIn the Baptist tradition, believer baptism would normally be held as part of the Sunday worship service. Most Baptist Churches are designed with a baptismal area to allow for the full immersion of believers. This is usually at the front of the Church and adjacent to enclosed areas to allow those being baptised to prepare by dressing in a baptismal garment and also to change from the wet garments after the baptism.The Baptist service often includes a testimony by the person being baptised who publicly declares their faith in Jesus.

Pentecostal ChurchesIn Pentecostal Churches there are few set patterns or rites, however, baptism is usually done through full immersion and many Pentecostal groups will carry out baptisms in public places such as beaches, rivers and lakes where full immersion can be practiced. The may also decide to use a swimming pool for the rite.

Syllabus RequirementsStudents learn about:

ONE significant practice o Baptism

Students learn to: demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity

Approaches to Learning

The approaches suggested below indicate a range of strategies that may be undertaken to allow students to engage with the

requirements of this part of the syllabus. Teachers may wish to use one or more of these approaches in addressing this area of study. The suggestions are intended as a guide only and are not exhaustive.

Study the documents on the meaning of baptism from a range of Christian denomination such as the Book of Common Prayer for the Anglican tradition, the Baptist Union of NSW explanation of the ordinance of Baptism the Catechism of the Catholic Church and the Basis of Union from the Uniting Church.

Investigate the meaning of the term "repentance" and explain its significance in the rite of baptism

Create posters which identify the symbols used in the rite of baptism and some of the important Christian beliefs expressed in these symbols

Research the use of the term "baptism" in the New Testament. Use biblical commentaries to develop an understanding of its importance and its relationship to important beliefs in the Christian tradition

Baptism and the Beliefs of Christianity

Ancient originsThe origins of the practice of baptism are quite ancient, pre-dating Christianity itself. It seems apparent that some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. Indeed, John the Baptist, who is presented in the Gospels as a forerunner to the ministry of Jesus had baptism as the hallmark of his own ministry (Mark 1:4).

Jesus' baptismJesus himself accepted the baptism of John (Mark 1:9) and gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew 28:19). Obviously the practice of baptism has great significance in the Christian tradition and indeed it relates to and expresses a number of important beliefs.

Water the central symbolThe use of water as the central symbol of baptism reflects the belief in God as creator and humankind's dependence on God. It calls to mind images of the waters of chaos from the Genesis accounts of creation

(Genesis 1:2) as well as the destructive power of the flood in the story of Noah (Genesis 7-8) and finally the miraculous crossing of the Red Sea in the accounts of the Exodus (Exodus 14).

Water and the SpiritThe image of water also calls to mind the image of the womb and the discussion of rebirth in water and the Spirit in John's Gospel (John 3). This imagery of this story closely parallels the Christian understanding of baptism as a rebirth from original sin into the life of the Spirit.

RepentanceThe Christian understanding of baptism contains a sense of the repentance highlighted in the ministry of John the Baptist, even though John himself announced that his ministry was only a preparation for the one who was to come (Matthew 3). Despite this, the act of repentance proclaimed in John's baptism expresses the idea of turning away from sin which is integral to the practice of baptism. Christians believe that in baptism they are turning away from or renouncing sin and evil and turning in a positive way to live the life of the Spirit.

Body of ChristThe practice of baptism in the Christian tradition also expresses the belief of Christians in the Church as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:13). Christians are baptised into the Church, which is the body of Christ, and as a consequence of becoming part of this body the believer is able to experience more fully the significance of the death and resurrection of Jesus. In a spiritual sense, the believer is able to participate through the body of Christ in the mystery of Jesus' dying and rising.

Early ChurchThe early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38). It was a sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice of baptism.

Symbols and ritual actionsThe symbols used during the rite of baptism also express significant beliefs of the Christian tradition. The most obvious of these is the sign of the cross which is used in a number of places in the rite. This simple symbol and ritual action expresses the Christian belief in the triune God which is at the heart of the Christian faith.

Symbolism of waterThe water is another important symbol and, as it has already been noted, one that provides rich symbolism and links to many ideas in the Christian tradition. The symbol of water reflects the belief in rebirth and in cleansing from sin which are at the heart of the Christian gospel.

AnointingThe anointing with the oil of Chrism is another important symbol. Oil is a traditional symbol for healing and strength and is also used in the sense of mandating or setting someone aside for a purpose. This sense is seen in the anointing of a king such as the anointing of Saul, the first king of the Jewish nation (1 Samuel 10:1-3). In baptism, Christians are anointed with oil as a sign of their mandate to share in the ministry of Jesus.

White garmentAnother symbol is found in the use of a white garment. This symbolises the purity of the baptised person and expresses the idea that in baptism the individual is cleansed from original sin. Baptism is therefore a new beginning for Christians.

Baptismal candleThe giving of a candle to the parents and God parents or to the newly baptised person also conveys significant expressions of Christian belief. On one hand it brings to mind notions of Jesus being the light of the world (John 8:12) as well as the word of God being a guiding light for people to follow (Psalm 119:105). The image of the light also symbolises the conflict between good and evil and the idea of light dispelling the darkness in and through the ministry of Jesus (John 1:4-6). Finally the symbol of the light expresses the idea of the gifts bestowed on the individual and their responsibility to use these gifts in service to others (Matthew 5:16).

Summary PointsStudents learn to: describe one significant practice

Baptism used in most Christian denominations Signifies initiation into the beliefs and practices of the Christian community Has significance as a statement of a person's beliefs in the Christian tradition

Necessary element for salvation Baptism allows Christians to share in the death and resurrection of Christ

Cleanses people from their sins The Salvation Army and The Society of Friends (Quakers) are examples of

Christian groups which do not practice baptism For the majority of Christians today Baptism carried out when they were

infants Common practice in the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox branches of

Christianity Parents and God parents make commitments on behalf of the child Agree to nurture the child in the Christian faith In other Christian groups such as the Baptist and Pentecostal Churches the

baptism of infants is not accepted

Members would be expected to choose to be baptised as adults having made their own decision to repent and be born again

Idea of baptism stems from the sense of being immersed in water Symbolises being surrounded by and imbued with the beliefs and practices of

the Christian community Ritual is usually carried out in the Church Often contained within or celebrated adjacent to the main form of Sunday

worship Majority of baptisms celebrated in the Anglican and Catholic branches of

Christianity involve the sprinkling or pouring of water on the head of the child In Orthodox Churches the child is immersed briefly in water on three

occasions Adults who are baptised in Churches such as Baptist and Pentecostal Churches are often fully immersed in water

Variety of aspects included in baptism across different denominations Core elements are the baptism with water and the profession of faith

Anglican Sacrament of Baptism

Baptism in the Anglican Church may incorporate the rite of Confirmation and/or the rite of Holy Communion.

Begins with a gathering hymn, psalm or anthem Priest or Minister greets and welcomes the congregation The Collect of the Day is prayed, followed by the lessons from the Scriptures A sermon is preached The presentation and examination of the candidates takes place Baptismal Covenant is prayed and prayers are offered for the candidates Prayers of thanksgiving and blessing are then prayed over the water Prayers of consecration are prayed over the oils of Chrism The Baptism takes place The Lord's prayer is prayed A concluding prayer is prayed

Catholic Sacrament of Baptism

Baptism is often incorporated into the celebration of the Eucharist In particular the celebration of the Easter Vigil Begins with a welcome and greeting from the Priest or Deacon Questioning of the parents and God parents to confirm their wish for Baptism Priest or Deacon and the parents and God parents trace the sign of the cross on

the child's forehead The liturgy of the word follows Includes readings from the bible and a homily from the Priest or Deacon Homily is followed by the rite of exorcism and the anointing with oil Waters of the baptismal font are then blessed Those present make a profession of faith, including a renunciation of sin The Baptism follows, usually involving a pouring of water on the baby's head The child is then clothed in a white baptismal garment Parents and God parents receive a baptismal candle Priest or Deacon prays the prayer of Ephphatha asking that the child's ears will

be open to receive the word of God and that their mouth will be open to proclaim the Gospel

The Our Father is then prayed followed by a final blessing

Orthodox Sacrament of Baptism

Orthodox Churches celebrate the sacrament of Baptism within a wider rite of initiation

Also includes Chrismation (anointing) and Eucharist Baptism involves immersing the child three times in the baptismal font Full immersion is used rather than sprinkling or pouring of water The triple immersion parallels the belief in the Trinity Prayers coinciding with the immersion invoke the Father, Son and Spirit Baptism is followed immediately by the anointing of the body with oils and

the proclamation of the seal of the Holy Spirit This is known as Chrismation Child receives Eucharist immediately after

Adult Baptism - Believer Baptism

All Christian denominations which practice baptism incorporate a rite for the baptism of adults

Among the Anglican, Catholic and Orthodox Churches the majority of people are baptised as children

Among some Protestant Churches infant baptism is not practiced at These Churches believe that baptism should be conferred only after a person

has made a conscious decision to believe in Jesus Christ Churches such as the Baptist Church and most Pentecostal Churches such as

Assemblies of God practice adult baptism Also known as believer baptism Churches which exclusively practice adult or believer baptism generally do

not accept the validity of an infant baptism in another Christian denomination Require a second baptism or a confirmation of baptism sometimes referred to

as baptism in the Spirit. Baptism is regarded as an ordinance in Baptist Churches It is some that has been ordered or required of them by Jesus as indicated in

the bible In the Baptist tradition, believer baptism would normally be held as part of the

Sunday worship service Most Baptist Churches are designed with a baptismal area to allow for the full

immersion of believers Usually at the front of the Church and adjacent to enclosed areas to allow

those being prepare by dressing in a baptismal garment and also to change from the wet garment after the baptism

The Baptist service often includes a testimony by the person being baptised who publicly declares their faith in Jesus.

In Pentecostal Churches there are few set patterns or rites Baptism is usually done through full immersion Many Pentecostal groups will carry out baptisms in public places such as

beaches, rivers and lakes where full immersion can be practiced May also decide to use a swimming pool for the rite

Summary pointsStudents learn to: demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Christianity

Origins of the practice of baptism are ancient Pre-date Christianity itself Some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. John the Baptist had baptism as the hallmark of his ministry (Mark 1:4). Jesus accepted the baptism of John (Mark 1:9) Gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew

28:19) Baptism has great significance in the Christian tradition Expresses a number of important beliefs. Water as the central symbol of baptism reflects the belief in God as creator

and humankind's dependence on God Calls to mind images of the waters of chaos from the Genesis accounts of

creation (Genesis 1:2) The destructive power of the flood in the story of Noah (Genesis 7-8) The miraculous crossing of the Red Sea in the accounts of the Exodus (Exodus

14) Image of water also calls to mind the image of the womb and the discussion of

rebirth in water and the Spirit in John's Gospel (John 3) This imagery of this story closely parallels the Christian understanding of

baptism as a rebirth from original sin into the life of the Spirit Christian understanding of baptism contains a sense of the repentance

highlighted in the ministry of John the Baptist

John announced that his ministry was only a preparation for the one who was to come (Matthew 3)

The act of repentance proclaimed in John's baptism expresses the idea of turning away from sin which is integral to the practice of baptism

Christians believe that in baptism they are turning away from or renouncing sin and evil and turning in a positive way to live the life of the Spirit

Baptism also expresses the belief of Christians in the Church as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:13)

Christians are baptised into the Church, which is the body of Christ As a consequence of becoming part of this body the believer is able to

experience more fully the significance of the death and resurrection of Jesus In a spiritual sense, the believer is able to participate through the body of

Christ in the mystery of Jesus' dying and rising Early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded

baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38) Sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed

them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and

forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice of baptism

Symbols used during the rite of baptism also express significant beliefs of the Christian tradition

Sign of the cross is used in a number of places in the rite This simple symbol and ritual action expresses the Christian belief in the

triune God which is at the heart of the Christian faith Water is another important symbol and links to many ideas in the Christian

tradition Water reflects the belief in rebirth and in cleansing from sin which are at the

heart of the Christian gospel The anointing with the oil of Chrism is another important symbol Oil is a traditional symbol for healing and strength Also used in the sense of mandating or setting someone aside for a purpose Seen in the anointing of a king such as the anointing of Saul (1 Samuel 10:1-3) Christians are anointed with oil as a sign of their mandate to share in the

ministry of Jesus Another symbol is the use of a white garment This symbolises the purity of the baptised person Expresses the idea that in baptism the individual is cleansed from original sin Baptism is therefore a new beginning for Christians The giving of a candle to the parents and God parents or to the newly baptised

person also conveys significant expressions of Christian belief It brings to mind notions of Jesus being the light of the world (John 8:12) The word of God being a guiding light for people to follow (Psalm 119:105) Symbolises the conflict between good and evil Light dispelling the darkness in and through the ministry of Jesus (John 1:4-6)

Expresses the idea of the gifts bestowed on the individual and their responsibility to use these gifts in service to others (Matthew 5:16)

Summary PointsStudents learn to: analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the Christian community

Baptism is a significant practice for most Christian denominations Has profound significance for the person who is baptised Also important for the Christian community as a whole Significance can be viewed from a number of different perspectives Can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the earliest Christian

communities and indeed with the life and ministry itself Significant for the theological reflection that if offers to both the individual

and the community Significance in the saving action of God and the formation of a Christian

community Significance of an authentic rite of passage for both the individual and the

community Baptism is an ancient ritual Belonged in the life of the Christian community since its inception Predates the Christian movement in the context of Judaism Some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus John the Baptist had baptism as the hallmark of his own ministry (Mark 1:4) Jesus himself accepted the baptism of John (Mark 1:9) Gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew

28:19) Baptism has great significance in the Christian tradition Relates to and expresses a number of important beliefs For the earliest Christians baptism was a profoundly significant event

Christians today have the possibility of sharing in an event of ancient significance

Significant for the individual because they walk the same path and share the same rite that has been practiced among Christians since the earliest days of the Church

Important for the Christian community because in celebrating each rite of baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the intention of Jesus and the early disciples

Rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection Images of death and new life Call to mind the death and resurrection of Jesus Images of creation and renewal Convey an understanding about the great saving actions of the God of Israel

Reflection on the struggle between good and evil in the images of light and darkness

Reflection on the idea of repentance and forgiveness as well as cleansing and renewal

Difficult to find significant aspects of Christian theology which are not captured in the tradition, the symbols and the ritual actions associated with the practice of baptism

Richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual Opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of

baptism Many Churches have preparation courses which help make connections

between theological themes and life experience For the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant

reflection and renewal Many Christian communities invite congregations to renew their own

baptismal promises. This challenges the members of the community to constantly reflect on their

vocation as Christians and the significance of their own baptism Involvement of the community in assisting candidates prepare for their

baptism and praying for those involved is another dimension of the significance for the community

Further significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological dimension of its place in the economy of salvation

The early Church community regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38)

Sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit

The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice of baptism

Significant for the individual who receives the assurance that they have received the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit

Through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community Marks both their growth through the new member of the community and also

is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others Baptism is an authentic rite of passage Marks the transition of the individual from one stage or state in life onto the

next In terms of the Christian community it marks the transition of a person from being outside of this community to becoming a fully initiated

For the individual there is significance in the sense of belonging experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith

For the community, the process of supporting a person through their preparation and welcoming them into the community through baptism is also highly significant

The community is invigorated when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the presence of a new member of the community

Syllabus RequirementsStudents learn about:

ONE significant practice o Baptism

Students learn to: analyse the significance of this practice for both the individual and the

Christian community

Approaches to Learning

Reflect on their experience of participation in prayerful activities with

various The approaches suggested below indicate a range of strategies that may be undertaken to allow students to engage with the requirements of this part of the syllabus. Teachers may wish to use one or more of these approaches in addressing this area of study. The suggestions are intended as a guide only and are not exhaustive.

Analyse the rite of baptism in a Christian denomination from the perspective of a rite of passage

Contact a local Christian Church community and investigate the ways in which the community supports and helps to prepare those who are to be baptised

Research the use of the symbol of water in the Christian tradition and highlight its links to the rite of baptism

Develop a table listing points of significance for the rite of baptism related to the individual and the community

The Significance of Baptism for Individuals and the Christian Community

Baptism is clearly a most significant practice for most Christian denominations. It has profound significance for the person who is baptised and is also important for the Christian community as a whole. The significance can be viewed from a number of different perspectives.

Links to earliest Christian ChurchesFirstly it can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the earliest Christian communities and indeed with Jesus' life and ministry itself. Secondly, it can be regarded as significant for the theological reflection that if offers to both the individual and the community. Thirdly, it has enormous significance in the saving action of God and the formation of a Christian community. Finally, it has all the significance of an authentic rite of passage for both the individual and the community.

Ancient RiteBaptism is an ancient ritual. It has belonged in the life of the Christian community since its inception and indeed predates the Christian movement in the context of Judaism. It seems apparent that some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. Indeed, John the Baptist, who is presented in the Gospels as a forerunner to the ministry of Jesus, had baptism as the hallmark of his own ministry (Mark 1:4).

Jesus' baptismJesus himself accepted the baptism of John (Mark 1:9) and gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew 28:19). Obviously the practice of baptism has great significance in the Christian tradition and indeed it relates to and expresses a number of important beliefs.

Links to early Christian ChurchFor the earliest Christians baptism was a profoundly significant event and for Christians today, the possibility of sharing in an event of such ancient significance is rich and rewarding. It is significant for the individual because they walk the same path and share the same rite that has been practiced among Christians since the earliest days of the Church. It is also important for the Christian community as a whole because in

celebrating each rite of baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the intention of Jesus and the early disciples.

Theological reflectionThe rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection. There are images of death and new life which call to mind the death and resurrection of Jesus. There are also images of creation and renewal which convey an understanding about the great saving actions of the God of Israel. Further aspects of the rite of baptism allow reflection on the struggle between good and evil in the images of light and darkness. Other images call for reflection on the idea of repentance and forgiveness as well as cleansing and renewal. Indeed it is difficult to find significant aspects of Christian theology which are not captured in the tradition, the symbols and the ritual actions associated with the practice of baptism.

Preparation for BaptismThe richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual. Whether it be for the candidate preparing for their own baptism or a parent or God parent preparing for a child's baptism, there are abundant opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of baptism. Many Churches invite candidates to prepare for baptism or to prepare for their role as parents or God parents through engaging in a preparation course which helps them make connections between theological themes and their own experience.

Reflection and renewalFor the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant reflection and renewal. Many Christian communities invite congregations to renew their own baptismal promises on the occasion of baptisms in the local Church community. These occasions challenge the members of the community to constantly reflect on their vocation as Christians and the significance of their own baptism. The involvement of the community in assisting candidates prepare for their baptism and praying for those involved is yet another dimension of the significance for the community.

Theological dimensionFurther significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological dimension of its place in the economy of salvation. The early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38). It was a sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice of baptism.

Gift of the Holy SpiritThis is significant for the individual who, through their baptism, receives the assurance that they have received the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. Through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ. The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community. It marks both their growth through the new member of the community and also is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others.

Rite of passageBaptism is also an authentic rite of passage. It marks the transition of the individual from one stage or state in life onto the next. In terms of the Christian community it marks the transition of a person from being outside of this community to becoming a fully initiated.Thus for the individual there is significance in the sense of belonging experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith. For the community, the process of supporting a person through their preparation and welcoming them into the community through baptism is also highly significant. The community is invigorated when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the presence of a new member of the community.

Glossary

ChrismationElement of initiation for Orthodox Christians involving the anointing with the oil of Chrism and the seal of the Holy Spirit

Denomination A group within the Christian tradition

Exorcism A ritual used to free people from the power of evil

Immersed Completely submerged to the point of saturation

Testimony Personal statement of faith in Jesus Christ

Vocation Calling - the call to live a Christian life

Specimen Questions

Question 2 - Christianity (15 marks)a. Describe ONE of the following significant practices within Christianity:

o Baptism o Marriage ceremony o Saturday/Sunday worship

(3)b. Explain the importance of ONE of the following areas to adherents of

Christianity: o Baptism o Marriage ceremony o Saturday/Sunday worship

(6)c. Analyse how ONE significant practice within Christianity expresses the

beliefs of Christianity (6)

Question 2 - Christianity (20 marks)Outline the purpose and assess the significance of ONE of the following practices in Christianity:

Baptism Marriage ceremony Saturday/Sunday worship

Sample ResponseQuestion 2 - Christianity (15 marks)

a. Describe ONE of the following significant practices within Christianity: o Baptism o Marriage ceremony o Saturday/Sunday worship

(3)Baptism is a significant practice followed by most Christian denominations. It is used as a rite of initiation for people wishing to join the Christian community. The core elements of the rite of baptism are the immersion in water or the sprinkling or pouring of water and the profession of faith by, or on behalf of, the person being baptised.While there is considerable variety in the forms of baptism used by various Christian denominations, the core elements of baptism in water and a profession of faith are evident across the spectrum of Christianity.Other elements that are frequently included are readings from the bible, a sermon or homily from the presiding minister, the tracing of the sign of the cross on the forehead of the person being baptised, anointing with oil, prayers for the candidate, clothing in a white garment and presentation of a lighted baptismal candle.The most common form of baptism involves the baptism of infants, however, some Christian denominations do not accept this practice and will only baptise adults who have made a conscious decision to follow the Christian faith.While baptism may be celebrated as a separate rite, there are many examples of it being incorporated into the main form of Sunday worship where the whole community is gathered.(214)

Question 2 - Christianity (15 marks)b. Explain the importance of ONE of the following areas to adherents of

Christianity: o Baptism o Marriage ceremony o Saturday/Sunday worship

(6)Baptism is a significant practice followed by most Christian denominations. It is used as a rite of initiation for people wishing to join the Christian community. The rite of baptism is significant adherents of Christianity in a number of ways.Firstly it can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the earliest Christian communities and indeed with Jesus' life and ministry itself. Secondly, it can be regarded as significant for the theological reflection that if offers to both the individual and the community. Thirdly, it has enormous significance in the saving action of God and the formation of a Christian community. Finally, it has all the significance of an authentic rite of passage for both the individual and the community.The fact that baptism is an ancient ritual is significant for the individual because they walk the same path and share the same rite that has been practiced among Christians since the earliest days of the Church. It is also important for the Christian community as a whole because in celebrating each rite of baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the intention of Jesus and the early disciples.The rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection. The richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual. There are abundant opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of baptism. For the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant reflection and renewal.

Further significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological dimension of its place in the economy of salvation. This is significant for the individual who, through their baptism, receives the assurance that they have received the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. Through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ. The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community. It marks both their growth through the new member of the community and also is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others. Baptism is also an authentic rite of passage, for the individual there is significance in the sense of belonging experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith. The community is invigorated when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the presence of a new member of the community.(401 words)

Question 2 - Christianity (15 marks)c. Analyse how ONE significant practice within Christianity expresses the

beliefs of Christianity (6)

The practice of baptism is an important rite in most denominations of Christianity. It holds a central place as a rite of initiation and expresses many significant beliefs of the Christian tradition.The use of water as the central symbol of baptism reflects the belief in God as creator and humankind's dependence on God. It calls to mind images of the accounts of creation (Genesis 1:2), the flood (Genesis 7-8) and the Exodus. (Exodus 14).The image of water also calls to mind the image of the womb and the discussion of rebirth in water and the Spirit in John's Gospel (John 3). This imagery of this story closely parallels the Christian understanding of baptism as a rebirth from original sin into the life of the Spirit.The act of repentance proclaimed in baptism expresses the idea of turning away from sin which is integral to the practice of baptism. Christians believe that in baptism they are turning away from or renouncing sin and evil and turning in a positive way to live the life of the Spirit.The practice of baptism in the Christian tradition also expresses the belief of Christians in the Church as the body of Christ (1 Corinthians 12:13). In a spiritual sense, the believer is able to participate through the body of Christ in the mystery of Jesus' dying and rising.The early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38). It was a sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The symbols used during the rite of baptism also express significant beliefs of the Christian tradition. The most obvious of these is the sign of the cross which is used in a number of places in the rite. This simple symbol and ritual action expresses the Christian belief in the triune God which is at the heart of the Christian faith. The symbol of water reflects the belief in rebirth and in cleansing from sin which are at the heart of the Christian gospel. The

anointing with the oil of Chrism is another important symbol. Oil is a traditional symbol for healing and strength. In baptism, Christians are anointed with oil as a sign of their mandate to share in the ministry of Jesus. The use of a white garment symbolises the purity of the baptised person and expresses the idea that in baptism the individual is cleansed from original sin. (422 words)

Sample ResponseQuestion 2 - Christianity (20 marks)Outline the purpose and assess the significance of ONE of the following practices in Christianity:

Baptism Marriage ceremony Saturday/Sunday worship

Baptism is clearly a most significant practice for most Christian denominations. It has profound significance for the person who is baptised and is also important for the Christian community as a whole. The significance can be viewed from a number of different perspectives.Firstly it can be regarded as significant because of its ties with the earliest Christian communities and indeed with the life and ministry itself. Secondly it can be regarded as significant for the theological reflection that if offers to both the individual and the community. Thirdly it has enormous significance in the saving action of God and the formation of a Christian community. Finally it has all the significance of an authentic rite of passage for both the individual and the community.Baptism is an ancient ritual. It has belonged in the life of the Christian community since its inception and indeed predates the Christian movement in the context of Judaism. It seems apparent that some Jewish groups were practising baptism prior to the ministry of Jesus. Indeed, John the Baptist, who is presented in the Gospels as a forerunner to the ministry of Jesus had baptism as the hallmark of his own ministry (Mark 1:4).Jesus himself accepted the baptism of John (Mark 1:9) and gave instructions to his followers to baptise people in his name (Matthew 28:19). Obviously the practice of baptism has great significance in the Christian tradition and indeed it relates to and expresses a number of important beliefs.For the earliest Christians baptism was a profoundly significant event and for Christians today, the possibility of sharing in an event of such ancient significance is rich and rewarding. It is significant for the individual because they walk the same path and share the same rite that has been practiced among Christians since the earliest days of the Church. It is also important for the Christian community as a whole because in celebrating each rite of baptism they are perpetuating the ancient tradition and honouring the intention of Jesus and the early disciples.The rite of baptism has great possibilities for theological reflection. There are images of death and new life which call to mind the death

and resurrection of Jesus. There are also Images of creation and renewal which convey an understanding about the great saving actions of the God of Israel. Further aspects of the rite of baptism allow reflection on the struggle between good and evil in the images of light and darkness. Other images call for reflection on the idea of repentance and forgiveness as well as cleansing and renewal. Indeed it is difficult to find significant aspects of Christian theology which are not captured in the tradition, the symbols and the ritual actions associated with the practice of baptism.The richness of this reflection is very significant for the individual. Whether it be for the candidate preparing for their own baptism or a parent or God parent preparing for a child's baptism, there are abundant opportunities for prayerful reflection and spiritual development in the rite of baptism. Many Churches invite candidates to prepare for baptism or to prepare for their role as parents or God parents through engaging in a preparation course which helps them make connections between theological themes and their own experience.For the community, the theological richness provides a source of constant reflection and renewal. Many Christian communities invite congregations to renew their own baptismal promises on the occasion of baptisms in the local Church community. These occasions challenge the members of the community to constantly reflect on their vocation as Christians and the significance of their own baptism. The involvement of the community in assisting candidates prepare for their baptism and praying for those involved is yet another dimension of the significance for the community.Further significance of the practice of baptism can be seen in the theological dimension of its place in the economy of salvation. The early Church community as depicted in the Acts of the Apostles regarded baptism as a necessary element of salvation (Acts 2:38). It was a sign of their repentance, proclaimed their forgiveness from sin and allowed them to receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The beliefs that baptism is integral to salvation, that it signifies repentance and forgiveness of sin and that it allows for the coming of the Spirit are important beliefs of the Christian faith that are expressed in the practice of baptism.This is significant for the individual who through their baptism receives the assurance that they have received the forgiveness of the sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit. Through baptism they are now a member of the body of Christ. The rite of baptism is a profound marker in the life of the community. It marks both their growth through the new member of the community and also is witness to their mission to bring the gospel to others. Baptism is also an authentic rite of passage. It marks the transition of the individual from one stage or state in life onto the next. In terms of the Christian community it marks the transition of a person from being outside of this community to becoming a fully initiated. Thus for the individual there is significance in the sense of belonging experienced, the sharing with a community of common mind and faith. For the community, the process of supporting a person through their preparation and welcoming them into the community through baptism is also highly significant. The community is

invigorated when it is engaged in the task of the gospel and enriched by the presence of a new member of the community.

Resources Texts

Beck Margie et al Exploring Religion, 1999, Melbourne, Oxford University Press.

Lovat Terence and McGrath John (ed)

New Studies in Religion, 1999, Katoomba, Social Science Press.

Morrisey Janet et al Living Religion, 2005, Melbourne, Pearson.

Internet

Anglican Book of Common Prayer - online

justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/

Baptist Churches of NSW and ACT

baptistnsw.asn.au/about/faith

Catechism of the Catholic Church - Online

www.christusrex.org/www1/CDHN/ccc.html

Rituals in the Uniting Church of Australia

nsw.uca.org.au/schoolprojects/ucarituals.htm