Definition according to some linguists

1. Crystal

2. Fromkin, et.al

3. Aurbauch

4. Mathew

5. Deterding

6. Richard et. al

What is morphology?

Linguistics sub-field

Morphology

The study of the words of Language or deals with the study of how words combine to form

Syntax

The study the internal of structure of sentences and its interrelationship among

Semantics

The study of the nature of the meaning of individual word

Pragmatics

Form a branch ofLinguistics that studies the phrases And sentences in the actual context ofdiscourse

Phonology

-The study of speech sound. - It covers term for both phonetics andphonemics

Concept of terms

Morphophonemic

What is

Lexeme

LexicologyEtymology

?

Six principles in isolating and identifying morphemes

Principle 1Principle 1..

Forms which have a common Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness and an semantic distinctiveness and an

identical phonemic form in all their identical phonemic form in all their occurrences constitute a single occurrences constitute a single

morphememorpheme

Example, -er added to verbs in such combinations as worker, dancer, runner/walker and flier is a morpheme. It always has the same phonetic form, and always has essentially the same meaning, that is the doer of. the action" (also called agentive).

Principle 2

• Form which have a common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic form (i.e. the phonemes or order of the phonemes) may constitute a morpheme as long as the distribution of formal differences is phonologically definable.

• Example, one negative prefix has more than a single form, such as the words intolerable and impossible

• Principle 3

Forms which have a common semantic distinctiveness but which differ in phonemic forms in such a way that their distributions can not be phonologically defined constitute a single morpheme if the forms are in complementary distribution in accordance with the following re strictions:

a. Occurrence in the same structural series has precedence over occurrence in different structural series in the determination of morphemic status,

b. Complementary distribution in different structural series constitutes a basis for combining possible allomorphs into one morpheme which belongs to the same distribution class as the allomorphic series in question and which itself has only one allomorph or phonologically defined allomorphs

c. Immediate tactical environments have precedence over non immediate tactical environments in determining morphemic status.

d. Contract in identical distributional environments ; may be treated as sub morphemic if the difference in meaning of the allomorphs reflects the distribution of this forms.

Principle 4

Principle 4

An overt formal difference in a structural series constitutes a mor pheme if in any member of such a series, the overt formal difference and a zero structural difference are the only significant features for distin guishing a minimal unit of phonetic-semantic distinctiveness.

"An overt formal difference : means a contrast which is indicated by differences in phonemes or in the order of phonemes. The distinction between foot /fu:t/ and feet /fi:t/ is an overt difference, since it consists in a difference of phonemes. The contrast between the singular sheep I si:p / and the plural sheep / si:p/ consists of zero and is covert.

Principle 5

Homophonous forms are identifiable as the same or different morphemes on the basis of the following conditions:

a. Homophonous forms with distinctly different meanings constitute different morphemes

b. Homophonous forms with related meanings constitutes a single morpheme if the meaning classes are parallel by distributional differences, but they constitute multiple morpheme if the meaning classes are not parallel by distributional differences.

Principle 6

A morpheme is isolatable if it occurs under the following conditions:

a. in isolation: boy, cow, girl, jump, up, he, this, and ouch are forms identified as morphemes, because it is possible to utter all these forms in isolation.

b. in multiple combination in at least one of which the unit with which it is combined occurs in isolation or in other combinations.

Types of Morphemes

(1) Bound Vs Free,

(2) Roots Vs Non-roots,

(3) Roots Vs Stems,

(4) Nuclei Vs Non-nuclei,

(5) Nuclear Vs Peripheral,

(6) Closing Vs non-closing,

(7) Inflectional and Derivational.

Parts of speech that accepted as inflectional

morpheme

1. Noun,

2. Verb,

3. Adjective, and

4. Adverb

Characteristics of Inflectional And

Derivational Morphemes

Inflectional Derivational

1. Do not change meaning or part

of speech, e.g., big, bigger, biggest are all adjectives.

2. Are required by the syntax. They typically indicate syntactic or semantic relations between

different words in a sentence, e.g., love-s bananas: -s marks the 3rd person singular

present form of the verb, relating it to the 3rd singular subject .

3. They are very productive. They typically occur with all members of some large class of morphemes, e.g., the plural morpheme /—s/ occurs with almost all nouns.

4. Occur at the margin of a word, alter any derivational morphemes, e.g., ration-al-iz-atinn-s : - s is inflectional, and appears at the very end of the word

5. Are suffixes only (in English

1. Change the part of speech or the meaning of a word e.g., -ment added to a verb forms a noun (judge-ment) re-activate means 'activate again'.

2. Syntax does not require the presence of derivational morphemes. They typically indicate semantic relations within a word, but no syntactic relations outside the word (compare this with #2 below) e.g., un-kind relates -un 'not' to kind, but has no particular syntactic connections outside the word—note that the same word can be used in he is unkind and they are unkind.

3. they arc usually not very productive—derivational morphemes generally are selective about what they'll combine with e.g., the suffix -hood occurs with just a few nouns such as brother, neighbor, and knight, but not with most others, e.g., friend, daughter, or candle.

MORE INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL

MORPHEMES

• A. Inflectional Morphemes

Inflectional morphemes usually suffixes, elements added after the base word. Some inflectional morphemes, however, are infixes. It changes within the the base word rather than additions to the base, as in some English words: sing-sung; stand-stood, etc.

MORE INFLECTIONAL AND DERIVATIONAL

MORPHEMES

B. Derivational Morphemes:

- Noun-making derivational suffixes

- Verb-making derivational suffixes

- Adjective- making derivational suffix

- Adverb-making derivational suffixes

HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE OF

WORDS

• Illustration 1:

A B

Verb Agentive Nouns (verb + er)

(to) write writer

(to) drive driver

(to) lead leader

(to) teach teacher

(to) sing singer

Illustration 2

Verb Suffix –able (Verb + able)

= Adjective

use usable

read readable

adjust adjustable

Compare comparable

compare :happy (adjective) happiable (* ungrammatical)

hungry (adjective) hungriable (*ungrammatical)

student (noun) studentable (*ungrammatical)

horse horseable (*ungrammatical)

Unlockable

(adjective)

lockable

(adjective)

Un lock able

Unlockable

adjective

verb

un lock able

WORD FORMATION PROCESS

1. Coinage2. Acronym3. Blending4. Clipping5. Borrowing6. Backformation7. Compounding8. Conversion9. Derivation10.Reduplication 11.Supplition

DICTIONARY INFORMATION

• The Concept of Dictionary According to some experts

• The Main Types of Dictionary:1. Standard dictionaries such as the

Concise Oxford. The teacher and students can work with these.

2. Learner’s dictionaries in both one and two language varieties, e.g. English to English or English to Chinese.

3. Picture dictionaries of simple and sophisticated types ( that include detailed pictures of computers, tennis court, cars, etc.

4. Production dictionaries5. Specialized dictionaries of phrasal

verbs, common mistakes, language and culture, etc.

6. Subject specific dictionaries , e. g for medicine, engineering, etc.

Models of Dictionary

• Monolingual Dictionaries Monolingual dictionary is one that consists of one language, such dictionary English-English, Indonesian-Indonesian, etc

• Bilingual DictionariesBilingual dictionary is one that consists of two languages, such as Indonesian –English, English Indonesian, English- Dutch, Dutch-Dutch English, etc.

• Multilingual DictionariesMultilingual dictionary consists of more than two languages, such as, Indonesian-English-Arabic; English- Mandarin-Japan, etc.

Uses of Dictionary

• To look up a word or phrase met in listening or reading to find its meaning;

• to check up the spelling or pronunciation of a word or phrase.

• To check alternate uses and meaning of a known word met in seemingly different or unusual setting.

• To check the root, etymology, word class or morphology of a word.

• To check the use of a word or phrase by studying the examples and noting collocation.

• To find out about the register, connotation or association of a word or phrase.

• To find synonyms and compounds from the entry for a headword.

• To learn about the cultural significance of items looked up, the biography or a famous person or with a subject specific dictionary.

The Components of Dictionary

• Alphabetical Order

• Guide Words

• Word Division

• Pronunciation

• Definition

• Synonym

• Morphology

• Syntax