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April 7, 2023
Contents
1 Causal Analysis and its purpose
List of Causes present in IPMS
3 Definition for Causes
4 References
2
April 7, 2023
Causal Analysis and its purpose
Purpose To analyze defects and problems relating to quality in a systematic manner and to
initiate corrective as well as preventive measures with a view to avoid/minimize recurrence of the same in future phases/projects
April 7, 2023
List of Causes present in IPMS IPMS Causes
Inadequate Input Inadequate Environment/Infrastructure
Inadequate Standards Inadequate Planning
Inadequate Skill Inappropriate use of DP checklist
Inadequate Training/Induction Inappropriate use of Standards
Inadequate Documentation Lack of Business/Application Knowledge
Inadequate Communication Inadequate test plan or cases
Inapplicable/Inappropriate Method/Process Inadequate Checklist
Inadequacy of Tool Inadequate Self Reviews
Inherited Defects Inadequate V&V of CSP or Reusable Components
Reviewer's Misunderstanding/Misconception Suggestions
April 7, 2023
Definition for Causes
Inadequate Input
• Ambiguous/ Incorrect/ Erroneous Inputs from Client • Incomplete Inputs for the activity from the project team • Inadequate test data or test specifications • Incomplete/ Inadequate Inputs from Clients • Test Specifications do not exist • The input required to complete review was not sufficient
Inadequate Skill
• The person is not technically skilled • Lack of technical knowledge • Skill does not meet the requirement • Not skilled in analysis / design techniques
April 7, 2023
Definition for Causes contd…
Inadequate Documentation
• Adequate documentation not available for the process/work
• Implicit requirements not being documented • Defects were introduced because impact analysis of
change was not documented properly • Templates do not specify what needs to be documented • Insufficient comments are used to describe the purpose • Insufficient discrimination between defined items • Item definition inconsistent and distributed. • Incomplete/Incorrect Traceability Document • Explanation not proper/incomplete in the work item which
is used as input to the subsequent phases
April 7, 2023
Definition for Causes contd…
Inadequate Training/Induction
• Ineffective training • Untrained Resources • Ineffective project induction • Training not imparted at the right time
Inadequacy of Tool
• Problem with the tool used • Limitation of the tool • Defect was introduced due to a change made in a reusable
component • Incompatibility of a tool being used in the project with other
tools being used
April 7, 2023
Definition for Causes contd…
Inadequate Planning
• Not Enough time allocated to complete the activity and hence error occurred
• Inadequate Testing by the programmer • Inability to identify functional experts in team. • Improper handling of changes. • Inadequacy of tool used for planning. • Tendency to give too many features. • Improper selection/omission of optional processes.
Inadequate Standards
• Standards document is not complete and there are missing coding or documentation standards
• Project Standards for the phase are incorrect or incomplete • Project standards are so generic, that it is difficult to follow
them • Non-existent project standards
April 7, 2023
Inadequate Communication
• Lack of effective communication within the offshore team or between onsite-offshore team. (For example: Change in Standards not being communicated within the team)
• Obsolete standards or input document used • No minutes of meeting prepared • Misinterpretation of information • Issues not tracked / resolved • Inadequate Communication Skills • No proper communication between developer and end
user • Different perspective of the situation / problem /
requirement • Lack of feedback mechanism • Inadequate coordination among the team • Improper coordination between relevant groups
Definition for Causes contd…
April 7, 2023
Inadequate V&V of CSP
or Reusable Components
• A defect has occurred because the review of other items was not complete
Lack of Business/ Application Knowledge
• The person is inexperienced in the Business Application
Inadequate Self Reviews
• All the defects, which are caused due to oversight, will be attributed to this cause
• No self reviews
Definition for Causes contd…
April 7, 2023
Inadequate Checklist
• Checklist is incorrect/incomplete • Non-existent Checklist
Inapplicable/ inappropriate
methodology or process
• A defect occurred because the project followed a process not defined in iQMS or OSSP
Inappropriate use of DP checklist
• Checklist is not used OR not followed in appropriate places • Schedule pressure leads to bypass examining product against
checklist
Definition for Causes contd…
April 7, 2023
Inadequate test plan or case
• Test Plan or Test Cases are incomplete in the earlier phases
Inappropriate use of Standards
• Standards Document is not used OR Standards are not followed in appropriate places
Inherited Defects
• Typically used in Maintenance / Conversion / Migration / Reengineering projects where we get the application to be worked upon. The existing application has some bugs, which were detected during the code walkthrough or testing.
Definition for Causes contd…
April 7, 2023
Reviewer's Misunderstanding/
Misconception
• Reviewer is not aware of the functionality, Reviewer's perception was different from author, in case where the defect is a misunderstanding on reviewer's part and it is to be rejected.
• Reviewer does not have domain knowledge for the same • Misunderstanding of module function/Program segment
function • Misunderstanding concerning the module function and
their relationship to system function • Improper co-ordination between reviewer and developer
Inadequate Environment/ Infrastructure
• When the right kind of hardware or software is not available (server issues etc) which has given rise to a defect
• Coding / Testing environment incomplete • Testing environment not in sync with production / client
Acceptance environment • Inadequate/Incorrect/Incomplete Software Upgrade
Definition for Causes contd…
April 7, 2023
Suggestions
• This is to take care of those changes suggested by the reviewer, which cannot be classified under any other defect category. These changes may include change in format of an error message, colour/size of any UI element etc. Cause to be used only for severity "Suggestion"
Definition for Causes contd…
April 7, 2023
References
TCS-iQMS-052(PPM-Project Procedures Manual) - PP3090 : CAUSAL ANALYSIS; Appendix A
URL:https://iqmskm.ultimatix.net/km/index.php/PPM_A