Delivering Transformational Change 2011-21_ Implementing the CARICOM 'Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change

7/27/2019 Delivering Transformational Change 2011-21_ Implementing the CARICOM 'Regional Framework for Achieving Dev

1/216

DELIVERING

TRANSFORMATIONALCHANGE 2011-21

Implementing the CARICOM Regional Framework forAchieving Development Resilient to Climate Change

March 2012

FULL REPORT


2/216


3/216

DELIVERING

TRANSFORMATIONALCHANGE 2011-21

Implementing the CARICOM Regional Framework for

Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change

March 2012

FULL REPORT


4/216

Technical Report 5C/CCCCC-12-03-01

Copyright March 2012 by Caribbean Community Climate Change

Centre and the Climate and Development Knowledge Network

Published by Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre,Belmopan, Belize

No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any

other commercial purpose whatsoever. It may be reproduced in

whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit

purposes without special permission from the copyright holder,

provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The Caribbean

Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) would appreciate a

copy of any publication that uses this report as a source.

Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre, Ring Road, P.O.

Box 563, Belmopan, Belize

Visit our website at http://www.caribbeanclimate.bz

ISBN: 978-976-8236-08-1 (paperback)

ISBN: 978-976-8236-05-0 (pdf)

This document has been prepared by the Caribbean

Community Climate Change Centre in response to arequest from the CARICOM Heads of Government to

produce an Implementation Plan to guide the delivery

of the Regional Framework to Achieving Development

Resilient to Climate Change.


5/216

The Implementation Plan or the Regional Framework orAchieving Development Resilient to Climate Change whichdenes the Regional Strategy or coping with Climate Changewas approved by the Twenty-Third Inter-Sessional Meetingo the Conerence o Heads o Government o the CaribbeanCommunity, held in Suriname 8 9 March, 2012.

Ofcial decision o the Heads

Heads o Government approved the Implementation Plan orthe Regional Framework or Achieving Development Resilient toClimate Change which denes the Regions strategic approachor coping with climate change or the period 2011 2021;

They expressed appreciation or the support o InternationalDevelopment Partners with respect to the ImplementationPlan and pledged to support the urther eorts o the ClimateChange Centre and the CARICOM Secretariat in the execution o

the Plan.

REPUBLIEK SURINAME


6/216


7/216

This document has been prepared by the Caribbean CommunityClimate Change Centre in response to a request rom the CARICOMHeads o Government to produce an Implementation Plan toguide the delivery o the Regional Framework to AchievingDevelopment Resilient to Climate Change.

Chapter 1 provides the context or the Implementation Plan.

Chapter 2 discusses the Implementation Plan process and introduces the concept othe three-ones approach to resource mobilisation.

Chapter 3 explores the critical issue o nance to support the actions to build climateresilience and deliver low carbon economies.

Chapter 4 considers the role o risk management and the need to create a risk ethicin the Caribbean with evidence-based decisions.

Chapter 5 reviews capacity implications drawing on the UNDP country assessments

Chapter 6 considers the need or engagement across and within the Caribbean,recognising that the level o awareness is low.

Chapter 7 emphasises the need or greater integration between disaster risk reductionand climate change and the alignment work that is now underway.

Chapter 8 reviews the role o stakeholders in implementing the strategic elements and

goals o the Regional Framework.

Chapter 9 considers the actions identied by stakeholders required in the next 2-5years to build resilience and low-carbon economies (A table o actionsagainst each o the strategic elements and goals is provided in Annex 1).

Chapter 10 explores monitoring and implementation o the Regional Framework andthe Implementation Plan.

Structure o the Report


8/216


9/216

DELIVERING TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE 2011-21

9

Contents

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 17

1. INTRODUCTION 41The Regional Context 41A call or transormational change 46The Regional Framework or Achieving Development Resilient to aChanging Climate (the Regional Framework) 47

2. EXECUTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN 49Resource mobilisation using the three-ones principle 53Policy convergence using a twin-track approach 60

3. FINANCING 63Introduction 63Policy and investment roadmaps 64Adaptation, mitigation and development 67Financing by national governments 67Private investment and capital markets 68

External unding rom donors and IFIs 72

4. RISK MANAGEMENT 75

Introduction 75CARICOM Risk Management Guidelines 75Review o the CARICOM Risk Management Guidelines 78

5. CAPACITY 81

Data and inormation are public goods 82Building on existing knowledge and expertise 82

6. ENGAGING THE CARIBBEAN 85Introduction 85Engagement and outreach programme 86

7. IMPLEMENTATION THROUGH DISASTER RISK REDUCTION 91

Strengthening the linkages between disaster risk reduction and adaptation 93


10/216

CARICOM IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE REGIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ACHIEVING DEVELOPMENT RESILIENT TO CLIMATE CHANGE

10

8. ROLE OF STAKEHOLDERS 99

Clear commitment by governments and stakeholders 99

The Role o Regional Stakeholders 99The Role o National Governments 103The Role o the Private Sector 105The role o the non-governmental and community based organisations andwider civil society 106Role o the international development community 107

9. DELIVERING TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE 109

Introduction 109Actions included in this Implementation Plan 109

Additional actions 110Additional research actions 111

10. MONITORING AND EVALUATION OF THE REGIONAL FRAMEWORK AND THEIMPLEMENTATION PLAN 113

Execution o the Implementation Plan 115Implementation plan milestones 115

ANNEXESAnnex 1. Proposed actions identied by stakeholders 117Annex 2. Capacity assessments 151Annex 3. Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Funding Opportunities 157Annex 4. Current actions database 183Annex 5. In-country discussions with key stakeholders 189Annex 6. Liliendaal Declaration on Climate Change and Development 195Annex 7. Implementation Plan toolkit to institutionalise resilience building 199Annex 8. Implementation Plan Preparation Methodology 209

REFERENCES 211


11/216


11

ADAPT Assessment and Design or Adaptation to Climate ChangeAF Adaptation FundAFD French Development AgencyAOSIS Alliance o Small Island StatesACCC Adaptation to Climate Change in the CaribbeanACS Association o Caribbean StatesAGF Advisory Group on Climate FinanceAMAP Arctic Monitoring and Assessment ProgramAus AID Australian Agency or International DevelopmentBEST Bahamas Environment, Science and Technology CommissionBLPC Barbados Light and Power Company

CAIB Caribbean Association o Indigenous BanksCAIC Caribbean Association o Industry and CommerceCABEI Central American Bank or Economic IntegrationCANARI Caribbean Natural Resources InstituteCARDI Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development AgencyCAREC Caribbean Epidemiological CentreCARICOM Caribbean CommunityCARIWIN Caribbean Water InitiativeCAS Country Assistance Strategy o the UNDPCAWASA Caribbean Water and Sewerage Association Inc.CBOs Community Based Organizations

CDB Caribbean Development BankCCA Climate Change AdaptationCCCCC Caribbean Community Climate Change CentreCCDM Mainstreaming Climate Change into Disaster Risk Management

ProjectCCRIF Caribbean Catastrophic Risk Insurance FacilityCCS Caribbean Community SecretariatCDEMA Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Management AgencyCDERA Caribbean Disaster and Emergency Response AgencyCDKN Climate and Development Knowledge NetworkCDM Clean Development MechanismCDM Comprehensive Disaster ManagementCEDA Caribbean Export Development AgencyCEDRA Climate Change and Environmental Degradation Risk and

Adaptation AssessmentCEHI Caribbean Environmental Health InstituteCEIF Clean Energy Investment Framework (o the World Bank)CERs Certied Emission ReductionsCERMES Centre or Resource Management and Environmental StudiesCFLs Compact Fluorescent LightsCHTA Caribbean Hotel Tourism Association

Acronyms used in this document


12/216


12

CIDA Canadian International Development AgencyCIF Climate Investment FundCIMH Caribbean Institute o Meteorology and Hydrology

CLME Caribbean Large Marine Ecosystem ProjectCMC Canadian Meteorological CentreCMO Caribbean Meteorological OrganizationCMS Centre or Marine Sciences o the UWICNIRD Caribbean Network or Integrated Rural DevelopmentCO2 Carbon dioxideCOFCOR Council or Foreign and Community RelationsCOP Conerence o the Parties to the UNFCCCCOP MOP Conerence o the Parties Meeting o the Parties to the Kyoto

ProtocolCORS Continuously Operating Reerence SystemCOHSOD Council or Human and Social DevelopmentCOTED Council or Trade and Economic DevelopmentCPACC Caribbean Planning or Adaptation to Climate ChangeCPDI Cambridge Project Development IncorporationCREDP Caribbean Renewable Energy ProjectCREWS Coral Ree Early Warning SystemCRFM Caribbean Regional Fisheries MechanismCRIS Coastal Resource Inventory SystemCRiSTAL Community Risk Screening Tool - Adaptation and LivelihoodsCRMI Caribbean Risk Management InitiativeCRMN Caribbean Ree Monitoring NetworkCROSQ CARICOM Regional Organization or Standards and Quality

CSG Climate Studies Group o the UWICTF Clean Technology FundCTO Caribbean Tourism OrganizationCVCA Climate Vulnerability and Capacity AnalysisCXC Caribbean Examination CouncilCWWA Caribbean Water and Wastewater AssociationCZMAI Coastal Zone Management Agency and Institute o BelizeCZMU Coastal Zone Management Unit, BarbadosDFID Department or International DevelopmentDM Development Market PlaceDRM Disaster Risk ManagementDRR Disaster Risk ReductionDSLI Department o Survey and Land Inormation o UWIEC European CommissionECLAC Economic Commission or Latin America and the CaribbeanEDF Environmental Deense FundEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEIB European Investment BankEMA Environmental Management AuthorityERI Environmental Research Institute o the University o BelizeESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment


13/216


13

ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance ProgramESSP Earth System Science PartnershipEU European Union

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization o the UNFCPF Forest Carbon Partnership FacilityGCC Global Climate ChangeGCCA Global Climate Change AllianceGDP Gross Domestic ProductGECAFS Global Environmental Change and Food SystemsGEF Global Environment FacilityGEEREF Global Energy Eciency and Renewable Energy FundGFDRR Global Facility or Disaster Reduction and RecoveryGHGs Green House GasesGIS Geographic Inormation SystemGPS Global Positioning SystemGLOSS Global Sea Level Observing SystemGWPC Global Water Partnership CaribbeanHFA Hyogo Framework or ActionHIV/AIDS Human Immunodeciency Virus/Acquired Immune Deciency

SyndromeHVCs Hazards, Vulnerabilities and CapacitiesIAC Insurance Association o the CaribbeanIBRD International Bank or Reconstruction and DevelopmentIDB Inter-American Development BankIDA International Development AssistanceIDRC International Development Research Centre

IEA International Energy AgencyIFAD International Fund or Agricultural DevelopmentIFC International Finance CorporationIFIs International Financial InstitutionsIICA Inter-American Institute or Cooperation on AgricultureINSMET Instituto de Meteorologico de CubaINWAP Inter-American Development Bank-Netherlands Water Partnership

ProgramIOCARIBE Caribbean section o the International Oceans CommissionIP Implementation PlanIPCC Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate ChangeIPCC AR Inter-Governmental Panel on Climate Change Assessment ReportISDR International Strategy or Disaster ReductionITF International Transport ForumIUCN International Union or the Conservation o Nature

JBIC Japan Bank or International CooperationJICA Japan International Cooperation AgencyJPSCo Jamaica Public Service Company Ltd.KP Kyoto ProtocolLAN Local Area NetworkLCDS Low-Carbon Development Strategy


14/216


14

LDCs Least Developed CountriesLDCF Least Developed Countries FundLUCELEC Saint Lucia Electricity Services Ltd.

M & E Monitoring and EvaluationMACC Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate ChangeMAR Meso-American ReeMDBs Multi-Lateral Development BanksMDG-F Millennium Development Goals Achievement FundMDGs Millennium Development GoalsMFPS Ministry o Finance and the Public Service, JamaicaMRV Monitoring Reporting and VericationNACF National Adaptive Capacity FrameworkNAPA National Adaptation Programs o ActionNCCC National Climate Change CommitteeNCSA National Capacity or Sel AssessmentNCSP National Communication Support ProgramNDC Nordic Development FundNEAs National Enabling ActivitiesNEEC National Environmental Education CommitteeNEMOs National Emergency Management OrganizationsNEMS National Environmental Management StrategyNEPA National Environmental Protection Agency o JamaicaNFPs National Focal PointsNGOs Non Governmental OrganizationsNICUs National Implementation Coordinating UnitsNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

NOAA/NOS National Ocean Service o the U.S. National Oceanographic andAtmospheric AdministrationNRM Natural Resource ManagementNTOs National Tourism OrganizationsNSWMA National Solid Waste Management AgencyOAS Organization o American StatesODA Ocial Development AssistanceOECD Organization or Economic Cooperation and DevelopmentOECS Organization o Eastern Caribbean StatesOTEC Ocean Thermal Energy ConversionOUR Oce o Utilities Regulation, JamaicaPADR Participatory Assessment o Disaster RiskPAHO Pan American Health OrganizationPANCAP Pan Caribbean PartnershipPCJ Petroleum Corporation o JamaicaPIOJ Planning Institute o JamaicaPPCR Pilot Partnership or Climate ResiliencePPP Public-Private PartnershipPROFOR Program on ForestsPSCG Private Sector Commission o GuyanaPSOJ Private Sector Organization o Jamaica


15/216


15

RAC Regional Archiving CentreREDD Reducing Emissions rom Deorestation and Forest DegradationRTF Rainorest Trust Fund

RTP Regional Transormation ProgramRUD Risk, Uncertainty and Decision-makingSAS Small Activities Scheme (o the Adaptation Fund)SCCF Special Climate Change FundSCF Strategic Climate FundSGP Small Grants Program (o the GEF)SIDS Small Island Developing StatesSIDS DOCK Small Island Developing States Docking FacilitySLM Sustainable Land ManagementSOPAC Pacic Islands Applied Geo-science CommissionSPACC Special Pilot Adaptation to Climate ChangeSREP Scaling Up Renewable Energy ProgramUB University o BelizeUKCIP United Kingdom Climate Impacts ProgramUKJNCC United Kingdom Joint Nature Conservation CommitteeUKOTCF United Kingdom Overseas Territories Conservation ForumUN United NationsUNAIDS Joint United Nations Program o HIV/AIDSUNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological DiversityUNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat DeserticationUNDP United Nations Development ProgramUNEP United Nations Environmental ProgramUNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNICEF United Nations Childrens Education FundUNITAR United Nations Institute or Training and ResearchUNWTO United Nations World Tourism OrganizationUS United StatesUSAID United States Agency or International DevelopmentUSD United States DollarUTech University o Technology, JamaicaUTT University o Trinidad and TobagoUWI University o the West Indies

VCA Vulnerability and Capacity AssessmentVCAM Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment ManualWB World BankWHO World Health OrganizationWRA Water Resources AuthorityWRI World Resources InstituteWWF World Wildlie Fund


16/216


17/216


17

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Context

CARICOM countries have considerable concerns about the severe threats posedby a changing climate to their development prospects and have come to theconclusion that both mitigation and adaptation options will require a signicantand sustained investment o resources that the Member States will be unable toprovide on their own.

These concerns are refected in the Liliendaal Declaration which the CARICOM

Heads o Government endorsed at their meeting in Guyana in July 2009 (Annex6). The Liliendaal Declaration denes the national and international position othe CARICOM Member States and makes a number o declarations which can onlybe delivered by transormational change. These declarations include:

1. Long-term stabilization o atmospheric greenhouse gas (GHG)concentrations at levels which will ensure that global average suracetemperature increases will be limited to below 1.5 C o preindustriallevels; that global GHG emissions should peak by 2015; and ultimatelyreducing GHG emissions by more than 95% o 1990 CO2 levels by 2050.

2. Adaptation and capacity-building must be prioritized and a ormal andwell-nanced ramework established within and outside the UNFCCC toaddress the immediate and urgent, as well as long-term, adaptation needso vulnerable countries, particularly the Small Islands and Lowlying CoastalDeveloping States (SIDS) and the Least Developed Countries (LDCs).

3. The need or nancial support to SIDS to enhance their capacities torespond to the challenges brought on by climate change and to accessthe technologies that will be required to undertake needed mitigationactions and to adapt to the adverse impacts o climate change.

In the Declaration, the Heads o Government expressed grave concern that the

regions eorts to promote sustainable development and achieve the MillenniumDevelopment Goals (MDGs) are under severe threat rom the devastating eectso climate change and sea level rise. O particular note is the increasing intensityo extreme weather events, resulting in severe damage to the regions socio-economic resource base. The Declaration emphasized that dangerous climatechange is already occurring in all SIDS regions including the Caribbean requiringurgent ambitious and decisive action by CARICOM States and by the internationalcommunity.

It is absolutelynecessary that all ourcountries identiyand implement, inthe shortest possibletimerame, a serieso measures designedto minimise andmitigate the eectso global warmingon our countries andpopulations...

Chair CARICOM 2009,Hon. Dean OliverBarrow, PrimeMinister o Belize


18/216


18

The Regional Framework

Previous to the Liliendaal Declaration, the CARICOM Heads o Governments hadrequested the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) to prepare astrategy to address climate change in the region. At the same meeting in Guyanain July 2009 the Heads o Government also approved the submission by the CCCCCentitled Regional Framework or Achieving Development Resilient to ClimateChange (the Regional Framework). The Regional Framework dened CARICOMsstrategic approach or coping with climate change and is guided by ve strategicelements and some twenty goals designed to signicantly increase the resilienceo the CARICOM Member States social, economic and environmental systems. Thestrategic elements are as ollows:

a. Mainstreaming climate change adaptation strategies into the sustainabledevelopment agendas o CARICOM states.

b. Promoting the implementation o specic adaptation measures toaddress key vulnerabilities in the region.

c. Promoting actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through ossiluel reduction and conservation, and switching to renewable and cleanerenergy sources.

d. Encouraging action to reduce the vulnerability o natural and humansystems in CARICOM countries to the impacts o a changing climate.

e. Promoting action to derive social, economic, and environmental benetsthrough the prudent management o standing orests in CARICOMcountries.

The Regional Framework provides a roadmap or action by Member Statesand regional organisations over the period 2009-2015, while building on thegroundwork laid by the CCCCC and its precursor programmes and projects inclimate change adaptation1. It also builds upon the extensive work undertaken bygovernments, regional organisations, NGOs and academic institutions in recent

years assessing the impacts o a changing climate.

The Heads o Government subsequently mandated the CCCCC to prepare anImplementation Plan (IP) to take orward and deliver the strategic elements andgoals identied in the Regional Framework.

1 Including the National Enabling Activities (NEAs), the First National Communications Projects, the CaribbeanPlanning or Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) project (1998-2001), the Adaptation to Climate Change in t heCaribbean (ACCC) project (2001-2004), the Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) project (2003-2009), and the pilot projects being undertaken under the Special Pilot Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC).

Economic Costs:An economic analysiso the costs o achanging climate in

just three categories-increased hurricanedamages, loss otourism revenue,and inrastructuredamages- projectedthat the Car ibbeansannual cost oinaction could total$10.7 billion annuallyby 2025, $22 billionby 2050 and $46billion by 2100.

These costs represent5%, 10% and 22%respectively, o thecurrent Caribbeaneconomy (2004 GDP).

The net eect o

costs on this scale isequivalent to causinga perpetual economicrecession in each othe CARICOM MemberStates.


19/216


19

The Implementation Plan

This is the Executive Summary o the CARICOM Implementation Plan or theRegional Framework or Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change.

1. Delivering Transormational Change

Building climate resilient low carbon economies in the Caribbean will requirea transormational change by national governments, regional organisations,NGOs, the private sector and civil society supported by an unprecedented level onancial and technical assistance rom the developed world. The ImplementationPlan thereore acknowledges that a transormational change in mindset,institutional arrangements, operating systems, collaborative approaches andintegrated planning mechanisms are essential to deliver the strategic elementsand goals o the regional ramework.

The Plan:

Seeks to guide the identication and prioritisation o actions by regionaland national stakeholders under each strategic element and goal area othe Regional Framework through the use o risk management approachesto decision making;

Considers responsibilities and unctional co-operation between regionalorganisations and national governments;

Recognises that there are existing signicant resource and capacitychallenges that hold back the regions sustainable development andgrowth and proposes building on a process known as the three-ones toassist in resource mobilisation and co-ordination o actions; and

Proposes a monitoring and evaluation (M&E) ramework

The Implementation Plan was developed to be a live process and will be subject

to review and modication in response to inter alia :

Enhanced knowledge and understanding o climate science and the directand indirect impacts (supported by quantitative evidence where possible).

The development and access to unding mechanisms.

Changes in nancial, technical and human resource capacity.

Prevailing economic conditions in the Caribbean.

Business as usual,given the scale othe costs o climatechange and thecatastrophic impacton our economies,society andenvironment is notan option. Businessas usual will meanthat the economies othe Caribbean are inpermanent recession.

This requiresleadership at alllevels throughoutthe politicaland the widercommunity workingin partnership withstakeholders todeliver change......now.


20/216


20

Success or otherwise o actions taken.

Results rom the M&E ramework.

International negotiations on emissions control and climate changenancing.

A biannual review is proposed o both the Regional Framework and theImplementation Plan to ensure that they continue to provide the right ocus orthe required transormational changes. The CCCCC has a coordinating and deliveryrole in this regard and will maintain a continuous dialogue with key stakeholdersto ensure that the Regional Framework and the Implementation Plan accuratelyrefect the Caribbeans transormational needs. This on-going dialogue willensure that the Regional Framework and the Implementation Plan remain live

documents.

2. Preparation Process

The Implementation Plan was prepared ollowing an extensive programme o in-country discussions with politicians, government ocials, regional agencies,NGOs, the private sector, donors and development banks. For the most partthese discussions have been on a one-to-one basis or in small groups, ollowedby urther engagement and ocussed on identiying those actions stakeholders

believed were required to be undertaken within the next 2 to 5 years. Meetingshave been held with over 140 stakeholders during the in-country discussions.


21/216


21

3. High Level Overview o theImplementation Plan

An overview o the Implementation Plan is provided in gures 1 and 2. The processollows these steps:

4. The Three-ones approach to resourcemobilisation and IP execution

The transormational changes required by the Liliendaal Declaration and necessaryto deliver the strategic elements and goals in the Regional Framework also requirecorresponding changes in the process o policy setting and decision-making inall organisations. Implementation through the specic actions identied in this

FIGURE 1: Implementation Plan high level overview

The Liliendaal Declaration provides thevision oftransformational change in our response to thechallenges of a changing climate,

this drives the ve strategic elements andcorresponding goals in the Regional Framework

with resource mobilisation and co-ordination deliveredthrough the adoption of the three-ones principle,

delivering actions in the following areas: (1) institutionaland governance building blocks, (2)cross-cuttingchallenges, and (3) technical and physical impacts.

to build resilience to a changing climate and create lowcarbon economies,

focussing on the key sectors identied in the RegionalFramework, and

VISION

STRATEGY

OBJECTIVE

RESOURCES

TARGET

ACTIONS


22/216


22

report, and through wider regional and national sustainable development andgrowth strategies, policies and actions requires a process which can:

Eectively mobilise limited resources.

Ensure alignment with those wider sustainable development and growthobjectives.

Deliver inclusive policies and decisions that ensure climate resilience andlow carbon is built in, rather than added on as an aterthought.

Co-ordinate and manage delivery.

Monitor, evaluate, review and improve.

Member States, regional organisations and CARICOM are already over tasked andunder-resourced. Delivering transormational change requires an approach thatrecognises these constraints.

The three-ones approach is an essential eature o the Implementation Planprocess and has been used successully in the Caribbean (see side bar). TheImplementation Plan recommends that the three-ones approach is adoptedat regional and national levels. It is based on the principle o establishing asustainable resource mobilisation plan with three core elements:

One plan that provides the ramework or co-ordinated action by all

partners. (Note One Plan means one agreed set o shared and commongoals and objectives which can be contained within various individualdocuments).

One co-ordinating mechanism to manage the process. The ImplementationPlan recommends a single regional co-ordinating mechanism and separatenational co-ordinating mechanisms in each country).

One monitoring and evaluation ramework to measure progress,transparency and value or money.

Each member country and each regional organisation has dierent challenges,organisational processes and governance. The process developed by eachgovernment and regional organisations to mobilise resources should refectthis and work within, and build upon the eective governance and institutionalarrangements that already exist. The coordination o the execution o the IP(including linkages between the political and technical processes drivers) will bethe unction o a new coordinating body. The Coordinating Mechanism will reportto the Heads o Government, with the CCCCC working within its mandate to providetechnical and secretarial support.

The Three-onesapproach: an exampleo the Caribbeanworking in partnership;mobilising resources todeliver results.

The three ones modelhas been successullyused by the PanCaribbean Partnership(PANCAP) to delivertransormationalchange with limitedresources. Over the10 year period o

the programme notonly has PANCAPbeen declared aninternational bestpractice example bythe United Nationsbut it has alsocontributed greatly tothe management oHIV/AIDS across theCaribbean.

It has mobilised over

US$75 million. Contributed to

internationalstrengthening.

Delivered a 28%reduction in thespread o HIV.

Reduced deaths by50%.

Reduced the motherto child transmissiono HIV by 80%.

Trained over 200proessionalsmost o whomare engaged inmanaging nationaland regional HIVprogrammes.


23/216


23

THE LILIENDAAL DECLARATION PROVIDES THE VISION OF

TRANSFORMATIONAL CHANGE IN OUR RESPONSE TO THE CHALLENGESOF A CHANGING CLIMATE

This drives the Regional Frameworks Five Strategic Elements (and 20goals nested within these):

1. Mainstream climate change adaptation strategies into thesustainable development agendas of CARICOM states.

2. Promote the implementation of specic adaptation measures toaddress key vulnerabilities in the region.

3. Promote actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through fossilfuel reduction and conservation, and switching to renewable andcleaner energy sources.

4. Encourage action to reduce the vulnerability of natural and humansystems in CARICOM countries to the impacts of a changing climate.

5. Promote action to derive social, economic, and environmentalbenets through the prudent management of standing forest onCARICOM countries.

To build resilience to a changing climate and low carbon economies.

WITH RESOURCE MOBILISATION TO MEET THE CHALLENGE THROUGH THETHREE ONES PRINCIPLE

Resource mobilisationand strategicdirection through:One plan & oneco-ordinating

mechanism.

Progress and resultsfrom institutional andintervention actions.

Achievingtransformationalchange

FIGURE 2:ImplementationPlan

ONE PLAN

Liliendaal Declaration

Regional frameworkstrategic elementsand goals deliveredthrough:

Track OneImplementation Plan

Track Two

Regional and Nationalstrategies & policies

Regional levelthrough CARICOM(CoordinatingMechanism)

M&E focus

National level

through governments

ONE CO-ORDINATING

MECHANISMONE M&E SYSTEM


24/216


24

DELIVERING ACTIONS IN THESE AREAS:

Institutional and

governance building

blocks

These are keypriorities fortransformationalchange and forsuccessfulimplementation.

Actions are proposedincluding theadoption of thethree-ones

principle.

Cross-cutting challenges

Information and evidencegaps.Genderpublic outreach,engagement andcommunications.Disaster risk reduction.Technical, nancial andhuman capacity.Information managementand access.Private sectormobilisation.

Actions are proposed inthese areas.

Technical and

physical impacts

Actions are proposedin all these areas atboth regional andnational levels.

Those actions thatcould be undertaken(subject to fundingand other capacitychallenges) areidentied as possibleprojects in the next 2

years.

FOCUSING ON THE REGIONAL FRAMEWORK SECTORS

These are the sectors identied in the Regional Framework. Impacts in onesector have consequences and feeds back into the others.

ENERGY

FORESTAGRICULTURE &

FOOD SECURITY

COASTAL AND

MARINETOURISM

WATERHEALTH


25/216


25

5. Haiti - A Special Case

Full engagement with the government and other stakeholders rom Haiti has beendicult during the time set aside or in-country dialogue. Discussions are nowtaking place with representatives rom the Government, with urther dialogueplanned, including contact with other key stakeholders.

It has been agreed with the National Focal Point that whilst the general pr inciplescontained in this report and the approach to implementation, are relevant to Haiti,it would be benecial to develop a specic Haiti ocused Implementation plan2.

6. Other Outputs o the IP ProcessDesktop review o climate change related projects:During the earlier stages o preparing the Implementation Plan a desktop reviewwas undertaken to develop a database o climate change-related actions that arecurrently underway or about to be started in the Caribbean. The database includesnearly 300 actions in various stages o preparation and completion which havebeen initiated in the region over the last ten years. These actions were codedagainst the strategic elements and goals o the Regional Framework3 and havesince been transormed into an interactive and user-riendly web-based productthat is available on the CCCCC website.

2 This may also need to include a review o the Regional Frameworks strategic elements and goals to conrm theirrelevance to Haiti.

3 Further details o the database can be ound in Annex 5 o the main report. This database has been developedas a web-based tool and is hosted on the CCCCC website. It allows a user to search or projects against sector,country, sponsor, unding, strategic elements and goals. Project descr iptions and links to core project documentsand websites will be provided.


26/216


26

Actions essential or

transormational change

1. Selection process or IP Actions

Stakeholders were asked, during the preparation o this implementation plan,to identiy those actions they believed were required to be undertaken withinthe next 2 to 5 years to deliver the strategic elements and goals o the RegionalFramework. These actions were recorded and stakeholders consulted on aFeedback Report during April 2011. The actions were then urther developed at

a regional stakeholder workshop held in Saint Lucia in May 2011. It should benoted that many o the actions identied by stakeholders are not derived romrisk assessments o the hazards and vulnerabilities. Countries and regionalorganisations will have to undertake risk assessments using the best availableinormation to ensure that the most appropriate solution is identied.

It also became clear during discussions with stakeholders, that the issue osustainable livelihoods and gender has not been adequately covered in theRegional Framework. It is recommended that this should be covered in an interimreview o the Regional Framework by the end o 2011. In the meantime urtherwork is required by stakeholders to ensure that sustainable livelihoods and genderare identied and accounted or as crosscutting issues in all relevant actions in

this Implementation Plan. These are set out in the main report in Chapter 9 andAnnex 1.

A number o priority challenges and actions have been identied and examplesprovided in this Executive Summary. They, together with those actions whichcould be started in the next 2 years i unding or another capacity constraint canbe overcome (early-start actions), provide the immediate ocus or delivering thetransormational change envisaged by the Liliendaal Declaration.

The priority challenges and actions, which cover institutional and governancebuilding blocks, technical and physical impacts and cross-cutting challenges are

considered in the next section. Each country will need to context these genericchallenges and actions against the specic priorities in each country.

Priority actions

These reect thereality o thechallenges ahead, andthe need to mobilise

and take action now.

The Member Statesthrough theLiliendaal Declarationand the RegionalFramework havealready agreed thatbuilding resilienceand low carboneconomies is nolonger an option orurther debate.

Action has to takeplace now i we areto avoid the worstears that a changingclimate will bring tothe Caribbean.


27/216


27

2. Institutional and governance buildingblocks

1. Building resilience requires transormational change and an eectivemobilisation o scarce resources. The scale o the challenges ahead requiresan integrated approach across the region and within each o the MemberStates to embed climate change and low carbon energy into all policy settingand decision-making.

A multiaceted system o public (rom both national budgets and developmentassistance) and private nance is required to provide the incentives that arenecessary to go beyond business as usual in the Caribbean and to allowaccess to capital to build low carbon climate resilient economies.

Member States, regional organisations and CARICOM Secretariat are alreadyover-tasked and under-resourced. Delivering transormational changerequires an approach that recognises these constraints.

ACTION: It is recommended that the three ones principle should be adoptedat a regional level by CARICOM and at a national level by each government.

At the national level it is recommended that the one co-ordinatingmechanism should be seen as a role or national strategic planning and/or nance ministries. Within the context o the national governmentenvironment, these institutions or similar ones are the departments best

placed to manage scarce resources and take advantage o the externalunding opportunities working in partnership with all other departmentsand organisations. Each national government will make the nal decisionon how best to mobilise, plan and monitor using the three-ones principle.

Timeline: within 2 years.

At the regional level it is recommended that CARICOM adopts the three-ones principle or resource mobilization, co-ordination, planning andmonitoring by orming a new sub-committee o the Heads o Government,with the CCCCC serving as secretariat.

The Coordinating Mechanism will provide guidance to the Heads o

Governments on the transormational changes required to achieveresilience to climate change in the areas o climate change adaptation andmitigation policy, nance and investment, and oreign relations.

The Coordinating Mechanism will receive briengs at such intervals as itmight establish rom the scientic community and communicate the policyimperatives to the CARICOM Heads o Government and monitor regionalimplementation.

Timeline: within 6 months.

The CoordinatingMechanism

It is proposed that a newregional coordinatingmechanism with overallresponsibility or drivingtransormational changeat the regional levelunder the LiliendaalDeclaration and the

Regional Frameworkwill be established. Thecoordinating mechanismwill be chaired by theHead o Governmentwith responsibility orsustainable developmentand emergencymanagement. TheCCCCC will providethe technical andsecretariat support. TheCoordination Mechanism

should include thechairpersons o COTED,COSHOD and COFCOR andthe CARICOM Secretariat,together with:

Vice Chancelloror President romselected CaribbeanUniversities;

CaribbeanUniversities;

The President o

the CaribbeanDevelopment Bank;

The ExecutiveDirectorsrom CARICOMmandated regionalorganisations; and

Representatives romthe private sector andcivil society.


28/216


28

2. Building a low carbon climate resilient economy is an integral elemento the wider sustainable development agenda. Addressing climate changewithout addressing the existing underlying sustainable development and

growth challenges aced by Member States will not deliver resilience. Buildinglow carbon climate resilience within the context o the wider sustainabledevelopment objective should become an integral eature o all policy settingand decision-making. A twin-track approach to implementation is required:which ensures that building resilience and creating low carbon economiesbecomes part o the wider sustainable development and growth agenda.

a. Track One: Through the specic actions identied to meet the RegionalFrameworks strategic elements and goals by this IP.

b. Track Two: Implementation through and as part o wider regional andnational sustainable development and growth planning. The ultimate

goal has to be that countries and organisations build resilience as anintegral part o their development and growth planning, rather than asan add-on.

ACTION: The CARICOM Secretariat, national governments and regionalorganisations to review all their existing strategies, policies and actions to:

ensure they align, are consistent with, and make a positivecontribution to building resilience and delivering a low-carboneconomy (and specically the strategic elements and goals in theRegional Framework), and

will continue to meet their wider development and growth objectivesover time within the context o a changing climate.

Economic and operational planning by governments and by criticalinrastructure operators must actor in the impacts o, and responses to achanging climate. Standard economic appraisal processes are required toenable comparisons and cross-sectoral implications to be assessed.

Timeline: within 2 years

Lead: CARICOM Secretariat, national governments, and regional

organisations with regard to their respective strategies and policiesPartners: ECLAC, all regional organisations, CCRIF, critical inrastructureoperators


29/216


29

3. The Caribbean cannot deliver resilience and create low carbon economieswithout fnancial and technical assistance. CARICOM countries now havean opportunity to attract climate change nance to support their initiatives

to build the resilience o their economies and achieve low carbon climateresilient development through initiatives such as the ast start unds underthe Copenhagen Accords.

Partnerships are being developed, or example: the PPCR programme withseveral Caribbean states. The development o a Low-Carbon DevelopmentStrategy has provided Guyana with the road map to guide the sustainabledevelopment o the country during the lie o the IP. The signing o theMemorandum o Understanding and the Joint Concept Note with Norwayhas cemented a win-win partnership and will provide nancial resourceso up to US$250 million by 2015 to commence and partially support theimplementation o the LCDS.

ACTION: CARICOM Member States should develop a region-wide positionon the most eective and equitable unding mechanisms and engagewith donors and IFIs on the basis o country-led needs assessments andprocesses. The Caribbean Development Bank can play an instrumental roleworking with the donors and IFIs to develop a regional unding mechanism.

It is recommended that the CCCCC working with the CDB develops a technicalsupport acility to advise regional organisations and national governmentson the unding opportunities, matching projects with unds and preparingunding applications.

Timeline: Within 12 months

Lead: CARICOM Secretariat, national governments, regional organisationsand CDB

Partners: Donors and IFIs

The CCCCC is developingpartnerships withdonors and fnancialinstitutions to buildtechnical capacity onaccessing fnance.

The AOSIS initiativeSIDS DOCK is anexcellent example o apartnership that willincrease small islandnations access to thefnancing, technology,technical assistanceand participation

in the global carbonmarket to transition toa low carbon economy.

SIDS DOCK will connectthe energy sector inSIDS with the globalmarket or fnance,sustainable energytechnologies and withthe European Union(EU and the UnitedStates (US) carbon

markets. Estimatesplace the potentialvalue o the US andEU markets betweenUSD 100 to 400 billionannually.


30/216


30

4. The private sector has a undamental role in providing and fnancingsolutions. Private sector investment has been identied as a signicantcontributor to the combined adaptation and mitigation unding target o

US$100 billion per annum by 2020. Governments (with support) must addressthe private sector risk reward balance in order to access the ull range ounding opportunities.

Improving country risk proles will have an added benet o opening up othernon-climate-related investment opportunities, thereby improving the growthpotential.

Engagement with individual companies, representative organisations andproessional bodies and their inclusion in strategy and policy development isessential.

ACTION: Assess and review the risk proles or each CARICOM Member Statein partnership with the private sector (operating at national, regional andinternational levels). Identiy and implement a 5-year transormationalprogramme to deliver the actions needed to improve the risk balance andattract private sector investment.

Timeline: Review within 12 months, implement within 5 years,

Lead: CARICOM Secretariat, CDB, national government ministries withresponsibilities or nance and economic development, CICA

Partners: Caribbean nancial services sector, international nancialservices sector

5. Acting regionally to deliver nationally. The scale o the challenges limits theability o any country acting on its own to build resilience. CARICOM and theregionally-mandated organisations thereore have a key role to play in theexecution o the IP. Working collectively through a regional support structureallows countries to maximise their resources and technical expertise to thebenet o all.

Securing the necessary nancial, technical and human resources and politicalsupport to move orward on CARICOM policy initiatives, and meet the needso Member States to deliver sustainable development actions must beacknowledged as key priorities. It is clear that the regional organisationswill need support rom the international development community. Buildinga sustainable nancial position to allow the regional organisations to meetuture demand is critical to delivering transormational change.

Regional institutions including the CDB can also make an importantcontribution as implementing entities.

Attracting privatesector investment

The Advisory Group onClimate Finance (AGF)was set up to identiyhow the US$100 billioncould be secured andin its report issuedin November 2010 itconcluded that fndingthe extra moneywas challengingbut easible. Ithe Caribbean is toattract that part o

the US$100 billionto be provided by theprivate sector then itmust ensure there isa rebalancing o riskto create sufcientinterest. Investors willonly invest i they cansecure appropriaterisk returns on theircapital.


31/216


32/216


32

7. We must develop a risk management ethic in our decision-making. TheRegional Framework is ounded upon the principle o using risk managementprocesses and tools to aid decision-making.

Decision-making based on subjective value judgements without using theinormation and the expert advice and guidance that is available, given thechallenges and uncertainties we ace, will compromise resilience building.Risk management assists in the selection o optimal cost-eective strategiesor reducing vulnerability, using a systematic and transparent process.Policies or initiatives that aim to reduce this vulnerability can be designedto complement and support the goals o poverty reduction, sustainabledevelopment, disaster preparedness and environmental protection.

The increasing integration o climate change resilience building with disasterrisk reduction through the partnership work o CCCCC and CDEMA is an exampleo this risk management ethic developing in a practical way with great benets.

The initial entry points or creating a risk ethic across the Caribbean should bein the ollowing areas:

Coastal zone management. Disaster risk reduction. National strategic and budgetary planning.

ACTION:The CARICOM Climate Risk Management Framework should be revisedto take into account the latest developments in climate risk managementtechniques. An on-line version should be developed with ull guidance

and links to other tools and techniques. The revised risk managementramework must be supported by a comprehensive training programme ordecision-makers across all stakeholders. The training programme must berepeatable on request and adapted to refect stakeholder needs (includingthe private sector).

All organisations (including donors and development banks) operatingat regional and national levels should stress-test policies and decisionsagainst the potential impacts o a changing climate. A standard stress-testprocess and guidance based on the revised Caribbean Risk ManagementFramework should be developed by the CCCCC. The stress-test result shouldbe disclosed and made available to other stakeholders and the wider public.

Timeline: Release revised risk management ramework and stress-testprocess within 6 months including on-line training tool. Undertakestakeholder training over the ollowing 12 month period starting withgovernment nance and planning ministries.

Lead: CCCCC

Partners: National government ministries, CDB, regional organisations, theprivate sector and donors


33/216


33

2. Technical and physical impacts

8. Uncertainty is not a reason or inaction. We have sucient inormation tomake some decisions.....NOW.

We know there are issues with baseline data and knowledge gaps, particularlywith regard to social and economic impacts, and these need to be addressed. Butwe also know that there is a wealth o inormation already available regardingthe impacts o a changing climate on the Caribbean. During the preparationo this report nearly 300 current or recently completed Caribbean ocussedclimate change programmes, plans and actions were identied (included in adatabase which will be made available on the CCCCC website). This is in additionto the many more projects that have been completed in previous years.

Taking action will produce win-win solutions to meet wider sustainable

development and growth challenges and enhance disaster resilience. Forexample, many o our greatest risks relate to our coastal areas wherepopulations and economic activity are concentrated and where essentialinrastructure and utilities are located. Actions to assess the risks, protectexisting populations and assets, and build resilience into current and uturedevelopment proposals are essential and must become part o mainstreamgovernment nancial management and investment planning. Disaster riskmanagement must be embedded in these actions.

The action identied below is an example o an early-start action (Annex 1provides other actions that can and should be undertaken within the next 12months, subject to securing unding or overcoming other capacity challenges).

ACTION: The impact o Hurricane Tomas on Saint Lucias water inrastructurewas signicant. Shortalls in data and knowledge o the location, age,condition and types o water utility assets may have been a contributoryactor in not being able to have oreseen the devastating consequences. Aull asset inventory o Saint Lucias water utility assets should be undertaken,ollowed by a risk assessment o their vulnerability to climate variability andclimate change. This could, or example, also include assessing potentialchanges in precipitation, impacts on ground conditions and identiy assetsat risk. A template programme or other utilities and countries should alsobe developed and discussed with donors or unding.

Signicant win-win benets could also be realised. The asset inventorywould, or example: greatly improve operational management, enableoperational and additional asset investment to be more eectively targeted,identiy leakage problems, improve water quality management, and assist inenergy management and eciency.

Timeline: Complete asset inventory within 18 months.

Lead: Saint Lucia Water Utility

Partners: Donors and IFIs, CWWA/CAWASA, University o West IndiesDepartment o Engineering, CCCCC

Essentialinrastructure

A risk assessmentprogramme orall essentialinrastructure andutilities would enablenational programmeso resilience-buildingactions (capital andoperational) to bedeveloped. It would

also have majorbenefts or disasterrisk reduction. This isanother example oan early-start climatechange resilience-building actioncreating a win-windelivering immediatebenefts. An essentialinrastructurerisk assessmentprogramme shouldbe developed by eachnational government,supported byrelevant regionalorganisations (orexample: CCCCC,CDEMA, and CCRIF)in partnership withdonors to secureboth fnancial andtechnical assistance.


34/216


34

3. Cross-cutting challenges

9. Data and inormation are public goods. Attitudes and protocols regardingdata collection, management, storage, sharing, control and ownership odata and inormation will need to change.

Building resilience and using risk management to aid decision-making wherethere is uncertainty requires access to the best available data and inormation.An open-source and open-access attitude should be encouraged therebyproviding the means by which all decision makers can share and make use o thebest available inormation. Institutional cultures which restrict access are notin the long-term interests o the Caribbean. In some cases these restrictionsare imposed or entirely understandable budgetary reasons; inormation canbe a revenue earner. In these situations alternative and more viable unding

mechanisms are required.

ACTION: Governments and other regional organisations should developtheir own clearing house acilities with ree access to data and inormation.This should extend to inormation supporting development proposals,or example, base data and analysis provided in ESIAs. Donors/IFIs andproject sponsors must always release all data and inormation (withinestablished protocols that recognise some inormation may be sensitive).All governments and regional organisations will need nancial, technical,and human resource support, including or example, the development oalternative unding mechanisms. Institutional legislative challenges may

need to be addressed.Timeline: within 2 years

Lead: National governments, regional organisations

Partners: Donors and IFIs

10. The CARICOM region must build on the inormation, knowledge and

expertise we already have, expand our understanding and knowledge

and develop our capacity. A great deal o time, eort and resources hasbeen invested into impact and vulnerability assessments, and research. Insome cases the recommendations and guidance have not been acted upon.Reports sit on shelves through lack o resources, baseline data sets are notdigitised and are dicult to access, technical knowledge is lost as sta retireor move out o the Caribbean. Retaining and growing technical, proessional,managerial and academic research expertise and capacity is vital.

CCCCCClearing-House

The CCCCC hasalready createda Clearing Houseacility through itswebsite. This willenable climate-related inormationand knowledge tobe reely availableincluding access to

climate and impactmodelling.

The ull roll out o theCCCCC Inormationand Data ClearingHouse acility tosupport research,public educationand open accessto inormation onclimate changein the region willacilitate greaterparticipation o theregions decisionmakers and citizensin building a societythat is resilient to achanging climate.


35/216


36/216


36

11. Disaster risk reduction and climate change are inextricably linked.Building resilience to existing climate variability and the changes we arealready seeing in our climate through the disaster r isk reduction programmes

across the Caribbean and the work o CDEMA must remain a priority area.

This can be supported or example by the development o early warningtools as an output rom the work on climate modelling. Impact modelling,hazard mapping, and vulnerability assessments are also examples o howrisk assessment o the eects o a changing climate can also assist andinorm those working on disaster risk reduction. There is a real opportunityto reinorce the importance o disaster risk reduction within Member Statesthrough the increasing ocus on the impacts o a changing climate.

CDEMA working with stakeholders has identied a series o actions to integrateclimate change into disaster risk reduction through its Mainstreaming

Climate Change into Disaster Risk Management or the Caribbean Region(CCDM) Project

ACTION: The CDEMA Regional Programme and Plan o Action or ClimateChange Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction identiy a series o actionslinked to the Regional Frameworks strategic elements and goals. All othe actions identied will directly contribute to the Regional Frameworkand to disaster risk reduction. These actions have been included in theImplementation Plan.

A key action to be undertaken is to secure the necessary unding or disaster

risk reduction actions in the Caribbean.

Timeline: continuous.

Lead: CDEMA, CARICOM Secretariat

Partners: National governments, international donors and IFIs, CCCCC


37/216


37

12. The challenges ahead may be ar greater than or which we are currentlyplanning or. It is clear that individual policy and project interventions willbe insucient to transorm the economies o the CARICOM states based on

the principles o sustainable development. It is also clear that the currentinitiatives by the worlds developed countries and the emerging economiesto limit greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) all short o that which is requiredto limit average global temperature increases to less than 2.0 C, never mindthe 1.5 C that is the AOSIS/CARICOM target.

The reality is that without a major shit in the geo-political balances and anew political urgency by both the developed countries and the emergingeconomies to implement and enorce action to reduce GHGs, we will be acedwith global average temperature increases above 2.0 C.

The direct and indirect consequences or the Caribbean o average global

temperature increases o 4 C, when its social, environmental and economicsystems are already stressed and struggling to meet the existing impactso current climate variability and anthropogenic climate change, areunthinkable.

This reinorces the need to treat the Implementation Plan as a live processthrough regular reviews taking into account the latest inormation on climatescience and impacts. It also reinorces the need or a risk management ethicto be developed across the Caribbean in all strategy and policy developmentand in decision-making, to ensure that best available inormation is used,risks assessed and appropriate management options developed.

ACTION: Strengthen the CARICOM international negotiating positionand its long-term capacity to plan through an enhanced, resourced,comprehensive programme o evidence-based peer-reviewed research onthe science o climate change and the social, environmental and economicimpacts.

Ensure that CARICOMs collective and individual negotiating position ismaintained by ensuring that negotiators have the inormation they needand are well trained. Civil servant/expert advisor continuity betweennegotiating meetings is also critical to build up the expertise and awarenessneeded to eectively represent the Caribbeans best interests.

Timeline: continuous.

Lead: CARICOM Secretariat, Caribbean universities, Ministries o ForeignAairs, regional organisations.

Partners: International research institutions, CCCCC


38/216


38

Action timeline

The timeline provided in gure 3 provides examples o the prior ity challenges thatcould be undertaken within the next 2 years. It is representative as each countrywill have its own early-start actions to meet its specic challenges.

FIGURE 3: Implementation Plan Priority milestones

JAN-JUNE 2012 JUNE-DEC 2012 JAN-JUNE 2013 JUNE-DEC 2013

Research

component

completed

Haiti report

completed

Regional

Coordinating

Mechanism

established Country

investment

risk proles

completed

Review RegionalFramework and

Implementation Plan

Policy review

completed by

CARICOM,

regional

organizations

and national

governments

Review Risk

Management

Guidelines

CCCCC Fundingadvisory facility

established


39/216


39

Acknowledgements

The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) and the project teamwish to acknowledge the support and assistance received during the consultationprocess and in the drating o this document rom the Governments o theCARICOM member states, the CARICOM Secretariat, Regional Organisations, NGOs,the private sector, international donors and IFIs.

Technical leadership in the development o the Implementation Plan was providedby Dr. Ulric Trotz, Science Advisor to the CCCCC and supported by Acclimatise, aUnited Kingdom consultancy rm specializing in risk management and climatechange-related development with John Firth as Project Manager. ProjectCoordination provided by Joseph McGann, consultant to the CCCCC.

Financial support or the development o the

Implementation Plan

The development o the Implementation Plan has only been made possible withthe support and nancial assistance rom The Climate & Development KnowledgeNetwork (CDKN) and the United Kingdoms Department or InternationalDevelopment (DFID) Caribbean. The CCCCC would like placed on record itsappreciation o the nancial support and the technical contribution made by DFIDand CDKN.

In addition to producing the Implementation Plan, the project will serve as a basisor drawing on a range o other CDKN services as required, including knowledgeand communication products, capacity building and scoping a related researchprogramme.

CDKN

CDKN is an alliance o six private and not-or-prot organisations, launched inMarch 2010. Led by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, the alliance also includes theOverseas Development Institute, LEAD International, INTRAC, SouthSouthNorth

in Arica and Fundacin Futuro Latinoamericano in Latin America and theCaribbean, bringing together a wide range o experience.

CDKNs purpose is to support decision makers in developing countries to designand deliver climate compatible development. We do this by combining research,advisory services, knowledge management and capacity building processes insupport o locally owned and managed policy processes.


40/216


40

CDKN was set up and unded by DFID and other donors are now also contributingunding. CDKN is independent rom DFID, although it works closely with DFID andother donor programmes wherever possible.

For more inormation visit the CDKN website: www.cdkn.org.

About DFID

DFID is the part o the UK government that manages Britains aid to poor countriesand works to get rid o extreme poverty. As well as headquarters in London andEast Kilbride, near Glasgow, DFID has oces in around 40 developing countriesand provides aid to around 90 countries.

DFID is working to reach the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), theinternational targets agreed by the United Nations (UN) to halve world povertyby 2015.

DFID works with governments o developing countries as well as charities,businesses and international bodies, including the World Bank, UN agencies andthe European Commission. All our partners share our ambition to achieve theMDGs.

In the Caribbean, DFID is supporting eorts to improve growth, insecurity andbuild resilience to reduce the regions extreme vulnerability to natural disastersand climate change and maintain its progress on poverty reduction. For more

inormation visit the DFID website: www.dd.gov.uk.

The CCCCC

The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC or the Centre) wasestablished by the Heads o Government o the Caribbean Community (CARICOM)at their annual conerence in July o 2002.

The Centre coordinates the CARICOM regions response to climate change and isthe key node or inormation on climate change issues and the CARICOM eort tomanage and adapt to climate change.

Through its Mission, the CCCCC supports the people o the Caribbean as theyaddress climate variability and change on all aspects o economic development,through the provision o timely orecasts and analysis o potentially hazardousimpacts o both natural and man-induced climatic changes on the environment,and the development o special programmes which create opportunities orsustainable development. The CCCCC is recognized as a Centre o Excellence by theCARIOCM Member States and by international donors.


41/216


42/216


42

Box 1: Sea level rise may be even greater than expected

In early 2011, the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP) published results rom a newassessment o the impacts o climate change on the Arctic (SWIPA). The study brings together thelatest scientic knowledge about the changing state o each component o the Arctic cryosphere. Thesechanges in the Arctic are o global signicance, with the potential to have major ramications on theglobal climate and sea level in distant locations, such as the Caribbean.

The AMAP study proposes that global sea level will r ise more dramatically than was predicted nearly ouryears ago by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). By 2100, AMAP expect mean sealevel to rise by 0.9 to 1.6 m, compared to the IPCC AR4 projection made in 2007 o 0.18 to 0.59 m. Thesendings rom AMAP corroborate a number o previous studies (Table 1) that suggested global sea levelscould be 1.4 m or more by the end o the century.

The more conservative estimates provided in the IPCC AR4 projections are due to the exclusion o rapid icefow dynamics within the model simulations.

TABLE 1: Summary o global sea level rise projections or 21st Century (Source: Simpson et al, 2010)

2050* 2100

Low Range Central Estimate High Range

Continuation o current trend(3.4mm/yr)

13.6 cm - 30.6 cm -

IPCC AR4 (2007) 8.9 cm to 23.8 cm 18 cm - 59 cmRahmstor (2007) 17 cm to 32 cm 50 cm 90 cm 140 cm

Horton et al. (2008) ~ 30 cm 100 cm

Vermeer and Rahmstor (2009) ~ 40 cm 75 cm 124 cm 180 cm

Grinstead et al. (2009) - 40 cm 125 cm 215 cm

Jevrejeva et al. (2010) - 60 cm 120 cm 175 cm

Governments have to understand the more extreme possibilities that cannot be discounted (Simpson etal, 2010). The AMAP value o 1.6 m exceeds the 1.0 m sea level rise gure used in the recent study by theCARIBSAVE Partnership or UNDP Barbados and the OECS (Modelling the Transormational Impacts andCost o Sea Level Rise in the Caribbean Simpson et al, 2010). This study predicts that the impacts rom a1 m sea level rise in the Caribbean will be severe, including:

Nearly 1,300 km2 land area lost (e.g., 5% o The Bahamas, 2% Antigua and Barbuda). Over 110,000 people displaced (e.g., 5% o population in The Bahamas, 3% Antigua and

Barbuda). At least 149 multi-million dollar tourism resorts damaged or lost, with beach assets lost or

greatly degraded at many more tourism resorts.


43/216


43

Over 1% agricultural land lost, with implications or ood supply and rural livelihoods (e.g., 5%in Dominica, 6% in The Bahamas, 5% in St. Kitts and Nevis).

Transportation networks severely disrupted, including loss or damage o 21 (28%) CARICOM

airports, lands surrounding 35 ports inundated (out o 44) and loss o 567 km o roads (e.g.,14% o road network in The Bahamas, 12% Guyana, 14% in Dominica).

The CARIBSAVE study concluded that Sea level rise will continue or centuries a ter 2100, even i globaltemperatures are stabilized at 2 C or 2.5 C and thereore represents a chronic and unidirectional,negative threat to coastal areas in the Caribbean and globally.

A 1.6 m rise in sea level based on the AMAP analysis would have a catastrophic eect on Caribbeanstates.

Box 2: Economic costs

An economic analysis o the costs o a changing climate in just three categoriesincreased hurricanedamages, loss o tourism revenue, and inrastructure damages projected that the Caribbeans annualcost o inaction could total $10.7 billion annually by 2025, $22 billion by 2050 and $46 billion by 2100.These costs represent 5%, 10% and 22% respectively, o the current Car ibbean economy (2004 GDP).

While the regional average is large, some countries have much higher projected impacts. The projectedannual cost o inaction by 2025 (only taking into account the three categories above) as a % o GDP isprojected to be:

Antigua and Barbuda 12.2%, Jamaica 13.9%,Bahamas 6.6%, St Kitts and Nevis 16.0%,Barbados 6.9%, Saint Lucia 12.1%,Dominica 16.3%, St Vincent and the Grenadines 11.8%,Grenada 21.3%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.0%.Haiti 30.5%,

By 2100 the costs will be 75 percent o GDP or more in Dominica, Grenada, Haiti, and in St. Kitts andNevis.

A second report analysing the costs associated with hurricane-induced wind damage, coastal fooding/storm surge, and inland fooding due to both hurricanes and non-tropical systems calculated thatclimate change has the potential to greatly exacerbate these risks, and could increase expected loss by1 - 3% o GDP by 2030.

The net eect o costs on this scale is equivalent to causing a perpetual economic recession in each

o the CARICOM Member States.


44/216


44

Although the contribution o CARICOM countries to global greenhouse gasemissions (GHGs) is quite negligible, the projected impacts o global climatechange on the Caribbean region are expected to be devastating. These impacts

will be reinorced due to the limited adaptive capacity o the CARICOM smallisland and low-lying coastal states, and the current sustainable development andgrowth challenges they ace, such as addressing the Millennium DevelopmentGoals (MDGs). Caribbean countries (with some exceptions):

are small in physical size,

have a high level o indebtedness, in some cases in excess o 150% oGDP, preventing deployment o nancial resources to support priorityadaptation programs,

operate in open economies with a heavy dependence on exports and

imports,

suer rom the burden o extremely high domestic energy costs, driven bya dependence on imported ossil uels (which are increasing in price andsubject to price volatility),

have relatively high levels o absolute poverty, ranging rom 20% to morethan 70%, and

are subject to signicant levels o external emigration depriving the regiono its most skilled and experienced human resources.

The low adaptive capacity exacerbates the vulnerabilities (see box 3) and risks othe Caribbean States while simultaneously reducing their resilience to growingglobal events, such as global recessions and climate variability and change.

The climaticimpacts, the scaleo the developmentchallenges andlimited adaptivecapacity will makeit impossible orgovernments actingalone to allocateadequate resources toaddress adaptationneeds.


45/216

Box 3: Vulnerability

Despite some recent improvements in management and conservation, the regions coral rees and associatedmarine ecosystems now ace major challenges as a consequence o climate impacts. The slow and steadyincreases in global sea surace temperatures and ocean acidication are already adversely aecting theregions coral biome. Because current sea surace temperatures are near the upper temperature thresholdsor survival o corals, bleaching is predicted to become more requent as ocean temperatures increase(Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1999). (F i gure 4)

Corals are extremely sensitive to even small changes in water temperature that lead to bleaching andultimately death. A lower pH also reduces the viability o corals. A combined eect o coral ree disappearanceand increases in extreme weather events can pose urther threats to already stressed ecosystems. Indicatorso decline in the coral biome include: a) a reduction in sheries annual catch, coral cover, and in coastalmangroves; b) encroachment in coastal beach area and coastal lagoons thus aecting the value o theservices provided by the ree; and c) severe coral mortality induced by warmer sea surace temperatures;and d) increasing acidity. As these impacts become more maniest the regions social and economicdevelopment will continue to be negatively impacted with the most vulnerable groups placed at the greatest

risk. The impacts on the tourism sector and Caribbean economies will be severe. The loss o the coral reeswill signicantly increase the risks to essential inrastructure, utilities, and urban areas rom storm surge.

FIGURE 4. Frequency o uture bleaching events in the 2030s and 2050s (WRI, 2011).

0 - 10

11 - 21

21 - 30

31 - 40

41 - 50

51 - 60

61 - 70

71 - 80

81 - 90

91 - 100

Frequency

(Percent of

Years) of NOAA

Bleanching Alert

Level 2 Events

Source: Adapted from Donner S.D. 2009 Coping with Commitment: Projected thermal stress on coral reefsunder different future scenarios. PLoS ONE 4(6): e5712 for use in the Reefs at Risk Revisited project.

Coral Reefs

The map depicts the requency o uture bleaching events in the 2030s and 2050s, as represented by thepercentage o years in each decade where a NOAA Bleaching Alert Level 2 (i.e. severe thermal stress) ispredicted to occur. Predictions are based on an IPCC A1B emissions scenario and adjusted to account orhistorical temperature variability, but not adjusted by any other resistance or resilience actors.

Figure adapted by WRI (2011) rom: Donner, S.D. 2009. Coping with commitment: Projected thermal stresson coral rees under dierent uture scenarios. PLoS ONE 4(6): e5712


46/216


46

A call or transormational change

The imperative or transormational change is embedded within the call to action o the Liliendaal Declaration onClimate Change and Development which was issued rom the thirtieth meeting o CARICOM Heads in Liliendaal,Guyana, July 2-5, 2009. (see Annex 6). The Declaration makes a number o commitments, endorsements andspecic declarations on the actions needed to manage the eects o climate change and development.

The Heads o Government expressed grave concern that the regions e orts to promote sustainable developmentand achieve the MDGs are under severe threat rom the devastating eects o climate change and sea levelrise. O particular note is the increasing intensity o extreme weather events, resulting in severe damage tothe regions socio-economic structure and natural resource base. CARICOM Heads also emphasized that thedevastating eects o changing climate were already being experienced in all Small Islands and Low-lyingCoastal Developing States (SIDS) including the Caribbean and that many SIDS will cease to exist without urgent,ambitious and decisive action by the international community.

The Liliendaal Declaration called or, inter alia:

ThatallPartiestotheUNFCCCshouldworkwithanincreasedsenseofurgencyandpurposetowards

arriving at an ambitious and comprehensive agreement at the COP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009 whichprovides or: long-term stabilization o atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at levels whichwill ensure that global average surace temperature increases will be limited to well below 1.5 Co pre-industrial levels; that global greenhouse gas emissions should peak by 2015; global CO2reductions o at least 45 percent by 2020 and reducing greenhouse gas emissions by more than 95%o 1990 CO2 levels by 2050.

Adaptationandcapacity-buildingmustbe prioritizedandaformalandwell-nanced frameworkestablished within and outside the UNFCCC, including the multi-window insurance acility, toaddress the immediate and urgent, as well as long-term, adaptation needs o vulnerable countries,particularly the SIDS and the LDCs.

Theneed fornancialsupport toSIDS toenhancetheir capacitiesto respond tothechallenges

brought on by climate change and to access the technologies that will be required to undertakeneeded mitigation actions and to adapt to the adverse impacts o climate change.


47/216


47

The Regional Framework or Achieving

Development Resilient to a Changing Climate(the Regional Framework)

The CARICOM Heads o State participating in the First Congress or the Environmental Charter and ClimaticChange (held at vila Mountain, Caracas, 11-13 October, 2007) requested that the Caribbean Community ClimateChange Centre (CCCCC) prepare a Regional Framework document that would lay the ground or achievement othe vision o a Caribbean society and economy that is resilient to a changing climate.In response to the regions vulnerability the regions political leaders, climate change scientists, plannersand policy makers and other proessionals rom diverse technical backgrounds, coalesced their intellectual

capacities into the evolution o a shared and common vision or the region that would underpin its economic andsocial development to the end o the twenty-rst century. This strategic vision is refected through the RegionalFramework or Achieving Development Resilient to a Changing Climate5 that was approved by the CARICOM Headso Government at their meeting in Georgetown, Guyana in July 2009.

The purpose o the Regional Framework prepared by the CCCCC is to: Establish and guide the Caribbeans directionor the continued building o resilience to the impacts o global climate change by CARICOM States. The Frameworkclearly articulates the strategic direction or the regions response to climate change risks. This strategyrepresents a long-term vision on climate issues and refects the political will o the region. It is one o the rstregional strategies drated in developing nations, joined by a common purpose to ace the climate challenge andtakes orward the call or transormational change enshrined in the Liliendaal Declaration.

It provides a roadmap or action over the period 2009-2015, while building on the groundwork laid by the CCCCCand its precursor programmes and projects in climate change adaptation. These include National EnablingActivities (NEAs) including the First National Communications Projects, the Car ibbean Planning orAdaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) project (1998-2001), the Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean(ACCC) project (2001-2004), and the Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change (MACC) project (2003-2009).It also builds upon the pilot projects being undertaken under the Special Pilot Adaptation to Climate Change(SPACC) project together with the extensive work undertaken by governments, regional organisations, NGOs andacademic institutions in recent years.

The Regional Framework ocuses on the identication and consolidation o a set o complementary activitiesthat would utilize the experience and capacities o the CCCCC and other regional and national institutions and

agencies to ormulate and implement a ser ies o mitigation and adaptation policies and measures in response toa changing climate and its projected impacts on the economic and social development o the region. The RegionalFramework is guided by ve key strategies (strategic elem

Documents

Delivering Transformational Change 2011-21_ Implementing the CARICOM 'Regional Framework for Achieving Development Resilient to Climate Change