Demand Response, Next generation products & services (RP)

Demand Response (DR) program, Next generation products and Services

Research Paper

Submitted to: Dr. Saeed Nejatian

Prepared By: Prabhdip Singh Rayat Session: Summer ‘2013 Submission Date: 17-06-2013

E-mail: [email protected] Phone: (647) 539 4306

Course: CKES 190 Renewable Energy and Green Technology

Page | 1 ©Copyright 2013, The Chang School Ryerson University

demand response programs. The Demand Response 3

(DR 3) program was developed by the Ontario Power

Authority (OPA) to provide economic incentives for

participants to reduce consumption. This is a contract-

based program, with DR 3 participants required to

reduce electricity use when called upon. In exchange

for a commitment to reduce load, DR 3 participants

receive an availability payment. Under the program,

the IESO is responsible for activating DR 3 – subject to

a set of protocols established by the OPA

In DR3 businesses will receive a “standby” payment for each hour they are available and an additional energy payment when asked to curtail their demand

DEMAND RESPONSE (DR) Programs compensate

participating industrial and commercial businesses for

reducing their energy demand at specific times of

power system need. During such times wholesale

market prices for electricity may be high, the power

system is experiencing large peaks in demand, or there

is a greater risk to the reliability of the electricity grid

By responding to demand, businesses can save money

and protect the environment. Commercial property

owners can capitalize on demand response programs

in two ways. First, the program helps reduce your

energy consumption and control your company's

everyday energy costs, which means that your

business will have a smaller carbon footprint. Second,

you can earn money by reducing consumption at

strategic times when energy demand exceeds the

supply.

In electricity grids, Demand Response (DR) is

similar to dynamic demand mechanisms to manage

customer consumption of electricity in response to

supply conditions, for example, having electricity

customers reduce their consumption at critical times

or in response to market prices.

Demand Response Ontario Detailed

Demand Response 1 (DR1) – Voluntary Participation

These initiatives make cash payments to participants for reducing their electricity use during certain periods. Demand Response 2 (DR2) – A Firm Commitment to Shift Electricity Use to Other Periods If yours is a company in a position to make a firm commitment to participate, for the summer only, summer and winter, or all year, a new and exciting revenue opportunity awaits. Demand Response (DR3) – A Powerful Solution for

Managing Electricity Costs

The Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO) is

engaged in a number of demand response initiatives

which include both reliability and real-time price

Demand Response DR3 Ontario – Facts

Program Period: Year-round, weekdays

Program Options: 12:00PM – 6:00PM or 12:00PM – 9:00PM and 4:00PM – 9:00PM

Standby Notice: Day-ahead or day-of, followed by an Activation Notice approximately 2 hours prior to a dispatch

Dispatch Duration: 4 hours

Dispatch Frequency Historically less than once a month

DR3 at a Glance

Any customer of greater than 50 kW demand may

contract with a DR provider (Aggregator). DR

providers are companies who bring together groups of

businesses to accumulate their electricity usage. DR

To be eligible your business must be operating and

available during a predefined schedule of about 1,600

hours per calendar year. Within that 1,600-hour

period, you can select to participate in potential

activations of up to 100 hours per year.

DR3 Ontario Program has been shown in following

chart:


CKES 190 Research Paper


By enrolling in peaksaver PLUS, you can join the other Ontarians working together to manage our electricity use. PLUS, you will receive a FREE Energy Display to help you see and manage your electricity use at your business, and start making changes that will help you better manage your bill. A wide variety of businesses can participate such as clothing stores, independent restaurants, dry cleaners, beauty salons, convenience stores, garages and other small retailers. Energy Display is an easy-to-use electricity monitor that is connected to your meter and provides near real-time feedback on how you are consuming electricity at your place of business

providers will help you find Demand Response opportunities, understand risks and rewards in participating and understanding reasonable commitment. ■ Each commercial property or industrial load must have a peak demand of no less than 50 kW. ■ Demand response may be provided by reducing equipment electricity use or by operating a generator ■ The program provides flexible arrangements for

such events as scheduled maintenance and summer

shutdowns

Available DR3 incentives are predicated on the participants of commitment to provide Demand Response. This is based on the number of hours of participation each year, the contract term, geographical location, and whether or not you are dealing directly with the OPA or through a DR provider (Aggregator). For 1,000 kW of Demand Response, annual incentives could range from $48,000 to $200,000.

LIST of DR3 Demand Response PROVIDERS in ON ■ Energy Curtailment Specialists ■ EnerNOC Ltd ■ EnerShift Corporation (a Rodan Energy division)

Pictorial view of demand response working

methodology in Ontario Canada

peaksaver PLUSTM For Small Business

If your business has central air conditioning and an

annual electricity demand of less than 50kW, you’re

invited to participate in this load management

DEMAND RESPONSE creates a new revenue stream

for companies that reduce their load, or shift their load

to other periods of less importance to the power

system.

Some providers respond by: (Options for Reducing

or Shifting Load)

■ Turning off non-essential lights and office

equipment.

■ Adjusting settings on heating, ventilation and air

conditioning equipment.

■ Adjusting refrigeration and water heater

temperatures

■ Delaying or reducing energy-intensive activities

■ Switching to on-site generators

■ Using a building energy management system to pre-

program equipment on/off schedules

■ Curtailing production activities for the response

period TYPES of Demand Response:

There are five basic types of load response. All of these responses have some impact on power system reliability and some have a greater impact than others ■ Energy Efficiency programs reduce electricity consumption and usually reduce peak demand ■ Price Response programs move consumption from day to night (real time pricing or time of use) ■ Peak Shaving programs require more response during peak hours and focus on reducing peaks every high-load day




PRODUCTS - Demand Response

Off-the Shelf Products and Future Products

Products to meet Demand response applications are highly versatile. There are various Off-the-shelf consumer products, and many others are in developmental phase. Even Off-the-shelf consumer products are emerging that will be “demand response ready.” These products will notionally have flexible means for communication with utility systems and internal logic for responding to the signals they receive. Various Characteristics:

■ Consumer Configurable Response DR Products possesses consumer configurable responses and event override capability. To protect consumer privacy, several organizations have expressed concern that device status and/or responses to received signals will not be confirmed unless the consumer expressly acts to allow such exposure

■ AMI Extension DR Products support extended AMI functionality and even extension to Smart Grid Portfolio

Typically, these determine the extent to which interval energy data from AMI meters might be used to detect, or even quantify, and hence participation in demand response programs for individual participants

■ DR Products include partially Home Automation Network (HAN) devices and link-up extension to Smart Metering, Advanced Distribution Systems (ADS) and eventually inclined to Smart Grid Portfolio development.

■ DR Products are integrated and up-gradation to existing automation and Smart Grid portfolios. Typically Demand response enabled features in Building Automation Systems and Industrial Energy Management Systems (EMS)

■ DR Products are inclined to form Smart City infrastructure in future

■ Reliability Response (contingency response) requires the fastest, shortest duration response. Response is only required during power system “events” – this is new and slowly developing ■ Regulation Response continuously follows the power system’s minute-to-minute commands to balance the aggregate system – this is very new and may have the potential to dramatically change production costs, especially for aluminum and chlor-alkali STANDARDS - Demand Response:

The OpenADR Alliance was created to standardize, automate and simplify DR to enable utilities to cost-effectively meet growing energy demand, and customers to control their energy future.

OpenADR : The Demand Response Research Center

(DRRC) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has

led the development of an open communications

specification to automate DR, known as Open

Automated Demand Response, or OpenADR. OpenADR

is intended to facilitate reliable and cost-effective

automation of both electricity price and system grid

reliability signals for DR.

The term “Openness” indicates a measure of how easy

it is to obtain and use a technology. Openness is

important for systems such as the OpenADR

specification because it reduces barriers for new

vendors to enter the market, and therefore helps

create economies of scale and lower costs. There are

also benefits from standardized hardware and

communication protocols which enable the

development of competitive Commercial Off-The Shelf

(COTS) products that can also be applied to traditional

Direct Load Control systems.

Signalling – Open ADR provides continuous, secure,

reliable, two‐way communication with end‐use

customers to allow end‐use sites to be identified as

listening and acknowledging receipt of DR signals

Open ADR Test Tools are available, and OpenADR

Alliance certifies demand response products and

systems

PRODUCTS – DR (Broad Categories)

Products are mainly categorized with respect to

customer types:

■ HAN Devices integrated with DR feature

■ Lighting Control Systems, for all applications

■ DR Systems for Grocery and Convenience Stores

■ DR Systems for Commercial Buildings




with three LEDs, typically used to indicate Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) or peak demand events

A red light indicates a Beat the Peak event A yellow light signals that the utility will initiate a Beat the Peak event within the next hour. A green light lets the member know the device is powered on and is functioning normally

Smart Meters - positive support in Demand Response

programmes, and are even are essential to demand

response. These smart meters enabled with Demand

response features, can work as gateway, to execute

load control (connect/disconnect) commands to

different devices, configured to it. Smart meters

further add to AMI portfolio

DR Data Concentrators: Smart grid data concentrator

enabling near- real time direct residential load control

with precision and verification. This device provides

connectivity to direct load controllers and Smart

Thermostats through a 2.4 GHz wireless mesh

network. Each concentrator has backhaul

communication capability to the utility’s network

operations center via GPRS, 3G, CDMA or Ethernet. It

builds two-way, near-real time communication. And it

monitors, controls and verifies load curtailment.

DR Communications Repeater: Demand Response

data repeater enabling near-real time direct

residential load control with precision and verification.

This device provides connectivity direct load

controllers, data concentrators through a 2.4 GHz

wireless mesh network. Communications repeaters

are used to fill out the mesh network to assure reliable

communication to all controlled devices. It increases

mesh network communications performance

ZigBee with Smart Energy Profile (SEP 2.0):

Transition to SEP 2.0 for Smart Meters, Home Area

Networks, Programmable Communicating

Thermostats, Load Control Devices, In-Home Displays,

and Gateways. ZigBee to be Internet Protocol (IP)

based, and will enable ZigBee devices to communicate

with non-ZigBee devices, such as those using Wi-Fi.

■ DR Systems for high rise condominiums

■ DR Solutions for Industries

■ DR Systems for Irrigation controls for agriculture

and beyond

■ Demand Response enabled Smart Home Appliances

HAN DEVICES integrated DR feature

The demand response-traditional direct load control involves the AC unit, the water heater, and a pool pump, which are assumed to already be controlled by an external agent pursuant to the program provisions. The two HAN control strategies constitute opportunities to provide incremental benefit to the home owner for expanded load control capability. HAN Level 1 is comprised of devices that were assumed to be the most readily accommodating of control under demand response program provisions. An additional benefit from the central AC is realized, and the control of lighting and ceiling fans expands the load available for control by the HAN Level 1 system HAN Level 2 includes the additional AC control and adds management of TVs, set-top boxes and related equipment, along with dimming lighting and taking advantage of the cycling capabilities of the main refrigerator

Smart Thermostats: It is a full-featured thermostat with a graphical display and easy-to use interface. It can control most conventional HVAC equipment, including heat pumps, and supports the latest communications technology likewise Zigbee.

IHD (In-Home Displays) that allow Utilities to communicate with their customers in real time, and helps make consumers more aware of their energy use and their role in reducing consumption

In-home Peak Indicator Plug is part of a family of Demand Response technology solutions used to inform members when peak conditions occur. Combined with effective mailings and other communications from the power provider (cooperative), this technology enables members to set and maintain their own cost, environmental and reliability goals. Peak indicator




LIGHTING Control Systems, for all applications

Many new lighting controls have been developed in recent years that provide users with a wide variety of features beyond ON/OFF switching. Such features include, but are not limited to: scheduled dimming, lumen sensing, wireless control, demand response, color temperature adjustment, and bi-level dimming. These features provide consumers with the ability use light efficiently and effectively.

Innovative lighting control technologies are providing

utilities with critical information on product readiness

and usefulness necessary for integration into program

offerings to customers.

Another type includes a motion-sensing light socket, a

power-line communication system, a ZigBee wireless

control system, an add-on occupancy sensor, and an

En-Ocean zero-power light switch. Each of these

devices represents a distinctive, new energy-saving

control. Lighting controls, if properly configured and

utilized, can deliver substantial power savings. Typical

examples as illustrated below

ZigBee dimmer: The 0-10V dimmer is a suitable to

control lights through a ballast 0-10V. It provides an

attractive design, usage simplicity and flexibility

worldwide ranges

Dimmable Hybrid Light: Dimmable Hybrid Light is a

ZigBee Home Automation enabled LED Light. This LED

Light can be controlled by a ZigBee comms enabled

Load switch with integrated smart thermostat that allows the utility to control the home's central air conditioning system during critical peak energy use hours, helping to reduce demand for electricity and achieve electric demand reduction goals.

ZigBee to IP Bridge: is suitable for interfacing and communication data and building a link to HAN devices and Utility over Internet network. As it provides secure, two-way connectivity over the customer’s high speed Internet access

Consumer Web Portal: is a secure, web-based solution which makes it easy for utilities to deploy a Consumer Portal that provides: Real-time feedback, Dynamic rate information for consumers, Increased customer satisfaction, Support for utility DR programs, HAN device support: smart thermostats and load control switches. The Consumer Portal empowers consumers to take action, to improve their energy efficiency and to shift usage to non-peak times.

HAN Level 2: Intelligent coordinated control of end-use devices

All traditional demand response and Level 1 strategies.

Central AC Reduce continuously variable compressor speed to offset operation of the dishwasher, clothes washer, clothes dryer, coffee maker, and microwave. The minimum draw will be 400 W for fan operation to keep air circulating

TVs, set-top boxes, PCs and related equipment, and miscellaneous electronics

Disable devices with standby draw, based on knowledge of typical operations, i.e., cut power to the cable box only when the TV associated with it is not operating.

Refrigeration Disable auto-defrost cycle, peak times only.

Lighting Dim all remaining lighting to 80%, including ceiling fan fixtures.

Lighting Fixture Control Technologies

Fixture Type

Type of Control

Incandescent On-off , Dimming

Fluorescent – standard ballast

On-off , Step-level dimming On-off with tandem wiring

HID – standard ballast

On-off pulse start

HID – bi-level ballast

Step-level &Continuous




■ Turn off fans, decorative fountains, and other non-essentials. ■ If you have 2 or more elevator banks, shut one off during the curtailment period ■ Invest in more energy-efficient lighting solutions in common area restrooms, hallways, parking garages, fitness rooms, outdoor spaces, and so-on. ■ Consider using time switches, photocells, and/or occupancy sensors to help keep the lights off when they are not needed. ■ Use high-efficiency bulbs.

DR Systems for Grocery and Convenience Stores

Today’s grocery and convenience stores are facing

intense competition from non-traditional food

retailers such as wholesale retailers, mass mer-

chandisers, and pharmacy and dollar stores. This

competition is forcing grocery and convenience stores

to seek ways to attract new customers, reduce

operating costs, and retain their employees

The basic control strategies include scheduling of

lighting, heating, ventilation, and cooling.

DR Systems for Commercial Buildings

Retro-Commissioning for Optimum Efficiency of Building: Retro-commissioning (RCx) is a full-facility tune-up designed to help your building perform optimally. RCx entails a systematic evaluation that can save owners and managers up to 15 percent of their annual energy costs. Other potential benefits include: Targeted energy savings opportunities focused on no- or low-cost improvements, Reduced maintenance and repair costs: Central plant optimization (chilled water, heating, pumping and distribution systems) Energy management and control systems HVAC systems Lighting retrofits and controls RCx services that include: Sophisticated analysis of building energy usage Comprehensive on-site investigation Temporary monitoring and review of BMS (Building Management System) data Functional testing of savings measures Credible measurement and verification of final savings

DR Systems for high rise condominiums

Curtailing energy usage in common areas, A high rise condominium building typically would enroll in a demand response program and operate the common areas within a specific curtailment strategy. As follows: ■ Raise the thermostat in the summer or lower the thermostat in the winter by several degrees in the lobby during curtailment periods. ■ Dim or turn off non-essential lights.

DR Solutions for Industries

This system assesses opportunities for energy savings, demand reductions, and/or reductions in energy intensity through operation and maintenance (O+M) activities, equipment retrofits, behavioural changes and/or use of new technologies. This assessment addresses any energy source, including electricity, natural gas, and other fuels.

DR Systems for Irrigation controls for agriculture and beyond

For agriculture and other water-intensive industries,

irrigation and pumping can be a major energy expense.

This systems would offer machine-to-machine equipment

that allows energy users to remotely monitor and control

their pumping equipment to take advantage of demand

response programs and save on time, travel, and effort

involved in turning pumps on or off manually

Demand Response enabled Smart Home Appliances

■ The Digital TV receives the Price and Scheduled time

data from Smart Meter or Smart Sever via ZigBee

communication module.

■ USB dongle for connection to other portable and

static home appliances

■ The refrigerator receives the price and scheduled

time data from Smart Meter or Smart Sever via ZigBee

communication module.




Demand Response Automation Server (DRAS) DRAS is a OpenADR pioneer, software as a service (SaaS) solution for connecting energy providers to their residential, commercial and industrial customers. Next Generation would be compliance with all OpenADR 2.0a functional tests, including all optional tests. DRAS is a secure, scalable solution for broadcasting price, reliability and other DR signals

Demand Response mobile app. This is a mobile application provides customers convenient access to their facilities' demand response dispatches and energy data profiles from their smartphones and tablets. Users will be able to download the app from various internet sites

Projected main features would be energy profile Demand Response Dispatch Management Mobile-Optimized Energy Profiling One-Click Access to Relevant Staff Site-by-Site Search Secure Sign-In

Demand Response Management System (DRMS)

DRMS enables dispatchers to shape and shift load for

operational efficiencies, cost savings, and improved

reliability. Dramatically improve upon traditional load

control models by adding the flexibility to include

various demand- response capabilities, provide

powerful analytics, and support effective operations

via a unified command-and-control center. The result

is dependable, cost-effective energy management

through targeting of concentrated loads

■ It provides a two-way data collection and command-

and-control backbone. In addition, it provides a robust

data-integration, storage, and management solution

■ DRMS the command-and-control center of the

platform provides utilities a one-stop shop for

complete demand response management. Utilities can

use DRMS to create, test, execute, and fine-tune a

variety of load-management programs, while enabling

consumer-driven demand management through a host

of approaches and device types

■ Consumer engagement Solution, It is a industry-

leading consumer data-presentment portal, which

enables consumers to monitor utility usage and costs.

Advanced customer care with insight

In addition to providing direct load control, this

solution provides an extensible platform for

consumer-driven, demand side-management

programs including home area networks, VOLT/VAR

control, Electric Vehicle EV management, and

distributed generation integration. This solution

enables utilities to establish dependable, affordable

load reduction, as well as detailed visibility into energy

consumption.




Load Following or Fast Energy Markets: Similar to regulation but slower. Bridges between the regulation service and the hourly energy markets. Often supplied at little or no cost by sub-hourly energy markets. Response time and cycle time for execution is usually more than 10 minutes. KNOWN CONDITIONS Time-of-Use Pricing: Time-of-Use Pricing is a rate

where usage unit prices vary by time period, and

where the time periods are typically longer than one

hour within a 24-hour day. Time-of-use rates reflect

the average cost of generating and delivering power

during those time periods.

Peak Time Rebate: Peak Time Rebates allow

customers to earn a rebate by reducing energy use

from a baseline during a specified number of hours

on critical peak days. Like Critical Peak Pricing, the

number of critical peak days is usually capped for a

calendar year and is linked to conditions such as

system reliability concerns or very high supply

prices.

Direct Load Control: In a Direct Load Control

Program ,the program sponsor remotely shuts down

or cycles a customer’s electrical equipment, e.g. air

conditioner, water heater, lighting, on short notice.

Direct load control programs are primarily offered to

residential or small commercial customers.

Peak Time Rebate Peak Time Rebates allow

customers to earn a rebate by reducing energy use

from a baseline during a specified number of hours

on critical peak days. Like Critical Peak Pricing, the

number of critical peak days is usually capped for a

calendar year and is linked to conditions such as

system reliability concerns or very high supply

prices.

Automated Demand Response

In contrast to the manual DR described above, Automated

Demand Response (AutoDR) does not involve human

intervention, but is initiated at a home, building, or facility

through receipt of an external communications signal to

execute pre-programmed DR strategies. AutoDR allows a

hands-off approach through automation of the entire

response process. When demand reduction is not desired

at a particular site, the AutoDR system allows participants

the choice to override or opt out of DR events.

Relationship Between Demand Response and Smart

Grid. The smart grid and demand response are

intrinsically linked in many areas of application. Many of

the benefits associated with investment in the smart grid,

such as better consumer management of electricity usage

in response to prices or signals from grid operators, are, at

their core, demand response actions. In turn, investments

in some smart grid technologies, such as smart meters,

help enable the demand response potential identified in

the National Assessment

Demand Response (DR) SERVICES

Services are classified and defined for purposes of the

Demand Response.

NORMAL CONDITIONS

Regulation Service It provides the continuous minute-to-minute balancing of generation and load under normal conditions. It is a type of Demand Response service in which a Demand Resource increases and decreases load in response to real-time signals from the system operator. Demand Resources providing Regulation Service are subject to dispatch continuously during a commitment period. This service is usually responsive to Automatic Generation Control (AGC) to provide normal regulating margin. Also known as regulation or regulating reserves, up-regulation and down-regulation




Spinning Reserves are demand-side resources

synchronized and ready to provide solutions for

energy supply and demand imbalance within the first

few minutes of an Emergency Event.

Faster services require automatic response to system

operator commands

Non-Spinning Reserve Service is similar to

spinning reserve except that response does not need

to begin immediately. Full response is still required

within 10 minutes. Appropriately responsive loads

are typically allowed to supply non-spinning reserve.

Air conditioning loads (residential and commercial,

central and distributed) can be ideal suppliers of

spinning and non-spinning reserves

Replacement or Supplemental Reserve is an

additional reserve required in some regions. It begins

responding in 30 to 60 minutes. It is distinguished

from non-spinning reserve by the response time

frame. Appropriately responsive loads are typically

allowed to supply replacement or supplemental

reserve.

Emergency Demand Response: An Emergency

Demand Response program provides incentive

payments to customers for load reductions achieved

during an Emergency Demand Response Event.

Real-Time Pricing In Real-Time Pricing rate and price

structures, the retail price for electricity typically

fluctuates hourly or more often to reflect changes in the

wholesale price of electricity on either a day-ahead or

hour-ahead basis.

CONTINGENCY CONDITIONS

Interruptible Load: In an Interruptible Load program,

electric consumption is subject to curtailment or

interruption under tariffs or contracts that provide a rate

discount or bill credit for agreeing to reduce load during

system contingencies. In some instances, the demand

reduction may be effected by action of the System

Operator, called 'remote tripping', after notice to the

customer in accordance with contractual provisions

Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) with Direct Load Control:

Critical Peak Pricing (CPP) with Direct Load

Control combines direct load control with a pre-specified

high price for use during designated critical peak periods

triggered by system contingencies or high wholesale

market price

Energy Imbalance Service is really an accounting

function that accommodates any differences between

scheduled and actual transactions. It is not a “service” that

individual generators or loads provide. Load following is a

related service that compensates for the inter- and intra-

hour changes in demand. This is the slower counterpart to

regulation. Load following is often provided by sub-hourly

energy markets and the effective price for load following

is typically very low.

Spinning Reserve Service is generation (or responsive

load) that is poised, ready to respond immediately, in case

a generator or transmission line fails unexpectedly.

Spinning reserve begins to respond immediately and must

fully respond within ten minutes. Enough contingency

reserve (spinning and non-spinning) must be available to

deal with the largest failure that is anticipated. Some

regions allow appropriate loads to supply spinning

reserve but many currently do not.




REFERENCES

■http://www.smartgridnews.com/artman/publish/

Technologies_Demand_Response/index.html

■http://www.elp.com/energy-efficiency.html

■http://bbptoronto.ca/demand-response/

■http://www.ecsgrid.com/demand-response-

programs

■http://www.demandresponsedirectory.com/progr

amtypes.html

■http://www.jouleassets.com/products.html

■https://saveonenergy.ca/Business/Program-

Overviews/Demand-Response.aspx

■http://www.beywatch.eu/innovations.php

■http://www.pjm.com/sitecore%20modules/web/

~/media/markets-ops/dsr/2011-final-energy-load-

management-and-economic-demand-response-

summary.ashx

■http://www.beywatch.eu/innovations.php

■http://www.survalent.com/en/solutions/smartdr

■A Report on Communication Modularity: A Practical

Approach to Enabling Residential Demand Response,

EPRI, 2011 ■A Report on A Framework for Assessing the Net

Benefits of Home Area Networks to Enable Demand

Response, EPRI , 2010

■http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbs

tract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001023245

■http://www.epri.com/abstracts/Pages/ProductAbs

tract.aspx?ProductId=000000000001021628

Demand Bidding and Buy Back: A Demand Bidding and

Buy-Back program allows a demand resource in retail and

wholesale markets to offer load reductions at a price, or to

identify how much load it is willing to curtail at a specific

price.

Load as a Capacity Resource: A Load as Capacity

Resource commits to make pre-specified load reductions

when system contingencies arise.

System Peak Response Transmission Tariff: System

Peak Response Transmission Tariffs are the terms,

conditions, and rates and/or prices for customers with

interval meters who reduce load during peaks as a way of

reducing transmission charges.

ADS (Advanced Distribution System) Services:

Voltage Control: The injection or absorption of reactive power to maintain transmission-system voltages within required ranges. Herein response time is immediate (within seconds), and cycle time is continuous. Black Start: Generation, in the correct location, that is able to start itself without support from the grid and which has sufficient real and reactive capability and control to be useful in energizing pieces of the transmission system and starting additional generators.

CONCLUSION

The implementation of demand response integrates a number of systems on different levels, from the EMS at the top all the way through to control units of energy consuming or producing devices at the bottom. So broad expertise in energy management for electrical distribution grids, for non-electrical grids, and within industrial, commercial, and residential buildings is required if a demand response solution targets an entire energy system rather than just a few dedicated aspects, like remotely switching air conditioners on or off, for example. It is, therefore, clear that, in the long run, only demand response concepts based on an integrated approach will be capable of creating truly smart energy systems that can master the challenges of the future.



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Demand Response, Next generation products & services (RP)